英国教育体系英文

Chapter5TheBritishEducationalSystemSchoolTodayPre-primarySchoolsPrimarySchoolsSecondarySchoolsUniversity/CollegePre-PrimarySchoolsPre-schooleducationisavailable(oftenonafee-payingbasis)forchildrenaged2to4/5throughplaygroupsandnurseryschools(manyareprivate).Theemphasisisongroupwork,creativeactivityandguidedplay.1.StateSchools(公立学校):11-yearCompulsoryEducation(5-16)StatePrimarySchool→ComprehensiveSchool(84%),GrammarSchool(3%)orSecondaryModernSchool(7%)2.PublicSchools/IndependentSchools(独立学校/公学):PrepSchool→Public(Independent)School(7%)TwoSystemsofprimaryandsecondaryeducationinBritain:Question:Whatarethemaindifferencesbetweenthetwo?StateschoolsPublicschoolsSchoolFundingStatefundingfromcentralgovernment;SupplementedbylocalfinanceTuitionfees;Endowments(捐赠)ordonationsfromsociety(esp.alumnitotheiralmamaters)Attendance93%7%TeachingStaffandFacilitiesPublicschoolshavebetterteachingstaff&facilities.GraduatesStudentsfromthepublicschoolsaremorepromising,e.g.EtonCollegehaseducated20PrimeMinisters,6ChancellorsofExchequers,etc.PrimaryPhaseCompulsoryeducationbeginsat5inEngland,WalesandScotlandand4inNorthernIreland.Pupilsmainlyattendstatesectorprimaryschools(co-educationalormixedschools).InfantsSchools=FirstSchools(for2yearsfrom5)JuniorSchools(for4yearsto11)There’slittleornospecialistsubjectteachingandgreatemphasisisonliteracyandnumeracyinearlyyears.PrepSchools(预备学校)(from7/8to13)(separate;fees;entranceexam)SecondarySchoolsStateSchools(93%)1.ComprehensiveSchools(综合中学)(84%)(Noentranceexam,generaleducation)2.GrammarSchools(文法中学)(“the11plus”examination选拔优秀小学生毕业考试,preparingstudentsforhighereducation)(3%)3.SecondaryModernSchools(现代中学)(7%)PublicSchools=IndependentSchools(7%)TheNationalCurriculumEnglishDesign&TechnologyGeographyMathematicsInformationTechnologyMusicScienceArtPhysicalEducationHistoryModernForeignLanguageExamsCompulsoryeducationendsatage16.At16,studentsinEnglandandWalestakeGCSE(GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation中学毕业证书)examinationsinvolvingafinalexam,anassessmentofworkdoneduringthetwo-yearcourse,orbothofthesethings.Thentheycanleaveschoolandfindajob.OtherpupilswhodecidenottogotouniversitymaychoosetotakevocationaltrainingandgettheGNVQ(GeneralNationalVocationalQualification国家专业资格证书,5levels).Tertiaryeducation延续教育(FurtherEducation)是继小学(Primary)中学(Secondary)教育之后的“第三级教育”(Tertiary)。为进入高等教育或者就业打下基础。也是中国的高中学生留学英的关键阶段。一般来说接受延续教育的学生介于16和18岁之间。它分为两种体系：学业路线（AcademicRoute）和职业路线（VocationalRoute）。学业路线着重于培养学术研究方面的人才，职业路线则结合社会各层面的职业需要，培养在各种行业中具有专门技能和知识的人才。SomemoreambitiousandhardworkingstudentswilltakeGCEO-level(一般水平普通教育证书)exams.Iftheypass,theymaytransfertoaSixthFormschool(六年级学校)ortertiarycollege(三级学校)tolearnA-levelclassesfor2years.At18,theytakeGCEA-levelexaminations(AdvancedGeneralCertificateofEducation高级水平普通教育证书＝大学入学考试),usuallyinnotmorethan3subjects.It’snecessarytohaveA-levelsinordertogotoauniversityorotherinstitutionsofhighereducation.WidelyHeldBeliefsFirstly,“thebestwaytoensuregoodresultsistovest(赋予)responsibilityforajobinanindividualbodyandthenallowittogoinitsownway,intervening(干预)onlyifit’smanifestly(显而易见地)notperformingitsjobproperly.”Secondly,“aschoolisnotonlyaplaceforlearningbutalsoasociety,freetoplanandconductitscorporatelifeasseemsbesttoit,providedthatitkeepsthislifewithintheacceptedframeworklaiddownbysocialconventionandthenationalpolicyforeducation.”Questionforyou:Howdoyouinterpretthebeliefsabove?Individualschoolsenjoygreatfreedomandspace!Althoughtheultimateresponsibilityfortheeducationalsystemlieswiththeparliament,itdoesn’tlaydownwhatsubjectsshallbetaught;nordoesitgiveanydirectionsaboutteachingmethods,orprescribe(规定、指定、开处方)anytextbooks.TheQueenoncesaid,“AheadmasteroncetoldmethatinhisopinionthefreedomwhichteachershaveisthemostvaluablethinginBritisheducation”.CaseStudyComparedwiththatinChinesecounterparts,thecurriculumintheUKprimaryorsecondaryschoolsismuchsimpler.(esp.mathematics&reading)WHY?IstheirIntelligenceQuotientlow?AccordingtoaschoolmasterinBristol:1.Thecompulsoryeducationaimstocultivateeligible(合格的)citizensratherthanelites;2.Curiosityandself-confidencematteralotmorethantheknowledgeitself.3.Shapingcharactersandindividualityisemphasized.Teamspiritandleadershipcanbedevelopedthroughgames.PublicSchoolsIntheUKprivateschoolsareconfusinglycalledpublicschools!Onlyenrollpupilsfromprepschools.Hightuitionfees+largequantityofsocialendowments=affordingsmallerclasses+betterfaculty(withnicesalaries)Mainlysingle-sexratherthanco-edschools.Boardingschools.Question:Whoareattendingsuchschools?Thestudentsarelargelyfromaristocratic(贵族)andupperclassfamilies.Despitethehighfeestheyaccountforaround7%ofthetotalschoolpopulation.BUTopponentsvoicedoubts:It’ssociallydivisiveandbreedselitism;theyareofferingmorepromisingopportunitiesto7%ofBritishchildren,butit’sunfairfortheremaining93%!TheMostWell-knownPublicSchools:EtonCollege(伊顿公学)(1440byKingHenryVI)　HarrowSchool(哈罗公学)(1571)(Byron,Churchill)(forBoysonly)WinchesterCollege(温切斯特公学)(1394)RugbySchool(拉格贝公学)(1567)(Rugbywasfirstplayedhere.)Tosendaboytoaleadingpublicschoolcosts￡1200to￡2000,even￡3500aterm.EtonCollegeForboysONLY!Itsstudentsarefromnobleandupperclassfamilies.(PrinceCharles,William&Harry)Sofar,about20PMswereeducatedatEton.Theschoolfeeincludestuition,board&lodging,laundry,personalaccidentinsurance,andthecostofmostactivities.HowmuchisthetuitionatEton?Anannualfeeofabout￡16,000.EtonCollegeEtonPupilswiththetutorHigherEducationAllBritishuniversitiesareself-governingandfee-charging.TheyreceivefinancialaidthroughtheUniversityGrantsCommittee(高校基金委员会)fromthegovernment.Over42%ofpupilsbecomeuniversitystudentsonleavingschoolat18.110universitiesinUK(93inEngland,13inScotland,2inWalesand2inN.Ireland)3categories:olduniversities,redbrickuniversities(1850-1930),newuniversities(WWII-present).EntranceProceduresInthethirdtermofYear12,studentspreparetheirapplicationstouniversity.ApplicationsarethenmadeinthefirsttermoftheYear13throughonecentralizedorganizationknownasUCAS(UniversitiesandCollegesAdmissionsService大学院校入学委员会).Studentscanapplytoamaximumof6universities/institutions.Admission–selectiononbasisofAlevelresults&aninterview.Fee-charging(ontheaverage:￡1200-3000)DegreesBA/BSc3yearsfull-timeMA/MSc1yearfull-time/2yearspart-timePhDatleast3yearsoriginalresearchBA:BachelorofArts (文学学士)BSc:BachelorofScience(理学学士)BS:同上TeachingMethodsTheUKeducationalsystemencouragesself-study,discussionsandpracticalwork.Thestudentsmayhavetime-tabledclassesormightbeencouragedtodomoreofindependentworkforasubstantialamountoftimedependingonthecourse.Mostofthecourseswouldincludethefollowingteachingmethods:A.Lectures讲座Theprofessorsdominatethelectureswhichservetoguidethestudents.Thesizeoftheclassisgenerallylarge,oftenupto100students.NOprescribedtextbooksbutreadinglistsandhandouts(讲稿)!B.Seminars讨论会Theseminarsprovidethestudentswithaplatformforsharingtheirviewsonagiventopic.Thestudentsaretoldinadvanceaboutatopic&arerequiredtoprepareapresentationonit.Whatisthepointofattendingseminars?Thediscussionsthattakeplaceinseminarsoftenhelpstudentsunderstandatopicbetterindifferentperspectivesandhelpstudentsdeveloptheircommunicationskills.C.Tutorials导师辅导课Tutorialsgiveyoufocusedguidanceonaparticulartopiconceaweek.Thesizeoftutorialsisquitesmall.(15-20)Everystudenthastospeakinclass.Thestudentsmeetwiththeprofessorsindividuallytodiscusstheirconcernsaboutthetopicthattheyhaveundertakenandthusseekindividualguidance.D.IndependentworkStudentsaresupposedtoinvestigateatopicindetailanddeveloptheirownviewsaboutit.(off-campusresearch)Thisusuallyinvolvesworkingindividuallyorinasmallgroupwithotherstudentstoresearchatopic.Producewrittenworkormakepresentationforaseminar.E.Coursework课程论文／学年作业Thismayincludeessays,reports,projects,presentationsorreflections.Courseworkisassessedandgivengrades.Assessment:acombinationofmethodsQuestion:Isthewrittenexamamustforcourseassessment?NOTnecessarily!TakeMarketingManagementforexample,coursework65%(grouppresentation20%+individualreflection20%+businessplan25%)+writtenexam35%Plagiarism剽窃Plagiarismmeanspresentingotherpeople’sworkasone'sownwithoutacknowledgingthesourceorreferencing.Cheatingorplagiarismcanresultinstudentsnotbeingallowedtograduate.Adviceisnormallygivenbyyourprofessorsonanacceptablewayandamountofreferencing.(footnote/bibliography)CambridgeCambridgeUniversitywasfoundedin1209bystudentsfleeingfromOxfordafteroneofthemanyepisodesofviolencebetweentheuniversityandthetownofOxford.FamousStudentsJohnMiltonCharlesDarwinPrinceCharlesVice-Chancellor–ProfessorAlisonRichardCambridgeisoneoftheworld’sgreatuniversities,andhastheabilitytotransformlives.Ifyoustudyhere,youwillexperiencethatqualityatfirsthand.Daytoday,youwillworkwithacademicstaffwhoareleadersintheirfields,andwhoarealsocommittedtoseeyousucceed,andtohelpyoudevelopyourideas,knowledgeandunderstanding.OxfordUniversityFamousStudentsOscarWildeSamuelJohnsonBillClintonTonyBlairMargaretThatcherOxfordLegendhasitthatOxfordUniversitywasfoundedbyKingAlfredin872toencourageeducationandestablishschoolsthroughouthisterritory.Likeagrammarschool,itwasjustaplaceforteachingLatingrammaratthattime.TheUniversityactuallybeganinthe12thcenturyasgatheringsofstudentsaroundpopularmasters.Theuniversityconsistedofpeople,notbuildings.Thebuildingscamelaterasarecognitionofsomethingthatalreadyexisted.Inaway,Oxfordwasneverfounded;itgrew.ChancellorofOxfordOxfordisoneofthegreatestuniversitiesintheworld.Ithasplayedadistinguishedpartinthehistoryofourcountryandourcontinent,andhasmuchtocontributetooursuccessandourwell-beingasacivilizedcommunityinthefuture.ChrisPattenOxbridgeBoatRaceTheBoatRacebetweenOxford&CambridgestartedJune10,1829.TheeventisnowaBritishnationalinstitution,andistelevisedliveeachyear.TheracehasbeenwonbyCambridge79timesandOxford73sofar.Theraceiscurrentlyrunoverafourmileand374yard(6.8km)stretchoftheRiverThamesbetweenPutneyandMortlakeinLondon.OxfordweardarkblueandCambridgelightblue.TheDarkBlueCrewTheLightBlues&DarkBluesGlasgowUniversityNottinghamUniversityBuckinghamUni.VerneyParkCampusChandosRoadCampusUniversitygraduatesdominateBritishpoliticalleadership,especiallythosefromOxbridge–Thatcher&BlairfromOxford;2/3ofBlair’scabinetmemberseducatedatOxfordorCambridge.Students’ActivitiesOutingPubbingSportsRugbyFootballChoirChineseHigherEducationenrollmentexpansionResourcesarestraining.Educationqualityissuffering.Intensecompetitioninthejobmarket.eliteedu.vs.massedu.dilemmaHaveadiscussiononthedefectsofChinesehighereducationDefect1:BlindEnrollmentExpansionDefect2:AwkwardTeachingMethodDefect3:Prescribed/DesignatedTextbooksDefect4:UnreasonableCurriculumDefect5:UnfairAssessmentSystemDefect1:BlindEnrollmentExpansionUniversitiesseemtohaveenrolledmorethantheycanaccommodate!Limitedfacilities&space,insufficientresources,shabbydorms(slum)…Expansionmeansalotmore!Fiercecompetitioninthejobmarket,Defect2:AwkwardTeachingMethodTeacherstendtospoon-feedtheirstudentswhoareinturnspoon-fedandforce-fed!Moretrust,freedom,interactionsandresponsibilitiesforthestudents!Teachersshouldserveasadvisors&assistants!Defect3:Prescribed/DesignatedTextbooksAlackofflexibility(fewalternativechoices)Outdatedcontents(keeppacewith)Theprescribedtextbookscanbereplacedby…Defect4:UnreasonableCurriculumManyoutdatedcoursesshouldbeabolished!(Marxismphilosophy,DengXiaopingTheory,MaoZedongThoughts,MilitaryTheory.)Moreutilitariancoursesarewelcome!(ComputerScience,Business,Finance,Accounting,Law)Oneshouldn’tbeconfinedtoone’sspecificfield.Moraleducationisinurgentdemand!(campusviolence,suicide,theft,murder)Defect5:UnfairAssessmentSystemExam-orientedstyle!(Scorestalk!)Students:examsoflottery(memorytest/workovertimeshortlybeforethetest)Teachers?Howtoimproveit?It’satime-consuming&systematicproject.Neverwaitfortheimprovement!Getamovenow!YouandmearepartofChinesehighereducation!Trytomakethebestandmostofthecurrentsituation!Stopcomplainingandtrytomakeadifferencefromnowon.HomeworkforNextWeekCollecttheinformationabouttheBritishbroadcasting,newspapersandmagazinestobepreparedforChapter6BritishMassMediaandchapter7BritainandtheWorld.