词汇学

英语词汇学第五章课后练习及 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 Questions and Tasks 1. What is reference? 2. What is concept? 3. What is sense? 4. What is motivation? Does this theory contradict the theory of 'arbitrariness' and 'conventionality' concerning the relationship between linguistic symbols and their senses? 5. What are the four types of motivation? Explain them with examples. 6. Match the words in Column A with those in Column B. A B apes sing/twitter birds gibber cattle coo crickets gobble doves chatter foxes bleat geese howl sheep laugh wolves cry monkeys yelp pigs gabble hyenas(鬣狗) grunt turkeys low swans chirp 7. What is the difference between grammatical meaning and lexical meaning? 8. What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning? 9. What connotations do you think the word atomic might have for each of the following people? a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power. b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima. c. A student of nuclear physics. 10. All the words talkative, articulate(明确 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 达) , gossip, garrulous(喋喋不休) , rambling(说话 散漫的;不连贯的) , fluent, gabby(<口>健谈的;饶舌的) , mouthy(话多的,唠叨的) can describe a person's ability of speech. What impression do you obtain of the person with the use of each of the words? 11. Put the following groups of words under Appreciative, Neutral and Pejorative. Note that not words of every group fit neatly under the three categories. a. fastidious(爱挑剔的;难讨好的) , fussy(过分苛求的;难以取悦的;爱挑剔的), particular b. critical, fault-finding, picky(过分讲究的;好挑剔的;吹毛求疵的) c. fad(时尚,一时的狂热) , vogue(时尚,时髦物;流行,风行) , style d. cunning(狡猾的;灵巧的,熟练的) , artful(狡猾的,欺诈的;熟练的,有技巧的), sly(狡 猾的,诡诈的<口>灵巧的,巧妙的) e. unstable, fickle(感情异变的,无常的), capricious(任性的,反复无常的;变换莫测的) f. backward, developing, underdeveloped g. encourage, instigate(唆使,怂恿) , promote h. clique(派系,小集团) , gang, group 12.What are semantic features? 13. What are the merits and demerits of componential analysis? 14. Try to analyze the following words in terms of semantic opposition ( ± HUMAN), (±MALE), [±ADULT), (± BOVINE)(牛的;牛类动物) , [±GALLINE)(禽类) . bull cow calf rooster hen chicken 英语词汇学第五章练习答案 1. Reference is the connection between the word form and what the form refers to in the world. ( or : Reference is the relationship between language and the world. ) 2. Concept is a notion or idea, formed in the mind as a result of cognition, which reflects the objective world. 3. The sense of a word shows its place in a system of semantic relationships with other words in the language. It is often used to substitute meaning. 4. Motivation explains the relationship between the linguistic symbol and its meaning, or the logical reason why a certain word has a certain meaning. As mentioned earlier, the relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional. Motivation seems to contradict the theory. The answer is "yes and no". By "yes", we mean all the mono-morphemic words in a language are non-motivated except a few onomatopoeic words which imitate the natural sounds or noises. By "no", we mean many multi-morphemic words are motivated, for in many causes the meaning of the whole word is the combination of the morphemes. The morphemic structure explains the meaning. 5.The four types of motivation are onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation and etymological motivation. Onomatopoeic motivation explains onomatopoeic words whose meaning is based on the pronunciation of the words such as miaow, thump, peng, etc. ; morphological motivation explains the words whose morphological structure throws light on their meaning, such as profiteer (profit + -eer), darkroom (dark+room), (deconstruction (de + construct- + -ion) , etc. ; semantic motivation explains the figurative meaning of words whose literal meaning suggests the figurative meaning such as the tongue of fire, the mouth of the river, the face of the earth; etymological motivation explains the words whose meaning is closely related to their origins such as banting(therapy for keeping slim by going on a diet discovered by Doctor Banting) and Brille (language used by the blind created by Brille). 6.apes—gibber cattle—low doves—coo geese—gabble wolves—howl pigs—grunt turkeys—gobble birds—sing/twitter crickets-chirp foxes—yelp sheep—bleat monkeys—chatter hyenas—laugh swans—cry 7.Grammatical meaning refers to the part of meaning which shows grammatical relationship such as part of speech of words, plural forms of nouns, tense of verbs, etc. and lexical meaning inc ludes all the rest of the meanings of a word apart from the grammatical meaning, i. e. conceptual meaning and associative meaning. 8. Conceptual meaning is fundamental, universal and stable whereas associative meaning is secondary, contextual, open-ended or indeterminate, thus changing. 9. a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power might have all the positive associations with atomic, such as "benefit", "energy' etc. b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the end of World War II might have all the negative associations with atomic, such as "suffering", "killing", "death", "horror", et c. c. To a student of nuclear physics, atomic might be associated with "mystery", "science", "knowledge", etc. 10. talkative:implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral) articulate: expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive) gossip:indulging in idle talk or rumors about others (negative) garrulous: talking too much about trivial things (somewhat negative) rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative) fluent:speaking easily, smoothly and expressively (positive) gabby:inclined to chatter (negative) mouthy:overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (negative) 11. No Appreciative Neutral Pejorative a. particular fastidious/fussy b. critical fault-finding/picky c. vogue/style fad d. artful cunning/sly e. unstable fickle/capricious f.developing backward/ underdeveloped g. encourage/promote instigate h.group clique/gang 12.Semantic features are the minimal semantic components of words which are abstracted from the words. These features are used to describe the sense of each words. 13. Componential analysis (CA) is useful mainly in three aspects. First, CA reveals the semantic features of the sense of a word and helps one grasp the conceptual meaning of the word. Second, CA can help show the synonymy of two words by giving them both the same components. Third, CA can help tell whether a collocation or syntactic structure is acceptable or not. However, problems are obvious. First, CA is appliable only to concrete words which have definite referents, but not to abstract words or words expressing abstract ideas or concepts. Second, CA is useful in revealing the conceptual meaning, but helpless in showing the figurative meaning of words. 14.bull [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +BOVINE] cow [-HUMAN -MALE + ADULT +BOVINE] calf [-HUMAN ±MALE -ADULT + BOVINE] rooster [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE] hen [-HUMAN -MALE + ADULT +GALLINE] chicken [-HUMAN ±MALE ±ADULT +GALLINE]