AWS C7.4-C7.4M-2008

AWSC7.4/C7.4M:2008AnAmericanNationalStandardProcessSpecificationandOperatorQualificationforLaserBeamWelding550N.W.LeJeuneRoad,Miami,FL33126AWSC7.4/C7.4M:2008AnAmericanNationalStandardApprovedbytheAmericanNationalStandardsInstituteMarch13,2008ProcessSpecificationandOperatorQualificationforLaserBeamWelding1stEditionPreparedbytheAmericanWeldingSociety(AWS)C7CommitteeonHighEnergyBeamWeldingandCuttingUndertheDirectionoftheAWSTechnicalActivitiesCommitteeApprovedbytheAWSBoardofDirectorsAbstractThisspecificationonlaserbeamweldingdiscussesapplicablespecifications,safety,requirements,fabrication,qualityexamination,equipmentcalibrationandmaintenance,approvalofwork,anddeliveryofwork.iiAWSC7.4/C7.4M:2008InternationalStandardBookNumber:978-0-87171-097-0AmericanWeldingSociety550N.W.LeJeuneRoad,Miami,FL33126©2008byAmericanWeldingSocietyAllrightsreservedPrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaPhotocopyRights.Noportionofthisstandardmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyform,includingmechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthecopyrightowner.Authorizationtophotocopyitemsforinternal,personal,oreducationalclassroomuseonlyortheinternal,personal,oreducationalclassroomuseonlyofspecificclientsisgrantedbytheAmericanWeldingSocietyprovidedthattheappropriatefeeispaidtotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,tel:(978)750-8400;Internet:<www.copyright.com>.iiiAWSC7.4/C7.4M:2008StatementontheUseofAmericanWeldingSocietyStandardsAllstandards(codes,specifications,recommendedpractices,methods,classifications,andguides)oftheAmericanWeldingSociety(AWS)arevoluntaryconsensusstandardsthathavebeendevelopedinaccordancewiththerulesoftheAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI).WhenAWSAmericanNationalStandardsareeitherincorporatedin,ormadepartof,documentsthatareincludedinfederalorstatelawsandregulations,ortheregulationsofothergovern-mentalbodies,theirprovisionscarrythefulllegalauthorityofthestatute.Insuchcases,anychangesinthoseAWSstandardsmustbeapprovedbythegovernmentalbodyhavingstatutoryjurisdictionbeforetheycanbecomeapartofthoselawsandregulations.Inallcases,thesestandardscarrythefulllegalauthorityofthecontractorotherdocumentthatinvokestheAWSstandards.Wherethiscontractualrelationshipexists,changesinordeviationsfromrequirementsofanAWSstandardmustbebyagreementbetweenthecontractingparties.AWSAmericanNationalStandardsaredevelopedthroughaconsensusstandardsdevelopmentprocessthatbringstogethervolunteersrepresentingvariedviewpointsandintereststoachieveconsensus.WhiletheAWSadministerstheprocessandestablishesrulestopromotefairnessinthedevelopmentofconsensus,itdoesnotindependentlytest,evalu-ate,orverifytheaccuracyofanyinformationorthesoundnessofanyjudgmentscontainedinitsstandards.AWSdisclaimsliabilityforanyinjurytopersonsortoproperty,orotherdamagesofanynaturewhatsoever,whetherspecial,indirect,consequential,orcompensatory,directlyorindirectlyresultingfromthepublication,useof,orrelianceonthisstandard.AWSalsomakesnoguaranteeorwarrantyastotheaccuracyorcompletenessofanyinformationpublishedherein.Inissuingandmakingthisstandardavailable,AWSisneitherundertakingtorenderprofessionalorotherservicesfororonbehalfofanypersonorentity,norisAWSundertakingtoperformanydutyowedbyanypersonorentitytosomeoneelse.Anyoneusingthesedocumentsshouldrelyonhisorherownindependentjudgmentor,asappropriate,seektheadviceofacompetentprofessionalindeterminingtheexerciseofreasonablecareinanygivencircumstances.Itisassumedthattheuseofthisstandardanditsprovisionsareentrustedtoappropriatelyqualifiedandcompetentpersonnel.Thisstandardmaybesupersededbytheissuanceofneweditions.Usersshouldensurethattheyhavethelatestedition.Publicationofthisstandarddoesnotauthorizeinfringementofanypatentortradename.Usersofthisstandardacceptanyandallliabilitiesforinfringementofanypatentortradenameitems.AWSdisclaimsliabilityfortheinfringementofanypatentorproducttradenameresultingfromtheuseofthisstandard.Finally,theAWSdoesnotmonitor,police,orenforcecompliancewiththisstandard,nordoesithavethepowertodoso.Onoccasion,text,tables,orfiguresareprintedincorrectly,constitutingerrata.Sucherrata,whendiscovered,arepostedontheAWSwebpage(www.aws.org).Officialinterpretationsofanyofthetechnicalrequirementsofthisstandardmayonlybeobtainedbysendingarequest,inwriting,totheappropriatetechnicalcommittee.SuchrequestsshouldbeaddressedtotheAmericanWeldingSociety,Attention:ManagingDirector,TechnicalServicesDivision,550N.W.LeJeuneRoad,Miami,FL33126(seeAnnexE).WithregardtotechnicalinquiriesmadeconcerningAWSstandards,oralopinionsonAWSstandardsmayberendered.Theseopinionsareofferedsolelyasaconveniencetousersofthisstandard,andtheydonotconstituteprofessionaladvice.Suchopinionsrepresentonlythepersonalopinionsoftheparticularindividualsgivingthem.TheseindividualsdonotspeakonbehalfofAWS,nordotheseoralopinionsconstituteofficialorunofficialopinionsorinterpretationsofAWS.Inaddition,oralopinionsareinformalandshouldnotbeusedasasubstituteforanofficialinterpretation.ThisstandardissubjecttorevisionatanytimebytheAWSC7CommitteeonHighEnergyBeamWeldingandCutting.Itmustbereviewedeveryfiveyears,andifnotrevised,itmustbeeitherreaffirmedorwithdrawn.Comments(recommen-dations,additions,ordeletions)andanypertinentdatathatmaybeofuseinimprovingthisstandardarerequiredandshouldbeaddressedtoAWSHeadquarters.SuchcommentswillreceivecarefulconsiderationbytheAWSC7CommitteeonHighEnergyBeamWeldingandCuttingandtheauthorofthecommentswillbeinformedoftheCommit-tee’sresponsetothecomments.GuestsareinvitedtoattendallmeetingsoftheAWSC7CommitteeonHighEnergyBeamWeldingandCuttingtoexpresstheircommentsverbally.Proceduresforappealofanadversedecisionconcern-ingallsuchcommentsareprovidedintheRulesofOperationoftheTechnicalActivitiesCommittee.AcopyoftheseRulescanbeobtainedfromtheAmericanWeldingSociety,550N.W.LeJeuneRoad,Miami,FL33126.Thispageisintentionallyblank.ivAWSC7.4/C7.4M:2008ivvAWSC7.4/C7.4M:2008PersonnelAWSC7CommitteeonHighEnergyBeamWeldingandCuttingP.W.Hochanadel,ChairLosAlamosNationalLaboratoryT.A.Palmer,1stViceChairLawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratoryK.W.Lachenberg,2ndViceChairSciaky,IncorporatedA.M.Alonso,SecretaryAmericanWeldingSocietyP.BlomquistPrecisionLightSystems,LLCP.E.DenneyConnecticutCenterforAdvancedTechnologyD.D.KautzLosAlamosNationalLaboratoryE.D.LevertLockheedMartinMissilesandFireControlD.E.PowersPTR—PrecisionTechnologies,IncorporatedAdvisorstotheAWSC7CommitteeonHighEnergyBeamWeldingandCuttingR.D.DixonRetiredP.W.FuerschbachSandiaNationalLaboratoryR.W.Messler,Jr.RensselaerPolytechnicInstituteJ.O.MilewskiLosAlamosNationalLaboratoryT.M.MustaleskiBWXTY-12LLCR.C.SaloSciaky,IncorporatedAWSC7CSubcommitteeonLaserBeamWeldingandCuttingP.Blomquist,ChairPrecisionLightSystems,LLCP.E.Denney,ViceChairConnecticutCenterforAdvancedTechnologyA.M.Alonso,SecretaryAmericanWeldingSocietyD.M.DouglassPreco,IncorporatedS.L.EngelHDETechnologies,IncorporatedD.F.FarsonTheOhioStateUniversityD.A.HinkleySandiaNationalLaboratoryS.JensenVisotekIncorporatedD.D.KautzLosAlamosNationalLaboratoryR.P.MartukanitzAppliedResearchLaboratory,PennsylvaniaStateUniversityL.R.MiglioreCoherent,IncorporatedD.E.PowersPTR—PrecisionTechnologies,IncorporatedG.C.SchmidBechtelBettis,IncorporatedAdvisorstotheAWSC7CSubcommitteeonLaserBeamWeldingandCuttingR.D.DixonRetiredT.A.JonesFordMotorCompanyJ.O.MilewskiLosAlamosNationalLaboratoryThispageisintentionallyblank.viAWSC7.4/C7.4M:2008viviiAWSC7.4/C7.4M:2008ForewordThisforewordisnotpartofAWSC7.4/C7.4M:2008,ProcessSpecificationandOperatorQualificationforLaserBeamWelding,butisincludedforinformationalpurposesonly.Thefirstpracticaldemonstrationofalaseroccurredin1960.Aslaseroutputpowerincreasedthroughmaturingtechnol-ogy,theuseoflasersformaterialprocessingbecamewidespreadbytheearly1970s.Currently,lasersareanacceptedindustrialtoolfortraditionalandnontraditionalmaterialsprocessingoperationsthatbenefitfromthelaser’suniquechar-acteristics.Whilethematerialsprocessingapplicationsoflasersinindustryarediverse,thisdocumentfocusesontheprocessspecificationandoperatorqualification.ThedatacontainedinthisProcessSpecificationandOperatorQualificationforLaserBeamWeldinghasbeencompiledandreviewedbytheC7CLaserBeamWeldingandCuttingSubcommitteeoftheAmericanWeldingSociety,whichincludesrepresentativesfrommanufacturersandusersoflaserbeamwelding,cutting,anddrillingequipment.Thispageisintentionallyblank.viiiAWSC7.4/C7.4M:2008viiiixAWSC7.4/C7.4M:2008TableofContentsPageNo.Personnel......................................................................................................................................................................vForeword....................................................................................................................................................................viiListofTables................................................................................................................................................................x1.Scope.....................................................................................................................................................................11.1Materials......................................................................................................................................................11.2QualificationCategories..............................................................................................................................12.NormativeReferences.........................................................................................................................................13.TermsandDefinitions.........................................................................................................................................24.Safety....................................................................................................................................................................34.1ElectricShock..............................................................................................................................................34.2FumesandGases.........................................................................................................................................44.3LaserRadiationHazards..............................................................................................................................44.4RadiationHazards........................................................................................................................................44.5MechanicalSystems....................................................................................................................................45.Requirements.......................................................................................................................................................45.1EquipmentCategories..................................................................................................................................45.2Materials......................................................................................................................................................55.3JointDesign.................................................................................................................................................55.4DocumentationandRecords........................................................................................................................55.5Procedures....................................................................................................................................................55.6EssentialVariablesandLimits....................................................................................................................65.7WeldingProcedureSpecifications(WPS)...................................................................................................75.8Testing.........................................................................................................................................................75.9LevelsofRequalification.............................................................................................................................75.10SystemVerificationTest(SVT)..................................................................................................................75.11OperatorProcessQualificationTestRecord(OPQTR)...............................................................................85.12ProductionWeldingRecord........................................................................................................................85.13InspectionProcedures..................................................................................................................................86.Fabrication...........................................................................................................................................................87.QualityExamination...........................................................................................................................................87.1NondestructiveExamination(NDE)............................................................................................................97.2DiscontinuityLimits....................................................................................................................................97.3DestructiveEvaluation.................................................................................................................................98.SystemCalibration..............................................................................................................................................99.QualityAssurance...............................................................................................................................................99.1SamplingPlans............................................................................................................................................99.2LotDefinition..............................................................................................................................................99.3PreproductionSampling..............................................................................................................................99.4PartAcceptance...........................................................................................................................................99.5PeriodicDestructiveEvaluation..................................................................................................................9xPageNo.AWSC7.4/C7.4M:200810.ApprovalofWork...............................................................................................................................................910.1PreproductionDevelopmentApproval........................................................................................................910.2DeviationtoWPS........................................................................................................................................910.3Reports.........................................................................................................................................................9AnnexA(Informative)—SampleWeldingProcedureSpecification(WPS).............................................................11AnnexB(Informative)—SampleProcedureQualificationRecord(PQR)................................................................13AnnexC(Informative)—SampleOperatorProcessQualificationTestRecord(OPQTR).......................................15AnnexD(Informative)—NondestructiveEvaluationDiscontinuityLimits..............................................................17AnnexE(Informative)—GuidelinesforthePreparationofTechnicalInquires........................................................19ListofAWSDocumentsonHighEnergyBeamWeldingandCutting.....................................................................21xiAWSC7.4/C7.4M:2008ListofTablesTablePageNo.1NondestructiveExamination.........................................................................................................................9Thispageisintentionallyblank.xiiAWSC7.4/C7.4M:2008xiiAWSC7.4/C7.4M:200811.ScopeThisspecificationcoversprocessingandqualitycontrolrequirementsforlaserbeamwelding.Weldingequip-mentincludesbothGasLaser(CO2)andSolid-StateLaser(Nd:YAG,Diode,Ruby,Fiber,Nd:Glass)beamgeneratorsinbothpulsedandcontinuouswaveasdefinedinAWSA3.0,StandardWeldingTermsandDef-initions,IncludingTermsforAdhesiveBonding,Brazing,Soldering,ThermalCutting,andThermalSpraying.Tutorialinformationregardingtechniquesofweldingordetailsofmachinesetuporoperationisbeyondthescopeofthisspecification.Formoreinformationonthissub-ject,refertoAWSC7.2,RecommendedPracticesforLaserWelding,Cutting,andRelatedProcesses.ThisstandardmakesuseofbothU.S.CustomaryUnitsandtheInternationalSystemofUnits(SI).Thelatterareshownwithinbrackets[]orinappropriatecolumnsintablesandfigures.Themeasurementsmaynotbeexactequivalents;therefore,eachsystemmustbeusedindependently.Safetyandhealthissuesmaynotbefullyaddressedbythisstandard.UsersofthisstandardshouldconsultANSIZ49.1,SafetyinWelding,Cutting,andAlliedProcesses,applicablefederal,state,andlocalregulations,andotherrelevantdocumentsconcerningsafetyandhealthissuesnotaddressedherein.PleaseconsultClause4formoreinformation.1.1Materials.Thisspecificationcoversallmajorengi-neeringalloysincluding:1.1.1FerrousAlloys(e.g.,steelsandstainlesssteels)1.1.2NonferrousAlloys(e.g.,Alalloys,Nialloys,Superalloys)1.1.3Heat-ResistingAlloys(e.g.,Moalloys,Taalloys,Walloys)1.1.4OtherMetals(e.g.,BeandCualloys,preciousmetals)1.1.5Nonmetals(e.g.,plastics,ceramics,silicon)1.2QualificationCategories.Therearethreecategoriestowhichweldsmaybequalifiedto:ClassA,B,orC.Classificationlevelsareintendedtodelineateinspectionlevelandprocesscontrol.1.2.1ClassA—CriticalApplications.Criticalweld-mentsincludethosewhereafailureofanyportionwouldcauselossofsystem,lossofmajorcomponent,lossofcontrol,unintentionalreleaseofcriticalstores,suchasfuelorcargo,orendangermentofpersonnel.1.2.2ClassB—SemicriticalApplications.Semicriti-calweldmentsincludethosewhereafailurewouldreducetheoverallefficiencyofthesystem,butlossofthesystemorendangermentofpersonnelwouldnotbeexperienced.1.2.3ClassC—NoncriticalApplications.Noncriticalweldmentsincludethosewhereafailurewouldnotaffecttheefficiencyofthesystemorendangerpersonnel.2.NormativeReferencesThefollowingstandardscontainprovisionswhich,throughreferenceinthistext,constituteprovisionsofthisAWSstandard.Forundatedreferences,thelatesteditionofthereferencedstandardshallapply.Fordatedreferences,subsequentamendmentsto,orrevisionsof,anyofthesepublicationsdonotapply.AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI)standards:ANSIZ49.1,SafetyinWelding,Cutting,andAlliedProcesses;1andANSIZ87.1,PracticesforOccupationalandEduca-tionalEyeandFaceProtection;2and1ANSIZ49.1ispublishedbytheAmericanWeldingSociety,550N.W.LeJeuneRoad,Miami,FL33126.2ANSIZ87.1ispublishedbytheInternationalSafetyEquip-mentAssociation,1901NorthMooreStreet,Arlington,VA22209-1762.ProcessSpecificationandOperatorQualificationforLaserBeamWeldingAWSC7.4/C7.4M:20082ANSIZ136.1,PracticesfortheSafeUseofLasers.3AmericanWeldingSociety(AWS)standards:4AWSA3.0,StandardWeldingTermsandDefinitions,IncludingTermsforAdhesiveBonding,Brazing,Solder-ing,ThermalCutting,andThermalSpraying;AWSB2.1,SpecificationforWeldingProcedureandPerformanceQualification;AWSB4.0,StandardMethodsforMechanicalTest-ingofWelds;andAWSC7.2,RecommendedPracticesforLaserBeamWelding,Cutting,andRelatedProcesses.Otherdocuments:MSDSs,MaterialSafetyDataSheets.53.TermsandDefinitionsThetermsanddefinitionsusedinthistextaregenerallyspecifictolaserbeammaterialprocessing.Termsthatarenotpartofcommonweldingvocabularyaredefinedandthedefinitionsofsomestandardweldingtermsarechangedslightl