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手机电路图中的常用元器件符号

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手机电路图中的常用元器件符号手机电路图中的常用元器件符号 手机电路图中的常用元器件符号 在无线电电路图中,各种电子元器件都有它们特定的表示方式,即元器件电路符号,认识这些元器件电路 符号对日常看图和维修具有十分重要的意义。表2-3给出了手机电路中常见的一些元器件的图形符号。三章:手机基本电子线路 本章精要介绍了手机常用的一些基本概念和基本电子线路,掌握这些知识,是分析手机各功能电路和整机电路的基础,因此,本章是一名合格手机维修人员必备的基础知识。 第一节 三极管放大和开关电路 在手机中,较多地采用了三极管放大和开关电路,下面作一简要...

手机电路图中的常用元器件符号
手机电路图中的常用元器件符号 手机电路图中的常用元器件符号 在无线电电路图中,各种电子元器件都有它们特定的表示方式,即元器件电路符号,认识这些元器件电路 符号对日常看图和维修具有十分重要的意义。表2-3给出了手机电路中常见的一些元器件的图形符号。三章:手机基本电子线路 本章精要介绍了手机常用的一些基本概念和基本电子线路,掌握这些知识,是分析手机各功能电路和整机电路的基础,因此,本章是一名合格手机维修人员必备的基础知识。 第一节 三极管放大和开关电路 在手机中,较多地采用了三极管放大和开关电路,下面作一简要分析。 一、三极管放大电路 1.放大电路的基本形式 放大器是一种三端电路,其中必有一个端是输入和输出的共同“地”端,如果这个共“地”端接于发射极的,称为共射电路,接于集电极的,称为共集电路,接于基极的,称为共基电路。三种放大电路的基本电路见图3-1、3-2、3-3所示。 这三种放大器主要性能见下表所示。 2.三极管放大电路的偏置电路 (1)分压式偏置电路 图3-4分压式偏置电路。 电源通过电阻R丑、R2分压,给三极管V1的发射极提供合适的正向偏置,又给基极提供一个合适的基极电流。基极回路电阻既和电源配合,使电路有合适的基极电流,又保证在输入信号作用下,基极电流能作相应的变化。若基极分压电阻R1=0,则基极电压恒定等于电源电压,基极电流就不会发生变化,电路就没有放大作用。R丑与R2构成一个固定的分压电路,达到稳定放大器工作点的作用。在电路中,Rl被称为上偏置电阻,R2被称为下偏置电阻。 电源通过集电极电阻R3给集电极加上反向偏压,使三极管工作在放大区(只有当三极管的集电极处于反向偏置,发射极处于正向偏置,三极管才能工作在放大区),同时电源也给输出信号提供能量。集电极电阻R3的作用是把放大了的集电极电流的变化转化为集电极电压的变化,然后输出(实际上就是把三极管的电流放大转化为电压放大,从而使三极管放大电路具有电压放大能力)。若集电极电阻R3=0,则输出电压恒定等于电源电压,电路失去电压放大作用。 电容C1和C3分别为输入与输出隔直电容,又称耦合电容。C1、C3使放大器与前后级电路互不影响,同时又起交流耦合作用,让交流信号顺利通过。为避免交流信号电压在发射极电阻R4上产生压降,造成放大电路电压放大倍数下降,常在R4的两端并联一个电容(C2)。只要C2的容量足够大,对交流分量就可视作短路。C2称为发射极交流旁路电容。 (2)固定式偏置电路 图3-5固定式偏置电路。 图中,R1为偏置电阻,为V1管基极提供基极电流,R3为集电极负载电阻,R4为发射极负反馈电阻。C3为发射极旁路电容。 3.三极管放大电路的分析 当没有信号输入到放大电路时,放大电路中各处的电压、电流是不变的直流,这时称电路的状态为直流状态或静止工作状态,简称静态。静态时,三极管具有固定的基极电流、偏压、集电极电流和集电极电压,称为直流工作点或静态工作点。 当输入交流信号后(注意:控制信号通常是直流控制电压),电路中各处的电压、电流是变动的,这时电路处于交流状态或动态工作状态,放大电路中各处的电压、电流是随输入信号的变化而变化的。 对于共发射极放大电路,当放大电路无信号输入时,三极管电路各处的电压电流不变,当有输入信号进入,且在信号的正半周时,信号电压叠加在基极电压上,基极电压上升,基极电流上升,使三极管的集电极电流以一定的倍数增长。集电极电流的增大使集电极电阻上的电压降增大,导致集电极电压下降。当信号处于负半周时,信号电压使基极电压下降,基极电流下降,使三极管的集电极电流也急剧下降。集电极电流的减小使集电极电阻上的电压降减小,导致集电极电压增大。由于集电极电流的变化量比基极电流的变化量大,所以集电极电压的变化量也比基极电压的变化量大,从而使基极信号被放大输出。对于共集电极和共基极电路的分析,这里不再介绍。 在进行三极管放大电路分析时,要注意三极管的偏压(硅 材料 关于××同志的政审材料调查表环保先进个人材料国家普通话测试材料农民专业合作社注销四查四问剖析材料 的三极管的基极偏压在0.65V左右,锗材料的三极管的基极偏压在0.2V左右)。而集电极电压通常接近相应的电源电压。通过测量这些电压,就基本上可以判断三极管是否能比较正常地工作。 二、三极管开关电路 在手机电路中,除了使用三极管的放大电路,还经常用到三极管的开关电路。三极管开关电路在手机电路中通常用作某一个单元电路的电源电子开关。工作在开关状态下的三极管处于两种状态,即饱和状态和截止状态。以NPN型三极管来说,当三极管的基极有一个高电平时(一个远远大于三极管偏置电压的电压),则三极管饱和导通,这时的三极管集电极与发射极之间的电阻很小,发射极电压基本上等于集电极电压,就像开关闭合一样:当三极管的基极有一个低电平时(一个远远低于三极管偏置电压的电压),三极管截止,这时的三极管集电极与发射极之间的电阻很大,集电极电压近似等于电源电压,发射极电压近似等于0V。 例如,在图3-6所示的电路中,当三极管基极加一个2V的脉冲信号时,其集电极将输出一个5V的反相脉冲。 第二节 振荡电路 在手机电路中,用以产生一本振、二本振和基准频率的振荡电路有多种,应用较多的是LC电容三点式的振荡电路和石英振荡电路,下面简要分析。 一、电容三点式振荡电路 电容三点式的振荡电路由于高频性能好,在手机的频率合成器电路中得到了广泛的应用,振荡电路与变容二极管一起构成一个压控振荡电路(VCO电路),用以产生稳定的一本振或二本振信号。 1.电容三点式基本电路 电容三点式振荡器基本电路如图3-7所示。 该电路实质上是一个放大器,只不过它没有输入而产生输出,在满足振荡条件的情况下,即电路具备正反馈条件的情况下可以产生振荡。 2.考毕兹振荡电路 以上电路是一种性能优良的振荡屯路,但是,它有两个缺点:一是不能作为频率可调的振荡器;二是振荡器的频率稳定性较差。为了克服这两个缺点,提出了改进型的电容三点式振荡电路,如图3-8所示。这种电路又叫考毕兹振荡电路。 从图可以看出,改进的 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 很简单,只是在振荡回路的电感支路上串联了一支小电容C3,C1、 C2对振荡频率的影响大大减小,振荡频率主要由C3决定,可以通过调整C3来改变振荡频率而不影响反馈。 3.压控振荡电路(VCO) 在上图中,若将C3换成一个变容二极管,就变成了图3—9所示的电路。 这种电路是通过改变变容二极管的反偏压VD来使变容二极管的结电容发生变化,从而改变了振荡频率。由手是用电压来控制频率的变化,从这个意义上说,这样的电路称为压控振荡电路。压控振荡电路在手机一本振、二本振等振荡电路中得到了广泛的应用,如摩托罗拉V998手机的一本振和二本振电路就采用了这种形式的压控振荡电路,不过,对于大多数手机,本振电路则是将整个压控振荡电路全部给合在一起封装起来,组成一个VCO组件,只有几引脚(一般有供电脚、接地脚、输出脚和控制脚)和外电路相连,但不管如何组合,内部工作原理却是不变的,仍是一个压控振荡电路。 二、石英晶体振荡电路 1.石英晶体的特性 石英晶体是一种天然结晶体,具有稳定的物理化学性能,石英晶体之所以能成为电的谐振器,是利用了它特有,的压电效应,当机械力作用于晶片时,晶片的两面将产生电荷,呈现出电压,这称为正压电效应,当晶片两面加上电压时,晶片又会发生形变,这称为反压电效应。因此,若在晶片两端加上交变电压时,晶片将随交流信号的变化而产生机械振动,晶片本身有一固有的振动频率,频率的高低取决于晶片的几何尺寸和结构。当外加交流信号的频率与晶片固有的机械振荡频率相等时,就会发生谐振现象。它既表现为晶片的机械共振,又表现为电谐振,这时有很大的电流流过晶片,产生电能和机械能的转换。 2.石英晶体的等效电路 石英晶片的谐振特性可以用一个串并联谐振回路来等效,等效电路和电路符号如图3-10所示。 石英晶体的谐振曲线如图3-11所示。 当ffq时,等效回路又呈容性。 石英晶体的谐振频率fq、fq非常稳定,因为Lq、Cq、C0由晶片尺寸决定,它们受外界因素影响极小,且石英晶体有很高的品质因素。 石英晶体作回路元件时,应工作在感性区,等效为一个电感元件,从谐振曲线可以看出,石英晶体在一个很窄的范围内(fq-fq)才呈现感性,且在这个狭窄的频率范围内感性曲线非常陡峭,因此,对频率的补偿能力极强。 需要说明的是:石英晶体不应工作在容性区,这是因为即使晶体的压电效应失效,晶体仍有静电容,它仍呈容性状态,因此,晶体如果作为电容元件接在回路中,一旦压电效应失效,晶体仍能工作,振荡器仍可维持振荡,但石英晶体已完全失去了稳频作用,这就违背了使用石英晶体的本意。 3.石英晶体振荡电路 石英晶体振荡电路形式有很多种,常用的有两类:一类是石英晶体接在振荡回路中,作为电感元件使用,这类振荡器称为并联晶体振荡器;另一类是把晶体作为串联短路元件使用,使其工作于串联谐振频率上,称为串联晶体振荡器。 (1)并联晶体振荡器 这类晶体振荡器的原理和一般LC振荡器相同,只是把晶体接在振荡回路中作为电感元件使用,并与其它回路元件一起,按照三点式电路的组成原则与晶体管相连。图3-12(a)是一种用晶体 构成的考毕兹电容三点式振荡电路。图3—12(b)为交流等效电路。 石英晶体的振荡频率由石英谐振器和负载电容CL共同决定。所谓“负载电容”是指从晶振的插脚两端向振荡电路的方向看进去的等效电容,晶振在振荡电路中起振时等效为感性,负载电容与晶振的等效电感形成谐振,决定振荡器的振荡频率。对于上图所示电路,负载电容cI由c、c2、c3共同组成,由于C3远远小于C1和C2,可见石英晶体确定后,Lq、C0、Cq也就确定了,振荡频率主要由C3决定,实际电路中,C3一般用一个变容二极管代替,通过改变变容二极管的反偏压?来使变容二极管的结电容发生变化,从而改变了振荡频率。使振荡频率符合要求。 (2)串联晶体振荡电路 串联晶体振荡电路是把晶体接在正反馈支路中,当晶体工作在串联谐振频率上时,其总电抗为零,等效为短路元件,这时反馈作用最强,满足振幅起振条件。图3-13(a)给出了一种串联晶体振荡电路的实际电路,图3-13(b)为其交流等效电路。 由图可知,该电路与电容三点式振荡电路十分相似,所不同的只是反馈信号不是直接接到晶体管的输入端,而是经过石英晶体接到振荡的发射极,从而实现正反馈。当石英晶体工作在串联谐振频率时,石英晶体呈现极低的阻抗,可以近似地认为是短路的,则在这个频率上,该电路与三点式振荡器没有什么区别。基于这种原理,我们可以调谐振荡回路,使振荡频率正好等于晶体的谐振频率,这时,正反馈最强,正好满足起振条件。对于其它频率,石英谐振器不可能发生串联谐振,它在反馈支路中呈现一个较大的电阻,使振荡电路不能满足起振;条件,故不能振荡。可见,串联石英晶体振荡器的振荡频率及频率稳定度都是由石英谐振器的串联振荡频率决定的,而不是由振荡回路决定的。显然,由振荡回路元件决定的固有频率,必须与石英谐振器的串联谐振频率相一致。 由于串联晶振电路中振荡频率等于晶体串联谐振频率,因此它不需要外加负载电容CL,通常这种晶体标明其负载电容为无穷大。在实际应用中,若有小的误差,则可以通过回路电容C3来微调频率。 实际电路中,C3一般用一个变容二极管代替,通过改变变容二极管的反偏压?来使变容二极管的结电容发生变化,使串联晶振电路中振荡频率等于晶体串联谐振频率。 4.使用石英晶体时应注意的事项 为了正确地使用石英谐振器,充分利用其优点,有必要指出使用石英谐振器时应注意的事项。 (1)石英晶体谐振器成品上标有一个标称频率,当电路工作在这个标称频率时,频率稳定度最高。这个标称频率通常是在成品出厂前,在石英晶体上并接一定的负载电容条件下测定的。在实际组成石英晶体振荡器时必须在石英晶体两端并接负载电容,且负载电容必须符合石英晶体技术条件中所 规定 关于下班后关闭电源的规定党章中关于入党时间的规定公务员考核规定下载规定办法文件下载宁波关于闷顶的规定 的数值,这个电容大都采用微调电容,以便调整。规定的负载电容值载于厂家的产品 说明书 房屋状态说明书下载罗氏说明书下载焊机说明书下载罗氏说明书下载GGD说明书下载 中,通常为30pF(高频晶体),或为100pF (低频晶体),或标示为田(这是指无需外接负载电容,通常用在串联晶体振荡器中)。 (2)石英晶体谐振器的激励电平应在规定范围内。石英晶体谐振器在振荡器中被激励时,要通过激励电流,要消耗一定的激励功率。在实际应用时,应使输入石英晶体的激励功率不超过额定值。过高的激励功率会使石英谐振器内部温度升高,使石英晶片的老化效应和频率漂移增大;极强的激励功率会使石英晶片的机械振动过于剧烈而损坏。 (3)在并联石英晶体振荡器中,石英晶体只能工作在感性区,而不能工作在容性区。因为若把晶体当作容性元件使用,一旦压电效应失效,它仍呈容性,此时振荡器仍可能维持振荡,但石英晶体已失去稳频作用。 (4)由于石英谐振器在一定的温度范围内才具有很高的频率稳定度,当对频率稳定度要求很高时,可以考虑采用恒温设备或温度补偿措施。 (5)晶振在振荡电路中起振时等效为感性,负载电容与晶振的等效电感形成谐振,决定振荡器的振荡频率。负载电容值不同,振荡器的振荡频率也不一样,改变负载电容的大小,就可以改变振荡频率。因此,通过适度调整负载电容,一般可以将振荡器的振荡频率精确地调整到 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 值。在晶振资料主要参数中提供的负载电容是一个测试条件,也是一个不容忽视的使用条件,忽略这个负载电容参数,会使振荡频率偏离标准值,偏离过大时会使振荡器起振困难造成停振。 (6)晶振的负载电容有高、低两类之别。低者一般仅为十几至几百PF,而高者则为无穷大,两者相差悬殊,决不能混用,否则会使振荡频率偏离。两类不同负载电容的晶振使用方式绝然不同。低负载电容晶振都串联几十pF容量的电容器;而高负载电容晶振不但不能串联电容器,还须并联数pF小容量电容器(外电路的分布电容有时也能取代这个并联小电容)。 第三 RC和LC电路 在手机电路中,由电阻、电容和电感网络构成的电路应用十分广泛,RC、LC电路可以构成许多用途的电路,理解和领会RC、LC电路对分析手机电路图十分重要。下面简要介绍o 一、RC电路 1.RC串联电路 图3-14是RC串联电路及该网络的阻抗特性曲线。图(a)中,R1、C1串联,由于C1对各种频率信号的容抗是不同的,这样整个RC网络的阻抗特性便如图(b)所示。 这一RC网络对各频率信号呈现不同的阻抗。当信号频率大于转折频率f01后,整个网络的阻抗Z=R1。这是因为当信号频率大到一定程度后, Rc串联网络的总阻抗便有R1大小来决定。 当信号频率低于f01时,由于信号频率已较低了,C1的容抗已较大而不能忽视,此时RC串联网络的总阻抗为R1和c1容抗之和。又因为c1的容抗随频率降低而增大,所以特性曲线中频率f小于f01的一段是上升的,这样,频率愈低,阻抗愈大。当R重不变时,C1大,转折频率小;反之,C1小,转折频率大。同样,通过改变R1的大小也可以改变f01。 2.RC并联电路 图3-15所示是RC并联电路及该网络的阻抗特性曲线。 这一网络的阻抗特性曲线也有一个转折频率f01,f01由下式决定: 当信号频率低于转折频率f01时,频率愈低,C1容抗愈大于R10此时C1相当于开路,RC并联网络阻抗由R1决定,小于f01部分为平直线,大小为R1阻值。 当信号频率大于转折频率f01时,c1的容抗可以与R1阻值比较,此时总的阻抗是R1和C1容抗的并联值由于频率升高后c1容抗下降,所以RC并联网络总的阻抗斜率下降,且频率愈高,网络的阻抗愈小。改变C1或R1大小时,转折频率也要作相应改变。 3.RC串并联电路 RC串并联电路及阻抗特性曲线如图3-16所示。这里不再分析。 二、LC电路 1.LC串联谐振网络 图3-17为LC串联谐振网络。 LC串联谐振网络有一个固有谐振频率f0. 从上式可以看出,仍只与11、C1大小有关,而与R1的大小无关。L1、C1大,谐振频率反而低。当送人LC串联谐振网络的信号频率等于该网络固有谐振频率扔时,网络便发生串联谐振现象。 串联谐振具有如下特性: (1)谐振时网络的阻抗为最小,且为纯阻性,在仍处的阻抗达最小,为回路中的直流电阻R1。 当信号频率大于或小于f0时,该网络的阻抗均大于f0时的阻抗。信号频率愈是偏离仍,网络的阻抗愈大。 (2)谐振时L1上的电压等于C1上的电压,并且等于信号电压的Q倍(Q为品质因素),所以,串联谐振又称电压谐振。 2.LC并联诣振网络 图3-18是LC并联谐振网络及阻抗特性曲线。R1是L1的直流电阻。 LC并联谐振网络的谐振频率f0由下式决定: 从上式中可以看出,LC并联谐振网络的谐振频率与R1无关,只与11、C1有关。当信号频率等于该网络的固有谐振频率时,该LC网络发生并联谐振现象。 LC并联谐振具有如下特性: (1)并联谐振时网络的阻抗达到最大,并为纯阻性,阻抗大小为Q2R1。 (2)回路电压达到最大值,即L1、Cl上的信号电压达到最大值。 (3)回路总电流很小,而电容、电感支路的电流达到最大值,为回路总电流的Q倍。但电容、电感支路的电流方向相反、大小相差不多,其差值为回路的总电流。由于并联谐振时电容、电感支路中的电流达到最大值,所以并联谐振又称电流谐振。 (4)不同的Q值有不同的曲线,Q值大的曲线尖锐。在谐振频率扔处,网络阻抗为最大。当信号频率f高于或低于扔时,网络的阻值均下降,且信号频率f偏差f0愈多,网络阻抗愈小。 三、滤波器 滤波器是一种让某一频带内信号通过,同时又阻止这一频带外信号通过的电路,滤波器分为无源滤波器和有源滤波器。 无源滤波器又分为:RC滤波器和LC滤波器,RC滤波器又分为:低通RC滤波器、高通RC滤波器和带通RC滤波器。LC滤波器又分为低通LC滤波器、高通LC滤波器和带通LC滤波器。 有源滤波器分为有源高通滤波器、有源低通滤波器和有源带通滤波器等。 下面简要分析RC和LC无源滤波器。 1. RC无源滤波器 2. (1)低通滤波器 图3—19是一种RC无源低通滤波器。图(a)是低通滤波器电路,图(b)是它的幅频特性曲线。可以看出,低通滤波器的作用是让低于转折频率f0的低频段信号通过,而将高于转折频率f0的信号去掉。 这二低通滤波器的工作原理是,当输入信号?中频率低于转折频率f0的信号加到电路中时,由于C1的容抗很大而无分流作用,所以这一低频信号经Rl输出。当Vi中频率高于转折频率f0时,因C1的容抗已很小,故通过R1的高频信号由C1分流到地而无输出,达到低通的目的。这一RC低通滤波器的转折频率仍由下式决定: (2)高通滤波器 图3-20是RC元件构成的高通滤波器。图(a)是电路,图(b)是这一高通滤波器的幅频特性曲线。从这一曲线可以看出,当输入信号?中频率低于转折频率仍时,输出受到明显的衰减。高于转折频率f0的信号输出大。 这一电路的工作原理是,当频率低于f0的信号输入这一滤波器时,由于C1的容抗很大而受到阻止,输出减小,且频率愈低输出愈小。当频率高于f0的信号输入这一滤波器时,由于C1的容抗很小,故对信号无衰减作用,这样该滤波器具有让高频信号通过,阻止低频信号的作用,这一电路的转折频率扔由下式决定: (3)带迪滤汲器 带通滤波器可以让一定频带的信号通过,而阻止频带以外的信号。将高通滤波器和低通滤器组合在一起,适当设计电路参数,就可以构成所需要的带通滤波器。 2.LC无源滤波器 LC滤波器适用于高频信号的滤波,它由电感L和电容C所组成,由于感抗随频率增加而增加,而容抗随频率增加而减小,因此,LC低通滤波器的串臂接电感,并臂接电容,高通滤波器的L、C位置,则与它相反。带通滤波器则是二者的组合。 需要说明的是,手机中的很多滤波器,如射频滤波器、一中频滤波器、二中频滤波器、发射滤波器等均已模块化。而不再是由简单的分立元件组成。 RC、LC还可以组合成许多电路,如选频放大电路、低频补偿电路、高频补偿电路、积分电路、微分电路、移相电路、陷波器等,这里不再一一分析。 第四节场效应管电路 手机电路中较多地采用了场效应管,场效应管与晶体管不同,它是一种电压控制器件(晶体管是电流控制器件),其特性更象电子管,它具有很高的输入阻抗,较大的功率增益,由于是电压控制器件所以噪声小。 一、场效应管的分类 根据电场对导电沟道控制方式的不同,场效应管可分为结型和绝缘栅型两种。 结型场效应管是利用加在PN结上的反向电压的大小控制PN结的厚度,从而改变导电沟道的宽窄,实现对漏极电流的控制作用。 绝缘栅场效应管是利用绝缘栅在外电压的作用下,产生的感应电荷控制导电沟道的宽窄,绝缘栅场效应管又称为金金属氧化物场效应管简称MOS管。 绝缘栅型场效应管又分为增强型和耗尽型两种,我们称在正常情况下导通的为耗尽型场效应管,在正常情况下断开的称增强型效应管。增强型场效应管特点是:当Vgs=0时,Id(漏极电流)=0,只有当Vgs增加到某一个值时才开始导通,有漏极电流产生。并称开始出现漏极电流时的栅源电压Vgs为开启电压。耗尽型场效应管的特点是:漏、源极间一开始就有一个原始导通沟道,即使Vgs=0,在漏极电压的作用下也有较大的漏极电流。根据半导体材料的不同,每一种又可分为N沟道和P沟道两类。这样,总共有六种场效应管。即:N沟道结型 场效应管、P沟道结型场效应管、N沟道增强型场效应管、N沟道耗尽型场效应管、P沟道增强型场效应管和P沟道耗尽型场效应管。 场效应管分为三个极,分别是控制栅极G(相当于三极管的基极B)、源极S(相当于三极管的发射极E)和漏极D(相当于三极管的集电极C)。 场效应管的分类、符号及特性曲线见上图3-21所示。 二、场效应管的偏置电路 与三极管一样,场效应管必须加上适当的偏置,才能正常工作,这里介绍常用的几种偏置电路。 1.N沟道结型场效应管的偏置电路 (1)自偏置电路 如图3-22所示。 它是利用漏极电路?流过源极电阻RS,使得源极被提高了一个小的正电位。而栅极则保持零电位,栅极相对于源极呈现负电压,即:Vgs=-IsRs=-IDRDo,满足了它的反向偏置要求。RD是漏极电阻,起负载作用。 (2)分压式偏置电路, 如图3-23所示。 分压器式偏置电路类似三极管的分压式偏置电路。栅极电压VG由电阻R1和R2构成的分压器提供。这偏置稳定性比自偏置电路好。 由于N沟道结型场效应管的Vgs<0,因此,2.MOS场效应管的偏置电路 (1)耗尽型MOS场效应管的偏置电路耗尽型MOS场效应管可采用自偏置和分压器式偏置。对于N沟道耗尽型MOS场效应管来说,栅源为负、零或。正偏置,漏源为正。对于P沟道耗尽型MOS场效应管来说,栅源为正、零或负偏置,漏源为负。 (2)增强型MOS场效应管的偏置电路 增强型MOS场效应管要求栅极保持为正向偏置,而不能采用自偏置电路。N沟道MOS场效应管栅源为正偏置,漏源为正偏置,P沟道MOS场效应管栅源为负偏置,漏源为负偏置。 第五节 手机常用电路图介绍 电路图就是为了人们方便,使用约定的电路符号在纸上绘制的一种图形,是一种用来表示相应的实际电路的一种图纸。人们根据图纸来进行工程分析或进行其他技术作业,大大地提高了工作效率。 手机电路图主要有方框图(包括集成电路内部方框图)、单元电路图、等效电路图、整机电路图、印刷线路图等多种。手机图纸的虽然种类很多,但对于维修人员来说,通常了解方框图、电路原理图、元件分布图就可以了。 一、手机方框图 手机方框图是一种用各种方框和连线来表示手机电路工作原理和构成概况的电路图。在这种图纸中,除了方框和连线,几乎就没有别的符号了。它与手机原理图的区别,就在于手机原理图详细地绘制了手机电路的全部元器件与它们的连接方式,而手机方框图只是简单地将电路按照功能划分为几个部分,将每一个部分描绘成一个方框,在方框中标注上简单的文字说明,在方框之间用连线来说明各方框之间的关系。 1.手机方框图的特点 手机方框图简明、清楚,可方便地看出电路的组成和信号的传输方向、途径以及信号在传输过程中经历了什么处理过程等(如是放大还是衰减)。由于手机方框图简洁、逻辑性强,所以便于记忆,同时它包含的信息量也较大。 在手机方框图中往往会标出信号传输的方向(用箭头表示),它形象地表示了信号在电路中的传输过程,这一点对识图是非常有用的,尤其是集成电路内部电路方框图,可以帮助了解某引脚是输入引脚还是输出引脚。 在分析一个具体电路工作原理之前,或者在阅读集成电路的应用电路之前,先阅读该电路的方框图是十分必要的,有助于了解具体电路的工作原理。 2.手机方框图的种类 方框图种类较多,具体说明如下: (1)整机电路方框图 这是表达整机电路图的方框图,从这张方框图中可以了解到整机电路组成和各部分单元电路之间的相互关系,通过图中的箭头还可以了解到信号的传输途径等。 (2)系统电路方框图 一个整机电路是许多系统电路构成的,系统电路方框图用来表示该系统电路组成情况,它是整机电路方框图的下一级方框图,往往系统方框图比整机电路方框图更加详细。 (3)集成电路内部电路方框图 集成电路内部电路组成情况可以用内部电路或内部电路方框图来表示。由于集成电路内部电路十分复杂,所以在许多情况下采用方框图采表示更有益于读图。从集成电路的内部电路方框图中可以了解到集成电路的组成、有关引脚的作用等,这对阅读该集成电路的应用电路十分有用。集成 电路一般引脚比较多,内部电路功能比较复杂,所以在进行电路分析时给出集成电路内部电路方框图是最为方便的。 二、手机电路原理图 手机电路原理图是用来体现电子电路工作原理的一种电路图。这种图直接体现了电子电路的结构与工作原理。在维修工作中,通过识别图纸上所画的各种电路元件符号,以及它们之间的连接方式,就可以了解手机电路的实际工作情况,从而使我们在进行手机维修时对手机线路情况比较清楚。 电路原理图能够完整表达某一级电路或整机的结构和工作原理,有时图中还全部标出了电路各元器件的参数,如阻值、容量和三极管型号等,这为维修和代换提供了方便。 三、手机元件分布图 手机元件分布图表明了手机各个元件在手机线路板中实际位置,同时,由于分布图中一般标注了各个元倒的标号,对照元件分布图、电路原理图和手机彩图,可以很方便地找到手机各个元件在手机线路板中的具体位置,因此,手机元件分布图在手机维修过程中起着非常重要的作用。 ,英文版 , Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.
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