各种风格建筑（Style building）

各种风格建筑（Style building） 各种风格建筑(Style building) (Ametican Colonial Revival) American style foundations in colonial America around the houses (Britain, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain) creative play, and gradually form the consumption of building materials. After the construction of the national railway network, the construction of this kind of housing is possible because of the convenient transportation of building materials. After more than 200 years of revival and development, this style has gradually stabilized and become the main form of American villas, which has the characteristics of residential function and light style. Type A, facade double - hill wall type (double - call Shotgugun); Type B, L form; Type C, four-slope roof. The Neoclassical style World's fair held in Chicago in 1893, the main design decision from the start of the classical thought and style, after the breakout of a large number of architectural design will be classical style developed to get incisively and vividly. Thanks to the unprecedented success of this expo, neoclassicism has become the last popular style of the 19th century in the United States, which is rooted in the classical tradition and is sure to push its charm to the limit. The features of the villa are: A, the facade is generally designed to be luxurious with A high porch like the eaves, symmetrical and balanced; B. The triangular lintel of the porch is supported by chunky classical columns (the corner of the column is often Corinthian or Ionian); C, eaves are very elaborate. It has five forms: the porch and the eaves; Part of the entrance gallery below the eaves; The facade is a full-section porch; The wall porch; The roof of a house. French Colonial style The first influence of French villa style on the United States began with the French colonial style in several central states. The characteristic is: A, tall steep slope roof or side gable roof, villa often is one floor; B, the doors and Windows are thin and long, and the doors and Windows have small grids along the vertical direction. It has two forms: urban tradition and rural tradition. Rural traditions formed around a series of posts support around the gallery, to habitant provides 360 - degree panoramic view, but the most prominent is the porch import stairs, it is then the prototype of the European royal garden villas around the porch of the gate design. (Stick) The stilke style is a transition between gothic revival style and queen Anne style, which emphasizes the overall decoration of the walls rather than the details of doors and Windows or eaves. This style was very popular in 1878. It was very beautiful and enjoyed the "queen of the wood queen style". Its characteristics are: The facade is a steep gable wall, with triangular gables intersecting and wooden stands on the gables; The eaves and entrance porches are decorated with diagonal frames; The exterior wall is often boarded, horizontal and vertical direction all have wooden bar inlaid. It has two forms: the elevation wall; Often as a city house. (Georgian) Classical Renaissance tradition The architectural style of the Renaissance in Europe (Italy in the 15th century, France in the back of the 15th century, England in the 16th century) is the profound background of the Renaissance of the United States. Although countries have infiltrated the spirit and thought of the country during the Renaissance, one thing is common, that is, the inheritance and innovation of classical style. The characteristics of villa style are symmetrical, balanced and delicate. During this period, western European influence on American style villas are obvious, is also in this period, Europe began to gradually become the world's economic, political and cultural aspects of the most powerful area, belongs to the traditional style of Georgian style, Adam. British villa emphasize porch adornment sex, compare "pay attention to the door". Georgian In the British colonial countries popular for a century (18th century), after it was introduced into England from the Italian Renaissance style derived, and uphold the principle of classical symmetry and harmony, is one of the most influential to the United States. Its characteristics are: A, the facade often has A classical porch; B. There are rectangles arranged under the canopy, with teeth on the eaves; C. The Windows are paired and divided into many small grids (9 to 12), and usually the Windows are also 5 columns for central symmetry; D, the door is often rectangular carve flower arrangement pattern, the rectangular pattern that has vertical alignment on the door beam. There are five forms: side wall; Double folding roof; Slope roof; Central gables; Often as a city house. Adam's style The Adam style is the development and essence of Georgian style, which is extremely popular in the northeastern United States, and it has absorbed the research results of the Adam brothers' Renaissance style in Italy. Teeth longer, compared with the Georgian, roof above the front door with a semicircular or elliptic transoms, Windows have adornment metope window decoration, the rest of the characteristics and forms almost unanimously with George Adam style. The Italian Renaissance style The most obvious characteristic of Renaissance architecture is the abandonment of the gothic style of the middle ages and the re-use of the stylistic elements of the ancient Greek and Roman period in religious and secular architecture. Renaissance architects and artists believed that gothic architecture was a symbol of Christian theocracy, while ancient Greek and Roman architecture was non-christian. They believe that this kind of classical architecture, especially the classical style composition, is in harmony with reason, and has a connection with the beauty of the human body, which is in conformity with the humanism concept of the Renaissance movement. On the one hand, it adopts the classical style, and on the one hand, it is flexible, innovative, and even combines the architectural styles of various regions with the classical style. Roman Revival Derived from ancient Roman style and early classical revival style, it was most popular in the late 16th and early 17th centuries after gaining independence in the United States. Its villa features: A, A simple triangular roof or triangular roof; B, the facade is a classical porch with the eaves. (it is the most conspicuous import on the facade); C, the classical porch consists of four pillars and a positive gable wall. There is a semicircle or oval window above the door of the main door; E, the Windows are distributed in a symmetrical center, usually with five columns (less than three columns and more than seven columns are rare). It has three forms: the second layer; A layer; Wing with wings. The singer style (Shingle) These houses are more in the northeastern United States, most of which were built between 1880 and 1900 and are still well preserved. It is based on three main styles: (A) queen Anne style wide porch, asymmetric layout; (B) colonial revival style double - line roof, classical stigma and parlatan "Windows"; (C) the unsymmetrical and sculptural form of the Roman style. Some scholars think: the singer style villa is the wooden product of the Roman style villa. The most striking aspect of this style is; (A) the steep, steep gables of the facade (orthogonal to the other gables) and long porches; (B) multi-level eaves; (C) the wall is continuously transitioned in the corner, and the wall and eaves are continuously transitioned. French Revival The first world war, there are many americans serving in France, the French have the direct-viewing understanding, villa and was influenced by the dual effects of the castle and academic style, after the war, started construction in the United States in between villa style, eclecticism, whose character is: A, the decoration is simpler, the triangular roof is high and steep, sometimes there are gables; B, eaves and walls are decorated with only one step; C, brick wall structure or exterior wall layer, sometimes also use the wall to decorate the technique; D, window, etc. Only one stone bar decoration. There are three forms: symmetric; Asymmetrical type; With tower. (Colonial Revival) This is the style of a century, by the American architect Michael Kim (Mckim) rise, while the other style is have effect on it, but it basically maintained the style of Georgia and Adam (British tradition), due to absorb the queen Anne style show asymmetry (such as open a window, singh plus a fort Anne floor, etc.). After world war ii, this style was simplified because of the change in fashion. Nonetheless, this style is a cornerstone of modern American villa style. Compared with the Adam style, the low-rise Windows evolved into the left and right sides, the large porch lengthened, and the crown formed an entrance, and the rest was similar to the Adam style. There are nine genres of this style: asymmetric; Four - slope top and full width porch; The top of the four slopes; Side wall; Central gables; Two - fold line top; A layer; Second floor extension (galesen type); Three layers. German style (Germany) German democracy construction is the most representative in the villa style type (fachwerk - bau) and castle (Germany the site still retain many prototype) can be classified as the castle style to castle type. The German style was developed from the folk houses of the middle ages. Similar to the Tudor style of the UK, the different facades have obvious decorations, commonly known as "bandages", which are the main residential forms of the Germanic peoples. (Chateauesque) Originated from the 16th century castle building in France, the early gothic style and Renaissance decoration techniques are integrated. Hunt, the American architect, designed the first American castle in the United States in 1895. Because most of the castle houses were made of stone, The details are very expensive, so there are not many. Its architectural features are: A, high and steep, the top of the four slopes, the facade of the facade has A number of tiger Windows, and along the wall to the wall; B, the window of the tiger, the chimney, and the side wall are often exquisite gothic decorations, vertical to the sky; C, stonewall, and usually a quaint tower that looks mysterious. It has five forms: the four hills meet the two mountain walls; Side gable roof; Top of the wall; The two walls are orthogonal; Double - line top. Greek Revival The ancient Greek temple style, which prevailed in the middle of the 19th century, has two main factors: (A) the anthropological survey at the time confirmed that the source of ancient Roman style was Greek style; (B) Greece had an independent war between 1821 and 1830. Because these two reasons, interest in Greece and the ancient Greek architecture style, the Greek style fashion for about 40 years for gothic style gradually and replaced by the Italian Renaissance style and Victoria style. Its characteristics are: A, A gables with A low slope or A four-slope roof; B, under the triangular eaves and under the roof of the front porch with a wide upper lintel; The top of the classical porch (sometimes with the eaves) is usually flat, supported by a number of round or square columns. There are horizontal decorative strips on the front door, which are integrated with refined marble decoration. It has six forms: the porch and the eaves; The porch is below the eaves; The facade is a full-section porch; The wall porch; The front of the wall porch with flank; Flat top (urban housing). French Second Empire French architecture, which emphasizes the beauty of the roof, is known as "the first". With Italian style and gothic style emotional appeal restoring ancient ways is just the opposite, the French second empire style is very fashionable, it comes from the reign of napoleon iii, the architecture of Paris by the British introduced to the United States, first as the main form of public buildings, after gradually adopted in the garden villa. Its architectural features are: A, tall and outstanding chi-shaped roof -- Mansard; B, its lateral top (both flat and curved) has a number of tiger Windows, which won a lot of living space; C, eaves are decorated in similar style to Italian style; D. The top and bottom of the chi-shaped roof have the same decorative strips as the small steps. There are five forms: the simple montessa; A central gable or main wing; Asymmetrical type; With a tower; Urban housing. (Postmedieval English) On the native American indians outside his home, the first British residential style of middle ages, the buildings that first by the British in the northeast coast of America's most fertile zone construction, mostly timberwork, can save has been 300 years of history, it looks dull. Its architectural features are: A, steep side triangular roof, eaves are almost undecorated; B, plank gates, oblique grid Windows, prominent, highly refined chimneys. It comes in two forms: a two-story house, a central chimney (north); Two floors of brick houses, flanked by chimneys (south) Italian style (Italianate) Italian style and gothic style is popular in the UK was introduced into the United States nearly 200 years later, this kind of style emphasizes the unique beauty of the arch, in Florence and Rome had xushuguan at that time, the first American of Italian style villa built in 1830, and later due to A.J.D owning (downing) the publication of the architectural style and influence, popular for about 40 years. The villa was expensive because of the recession. A few years later, the economic recovery has been replaced by an updated style, the queen Anne style. Its characteristics are: A, square tower, low slope four slope roof, mostly two or three floors; B. Long, slender Windows with an arch. C, with wide eave eaves arranged in equal arrangement of decorative brackets; D, there are a lot of carved flowers on the door, and the carving of the door frame is all over the place. It has six forms: simple four-slope roof; The top of the four hills is also the central gables; Asymmetric form; With a tower; Facade gables; Pingding (in the city). Grassland style (prairie) The style was represented by Wright, a master of American architecture, who was famous and many clients asked him to design his own villa. The style is developed on the basis of the four slope roof of American colonial revival style, highlighting the democratic nature of the building. Its characteristics are: A, the flat roof of the great slope extends horizontally to the surrounding area. B. The layout of the external wall decoration strips: this style gradually disappeared after the first world war. C, window design highlights horizontal extension. At the bottom of the floor, there is often a thick front porch connected to the main building: the porch is supported by square columns. (Minimal Traditional) This style is the simplified form of the Tudor 1930 s style, but also have the gables and smokestacks, outside decoration is the form of a single, after the economic depression is more popular in the 30 s and 40 s, most often only two layers of such villa, such as wood, brick, stone structure, later gradually replaced by ranch style, is one of the current us cheaper villa. (Shed) Mainly reflects in the roof of the hut style change on appeal, the entire roof split into several different toward sloping roof, walls with horizontal, vertical, or diagonal thin wood, is sometimes with solar cells on the roof, is at present and its popular style. Its characteristics are: A, the sloping roof intersects the gables; B, the wooden bars on the wall are mixed with the brick wall; C. Open Windows freely; E, the eaves are smooth and not extended. The Gothic Revival Gothic style originated from the construction of French churches, such as the Notre Dame DE Paris, which is an outstanding representative of gothic style. America first adopted gothic revival style in villa design in 1832. After that, it was published in the design book of the style of the villa, so that the style was adopted by villa designers. Like the British parliament, the gothic revival. This style peaked at Victoria peak. Gothic style emphasizes vertical lift. Its distinct personality is: A, the central gables and the steep side gables meet together, and the eaves of the gables are exquisitely decorated; B, the facade wall reaches directly into the central gable wall without interruption; C, the Windows are pointed at the wooden beams; D, one or all of the facade, supported by the smart gothic column. It has six forms: the central gable; A pair of gables; Facade gables; Asymmetric; Castle; Brick wall color contrast type. French Beaux Arts France was once the center of world art in the era of Louis, and the foundation of the artistic foundation reached its peak in the academic style of architecture. The United States adopted this style at the world exposition in Chicago in 1983, and it was introduced to the whole country, becoming the main view of the city's monument building, which was gradually adopted by the villa. The owner of this villa is often a millionaire. The features of the villa are: A, the exterior decoration is luxurious, multifarious, the finishing line of the finishing point (one or more layers) is usually A row of gas column (double column); B, metope, window, window top and eaves of the place have fine carved flower adornment, show luxuriously imposing manner; C, the wall is made of stone, and the facade is often symmetrical. It has two forms: flat or low slope roof; Mencius. Queen Anne style It was popularized by British architect Shaw, but the naming of the style was not much to do with queen Anne's rule. In 1874 the first American summer queen Anne style villa in Rhode Island, because of the unique style, coupled with the establishment of the railway network and the development of printing technology, this kind of style in America gained popularity. Sometimes the whole building is equipped with a tower, which is a kind of paradise. Its spatial composition is as complex as the Roman style, and forms a classical, asymmetric colonial Renaissance and a full period of queen Anne style, whose simplified form is Victorian. Its characteristics are: A, the non-standard steep roof (the L hill and the four slopes meet), the facade usually has A main wall; B. There are partial or all asymmetrical corridors at the bottom, usually one storey high, along one or both sides of the wall; C. The porch is supported by a fine column. It has four basic forms: the four slopes meet the two mountain walls; Two intersecting gables; Facade gables; Urban housing. (Hispanic) Spanish style is a colonial style, missionary style, eclecticism and monterey style etc, also including the Spanish style was popular in South America, he from the United States along the border of Mexico and the southwest California coast gradually to the United States. Compared with other western European architectural style, the style is unique, the missionary style very much curved walls, pillars support the porch also have arc decoration (figure 14). Colonial style and architectural style of monterey, often has a continuous row on the second floor corridor, and eclectic style, its adornment sex as a missionary style, San Diego after expo in 1915 became popular in the United States, about 1940 to replaced by contemporary style. Its basic features are: A, the roof is mostly red porcelain tile laid B. The house is stretched out on both sides of the house. The C, porch and window arched more. (Ranch) In the 1930s, California architects first came out, It was popular in the 1940s, but it's still quite popular in the 1960s. This kind of villa is usually only a layer, the plane is L type, sometimes the roof is supported by a number of exposed columns, the back garden is big, it is the main outdoor activity area of the family. The ranch style is somewhat of a prairie style. Its characteristics are: A, the roof slope is low, the eaves are extended; B) having a large back garden; It has three forms: orthogonal gable roof; Side gable roof; The top four. Modern style 1922 Chicago song BBS newspaper headquarters for design scheme of the Finnish sand south (sharinan) design scheme won the second prize, this new style is the origin of modern style, after mature gradually developed and used in the design of the villa, is to emphasize function model. There are two types of type A and B, and now we can see many of them in the city Contemporary style (modernistic) It has two shunt: the characteristics of flat roof and flat roof, which are influenced by international style and grassland style. Its characteristics are: A, flat roof; B. Exterior of construction pillar girder; C, unique window shape; D, the facade is simple. = international style (intrenational) During the first world war and during the second world war, the United States get drunk and traditional style restoring ancient ways, while Europe is committed to building the new material and technology for deep exploration, gradually formed the international style, it advocates the functionalism, make a building under the support of structure framework, can be arbitrary combination, to achieve the function of satisfaction. Its characteristics are: 1. Flat roof without eaves, the wall is smooth; 2. Body shape asymmetry; 3, the window is removed redundant adornment. (splite-level) On the basis of this kind of style in the 50 s ranch style developed, often have a quiet villa area and the quiet area, if the prairie style villa in the quiet area upstairs, but not the whole floor, became a layered style, appearance characteristics is the basic program and ranch style is similar. After the formation of stratified style, the contemporary American garden villa division theory gradually developed gradually. -- copy the skywork website www.tgnet.cn