【英语论文】《孔乙己》探讨小说翻译理论及翻译技巧（英文）

【英语论文】《孔乙己》探讨小说翻译理论及翻译技巧（英文） 毕 业 论 文 题目Words’ Refining in the Translation of Modern Novels from the Practice of “Kong Yiji” 学生姓名: 指导教师: 外语 系 英语 专业 (1)班 2010年 5月 30 日 毕业设计(论文)任务书 专业 英语 班级 本科 姓名 下发日期 2009年12月24日 Words? Refinding in the Translation of Modern Novels from the Practice of Kong 题目 Yiji 专题 现代小说翻译 小说的翻译随着社会的发展越来越多地得到人们的关注，本文从鲁迅小说主 《孔乙己》为入手点,分析现代小说翻译中所体现的翻译理论及翻译技巧和方法。要 内 小说中的对话语言可称为性格语言，通过不同的语言，语气可透视人物的性格，容 在翻译过程中不仅要符合作者的写作背景、写作态度、写作风格及特点，也要顾及 要 及人物性格特点。从《孔乙己》译文中，逐个分析其用词用句，其独特的用词，求 既可反映出中国独特的文化充分保留中国元素又有独特的创新。 主 要 技 术 参 数 2009年12月24日 下发毕业论文任务书 进 2010年2月15日 交开题 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 和论文提纲 度 及 2010年3月10日 交论文初稿 完 2010年5月12日 交论文二稿 成 日 2010年5月17日 交论文三稿 期 2010年5月30日 交论文定稿 系主任 日期 教研室主任签字 日期 指导教师签字 日期 签字 第 1 页 参 考 文 献 Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English (Sixth edition).Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2000. Newmark, P.P. Approaches to Translation. Pergamon, Oxford, 1982. Nida, Eugene A. Language, Culture, and Translating.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press，1993. Nida. E. A. & Taber, C. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Brill Lyden,1974. Schaffner, Christian and KELLEY-Holmes, Helen. Ed. Cultural Functions of Translation. Multilingual Matters Ltd, 1995. 包昂、包惠南，《中国文化与汉英翻译》。北京:外文出版社，2003。 陈宏薇、李亚丹，《新编汉英翻译教程》。上海:上海外语教育出版社，2008。 林巍，《中西文化比较及翻译研究》。上海:华东理工大学出版社，2009。 谭卫国，《新编英汉互译教程》。上海:华东理工大学出版社，2009。 尤金?奈达著，严久生译《语言文化与翻译》，呼和浩特:内蒙大学出版社，1998。 第 2 页 青岛理工大学毕业论文用纸 摘 要 随着社会的发展，小说在很多方面发挥着不可替代的作用，因此越来越多的人开始关注小说的翻译。本文着重以鲁迅的小说《孔乙己》为入手点，分析现代小说翻译中所体现的翻译理论及翻译技巧和方法。本文由四部分组成:第—部分简要介绍小说翻译的意义，其在娱乐生活、文化沟通、学术交流、增进人们距离等许多方面具有重要意义;第二部分说明《孔乙己》这部小说创作背景及作者对孔乙己这个角色的态度,其深刻的社会内涵在翻译中是不容忽视的;第三部分为小说翻译的特点，小说中含有其独特的元素，具有冲突性、故事性、戏剧性等特性;第四部分详细分析《孔乙己》的翻译译文，并提出自己的一些不同的理解，提出自己的看法及译法。 关键词:小说，理论，翻译 第 6 页 青岛理工大学毕业论文用纸 ABSTRACT With the developmence of our society, more and more people begin to realize the importance of novels. So many people recognized the significance of novel?s translation. In this article, I mainly analyze theories in translation and show some skills used in the modern novels? translation though analyzing the novel Kong Yiji?s English edition. In the first part, I show the significance of novel in the modern society. Novels have many significances such as entertainment, teaching, promoting cultural communication, etc. Then, though I introduce the background of Kong Yiji, people can understand the situation under that society, which people can understand the novel deeply and benefit for the translation. The novel?s social meaning and culture factors couldn?t be ignored in the translation. Moreover, the next part of this paper focuses on showing the characteristics of the novel?s translation. Finally, I analyze the Kong Yiji?s English edition in detail, using the examples to display the translation skills, and display the different views of myself. KEY WORDS: novel, theory, translation 第 7 页 青岛理工大学毕业论文用纸 Contents Introduction……….......................................................................………………... (9) Chapter One Significance of Novel?s Translation...............................……………. (10) Chapter Two Writing Background of Kong Yiji…………………….………. (11) 2.1 The background of this novel.................................................................. (11) 2.2 The attitudes to Kong Yiji……………………………................ ............. (11) Chapter Three The Characteristic of Novel?s Translation………...........…………. (13) 3.1 Novel?s characters ……………………………………………………… (13) 3.2 Translation of novels………………………… ……...… ……………… .(14) 3.2.1Grasping the feature of language...............................................……...(14) 3.2.2 Culture corresponding…………………………………..…………..(15) Chapter Four The Translation of Kong Yiji…………………………………………(17) 4.1 Good translation sentences………………………………………….…… (17) 4.2 Inexact translation sentences................................................................…...(20) Conclusion...................................................................................…………………(22) Acknowledgements...................................................................................………….(23) Bibliography..................................................................................…………............(24) 第 8 页 青岛理工大学毕业论文用纸 Introduction Translation plays an important role in the modern society. It is the bridge for the people from all over the world to communicate with each other. While, reading novels is a good way to learn the different customs and know the different cultures. So translate novel is very importance. But with the development of our society, the translation manners also need change with the world. Now, there are many academic articles about translation, but few articles about modern novels? translation, especially concerns Lu Xun?s works. Lu Xun?s novel own an high position in China?s literature development in the modern history, so this paper is based on analyzing Lu Xun?s Kong Yiji not only show the translation theories used in it, but also the translation skills. Novel which is a typical literature type has its own characteristics, therefore translator not only focuses on two languages differences but also need pay attention on the background of novel, the society surroundings, author?s attitudes, languages? tempers, and different thoughts and so on. In the Kong Yji which translated by Mr. Yang Xianyi and Mis. Dai Naidie, there are many translation skills used that are so wonderful and excellent, which manifest the Chinese unique culture and the translators? new ideas that for the translation career. Though these years study, I have some different understanding on some sentences? translation, and show my ideas on it using the different skills and manners. 第 9 页 青岛理工大学毕业论文用纸 Chapter One Significance of Novel’s Translation Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. There is a story from Genesis of Holy Bible, named “The Tower of Babel”. From the story we know that at first people all over the world spoke one language and they could communicate with each other without any obstacle. Since they had no problem in communicating with one another, they could do everything they wanted, even thing like building” a tower with its top in the heavens”. However, when the Lord knew the whole thing, he confused their language. As a result, earthly people couldn?t communicate with one another and they gave up their plan of building the tower of Babel in the end. Of course, this is just a story. But the story tells us that language makes it possible for people to communicate with one another freely so as to complete every task in human life. In a certain sense, People who cannot understand one another?s speech are unable to carry out their grand plans and ate incapable of accomplishing great tasks. In order to help people communicate with and learn from one another, a new career known as translation came into being.. Novel is a literature creational type, which plays an important role in modern society. Introducing a foreign countries? novel to our country, not only can entertain people, rich lives, but also can enhance culture communication. Though the novel, reader can realize different customs, traditions and habits. Thus increase the mutual understanding between two countries, or understanding among the global people. A good novel has teaching significant. It can educate person many things. 第 10 页 青岛理工大学毕业论文用纸 Chapter Two Writing Background of Kong Yiji 2.1 The background of this novel The novel Kong Yiji happened in a society that very different from now. And it is quiet unique during China? society development. That time, examination of old China had been cancelled but the educational system had not been changed. A lot of educated people hadn?t been get free from the federal thought. Lu Xun thought that we must against “the quintessence of the country” to get free of individual spirit, making the people free from the federal thought which had existed thousands years to wake the people and change the thought situation of fool and indifferent. Only do this, we can save Chinese nation from dangerous situations, fright for people?s free and liberation. So, he called for changing the „people?s character? and free the people. All the works he wrote about unfortunate persons in the illness society, means to disclose the pain and make people?s attention. To wake the people, provoke person to take action. Lu Xun created Kong Yiji and many other criticism novels to attack on the old world.Lu Xun's style is wry, often sardonic but with a biting edge on societal issues. His mastery of the vernacular language, coupled with his expertise with tone -- often sardonically refusing to occupy any easy position, using his linguistic virtuosity as his shield -- make some of his works (like "A True Story of Ah Q") virtually untranslatable. In this he has much in common with the early Natsume Soseki. Lu's importance to modern Chinese literature lies in the fact that he contributed significantly to every modern literary genre except the novel during his lifetime. Kong thyiji is the second article of Nahan written before the Movement of May 4, which is aimed for against with the federal society and the federal cultural. 2.2 The attitudes towards Kong Yiji The writer made the Kong yiji an example. Though this role, reader can realize the situation of people? living at that time, reflecting the indifference to the other person. Kong Yiji?s life is full of sadness and miserable. He is struggle in the low level of the 第 11 页 青岛理工大学毕业论文用纸 society. His thought maybe funny but the more attractive point is the other people?s apathy and sneer at such sadness circumstances. Such reflection from other person, making the reader feels angry about them, about their indifference. 第 12 页 青岛理工大学毕业论文用纸 Chapter Three The Characteristics of Novel’s Translation Before translating novels, we should understand its characteristics. Zhu Wei(2006) once said, novel is a type of narrative literature of expressing the realistic life or society?s phenomenon basis on the fabricated expression of the art. The basic essential parts of novel are distinctive figures? character、concretive describe the surroundings and complete story plots, etc. 3.1 Novel’s characters Fabrication is the essential character of novel, while grasp the feeling experiences of figure?s life is the artistic content that novel included. The more new things, imperceptible, distinctive, precise, deeply in feeling description, the more novelize features in this work. Portray a role in a novel, novelist can take an real person an example, mixing with other person?s stories, just as Lu Xun said, “the model of a figure not always use one person. Usually it has a Beijing people?s face with Zhejiang person?s accent, dressed like a Shanxi person, a mixing figure.” An excellent novel always has an unforgettable typical figure. Readers can realize and understand many people?s deeply emotion or thought though these artistic figures. The story plots come from life, which is more concentrate and more typical than the real life. Novel?s progress like life has beginning, development, climax and end. The arrangement depends on the author?s plane. Author uses his literary talent to make readers lost in the plots, not like report or thesis such boring, which the logical and clearly is the most important. Novel don?t exist one model. It has the power of emotion that brings to the reader. It includes the feeling of the author and the feeling that wanted to give to readers. Compared with other literature types, novel could not be limited by the time and space, using various artistic creative methods to expose the realistic society from many angles, owning a large capacity to describe the society. We can clear the condition of the society that time, no matter in home or in abroad. On the factor of the writing methods and the characters of language, novel?s language full of emotions like poetries, but not identical to the poetry simply express the feelings. 第 13 页 小四号、Times New Roman、加粗 青岛理工大学毕业论文用纸 For instance, Kong Yiji, Lun Xun uses this role to express the national people?s sad conditions and bad spirits. He is expressing his feeling while waking the national people. It likes the essay?s write way to deeply expose the author?s feeling and comment, but has the developing of the story and figure?s characters, such as Ah Q, Raintu, and Kong Yiji and so on. Kong Yiji is one of the typical roles, Lu Xun bring us a full of sadness and pitiful character in our mind. It uses the dramatic dialogue of play to show the role?s temper and the movement in mind, but not limited by the time and space as play. So the figure is vigorous and made readers know the character quickly. 3.2 Translation of novel 3.2.1Grasping the feature of language When translate novels, we should grasp these characters of novel and character of author?s writing style. In “A true story of Ah Q”, author is the narrator. He tells this story to you, so the language of it is more colloquial. Then the words choiced using in this novel should use the spoken language if want to keep the original style. The novel owns dramatic language, such as “"Ah Q, you miserable wretch! Did you say I belonged to the same clan as you?" Ah Q made no reply. ” Novel?s dialogue we can called temper language, which show the temper of the speaker. Though the manner of speaking and tone, which we can know by the context, we can know the emotional change and the plot development of the novel. Every language has its society dialect, which reflects on the individual parole. So when translate dialogue, translator should understand the culture of the source language, making the work as the local characteristic as possible. Here, we can call it literal translation approach. The literal translation approach exhibits many advantages. By adopting this approach, we can preserve in the version not only the original meaning and form, especially the original figures of speech and figurative meaning, but also the national and local colors and features in the original, in addition, by employing this method, we can introduce many things foreign into China, such as new ideas, new 第 14 页 青岛理工大学毕业论文用纸 fashions, new inventions, new technologies and new expressions. Similarly, we can also export many new things in China into foreign countries by using the literal translation approach. For instance, in Kong Yiji the first paragraph “倘肯多花一文,便可以买一碟盐竹笋,或者茴香豆”. “Another copper will buy a plat of salted bamboo shoots or peas flavored with aniseed to go with the wine” Chinese food is unique in the world. So introduce Chinese food to the world is one way that let the foreign countries know china. Translating food names is a cannel to spread Chinese food culture. Therefore, using literal translation to keep the exotic tone and preserve the authentic flavor of the original in the version. With the development of our country, more and more countries show respect to us. More foreigners become eager to know China and we have the responsibility to display our country to the world. Some new words come from Chinese such as “taikong” “buzheteng”, which acknowledged by the global countries, enriching the human language. 3.2.2 Culture corresponding When translate novels, we also should pay attention to the cultural distance, which could not be ignored. Another translation approach is liberal translation or free translation, which means giving up the original image or vehicle and making effort to find an appropriate way to express the intended meaning of the original. Professor Liu Zhongde (1994:173) defines the liberal translation approach as follows: liberal translation supplementary to literal translation. Liberal translation is employed for the purpose of expressing the original meaning instead of reproducing the original sentence structure or rhetorical devices. Only when the literal translation approach is not suitable, the translator can resort to the free translation approach. Different cultural led to readers? thought distance. So before translating we should considerate whether the reader can accept and understand or not. Citing an example, the earlier edition of The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, cancelled the description of Holmes?s disorder room and some unrestrained private behaviors, because it is different from the model of a good officer in China who can fright against bad men protecting the 第 15 页 青岛理工大学毕业论文用纸 people?s benefit. But now, the society is an open society in which people can accept various cultures. And people want to know some foreign customs or behaviors. From my point of view, when translate modern novels to foreign countries use literal translation is better. Culture distance leads the language difference. Language differences are obviously existed. One word maybe correspond different translation manners, such as follows “雨后,院里来了个麻雀,刚长全了羽毛.它在院里跳,有时飞一下,不过是有地 上飞到花盆沿上,或由花盆沿上飞下来.看它这么飞了两三次,我看出来:它并不会 飞得再高一些,它的左翅的几个长翎拧在一处,有一根特别的长,似乎要脱落下 来.”(朱自清 《小麻雀》) As soon as the rain stopped, a sparrow, almost full-fledged, flew into the courtyard. It hopped around, fluttered at times, darting up to the edge of the flowerpot and back to the ground again, watching it move up and down like this a couple of times, I realized that it could not fly any higher as the plumes on its left wing have got twisted, and one is sticking out as if about to come off any moment. In this paragraph, there are five “飞”, which make the whole group of sentences coherent and clear the topic. But in English, writers are avoiding of using the semantic same word repeat. And in fact the sparrow?s fly action not identify in concrete. So the translator use the manner of instead with the synonymous, as “flew into” “fluttered” “darting up” “move up and down” “fly” to express the meaning precisely and make the semantic coherent come true. 第 16 页 青岛理工大学毕业论文用纸 Chapter Four The Translation of Kong Yiji 4.1 Good translation sentences In Kong Yiji, there are some places translated very correct and excellent. Here I will show some of them. 1 “他们往往要亲眼看着黄酒从坛子里舀出,看过壶子底里有没水没有,又亲 眼看将壶子放在热水里,然后放心” here are three “看” in this sentence, while translator use “watch” “look for ” and “inspect” relatively to express it, these three different words are antimony, which can express the original meaning more precisely. One of the Yan Fu?s triple translation principles, “expressiveness” means that the translated text should be expressive and coherent without anything awkward. In other words, his expressiveness requires that the version should be fluid, smooth and easy to read and understand. Translator use these three synonymous words to express original meaning ,meanwhile, making the whole sentence fluid and fit for reading which avoid using the words repeatedly that will decline the beautiful of the article. The translator uses the same semantic words to express the source language, which reach to a principle of “similarity in function and correspondence in function”. Here I wil analysis these advantages of three words. First “watch” which means to look at something for a time paying attention to what happens or be careful about something. During the time of the yellow wine was ladled from the keg, the short-coated customers careful about the whole period of time. They want to use money to buy enough wine. Second “look” means the customers turn their eyes in a particular direction where the wine will put in, checking whether there is water in it. We can image that those short-coated customers much careful about whether the tavern cheat can see that the short-coated person are cheated by tavern before. They are them or we the low level of the society. Third “inspect” means to look closely at something, especially to check that everything is satisfactory. Here the translator uses “personally” to decorate it. Why the short-coated customs are careful about their money. because they are in the society that cheat and press the poor people. They do a lot of work but earn little money. Using these words vigorously show us a kind of 第 17 页 青岛理工大学毕业论文用纸 people, short-coated, their action and behavior. 2 “窃书不能算偷……窃书!......读书人的事能算偷么?” translated into “taking books can?t be counted as stealing…taking books…for a scholar…can?t be counted as stealing.” Translator preserve the stop of the sentence to express the embarrassment and the feeling that Kong want to defended himself. Kong Yiji used the “窃” which is unusual or formal character to dilute the meaning of “偷”, to dilute his own stealing action. Kong Yiji thinks the “窃” sounded better than “偷”. Here we can see the pedantry and doltish of Kong. He does this is keep his good name reflecting Kong?s attitude to the educated people including himself. He is still controlled by the federal thoughts. “stealing” is a derogatory word , while “taking” can make the derogatory sense weak. “taking” is the synonym of the stealing and meaning of the pilfer is weak as in Chinese use “拿” to instead “偷”. Taking and stealing used here is so excellent, which made the culture correspond equivalent, making the readers understand the temper of Kong deeply and correctly. Lu Xun once said, “Translation should pay attention on two factors: first is easy to understand, second is to preserve the figure of the original text.” “taking” and “stealing” give a complete transcription of the ideas of the original work. 3 “听人家背地里谈论,孔乙己原来也读过书.但终于没有进学,又不会营生;于 是愈过愈穷,弄到将要讨饭了.幸而写的一笔好字,便替人家抄抄书,换一碗饭吃.可 惜他有一样坏脾气,便是好吃懒做.” “From the gossip that I heard, it seemed that Kong Yiji had studied he classics but never passed the official examinations and, not knowing any way to make a lining , he grown steadily poorer until he was almost reduced to beggary, luckily he was a good calligrapher and could find enough copying work to fill his rice bowl. But unfortunately he had his failings too: laziness and a love of tippling.” When transfer from one language to another, there are many differences between them such as grammar relationship, semantic relations, logical relationship in a group of sentences. In this discourse, translator add “I” in the first sentence, and three “he” and a “his”, while omission the word “人家”. Though this kind of process, the discourse become so fluid and the subject referred precise, making the meaning 第 18 页 青岛理工大学毕业论文用纸 complete and clearly. Addition and omission are good methods to make the work fluid and very useful in translation. 4 “他身材高大,青白脸色,皱纹间时常夹些伤痕……” A big, pallid man whose wrinkled face often bore scars…… Using “pallid” prefer to pale. Pale means the skin is whiter than usual because of illness, a strong emotion, shock etc. while “pallid” means pale, especially because of illness. Because Kong ate an old man, no work and money, his life is poor and nobody care for him. Though his face we can gain a lot of information that his condition of life and surroundings of this society. Chinese often use short sentence, while English use a long sentence, so when translate from Chinese to English, we usually combine into one English sentence. “孔乙己便涨红了脸,额上的青筋条条绽出,争辩道……” “at that KongYiji would flush, the veins on his forehead standing out s he protested…..” “flush” face become red, especially because feeling a strong emotion such as embarrassed, then red spread on the face. When people expose Kong?s lie, Kong Yiji felt embarrassed and anger because he has the dignity of an educated man. His face from pallid to red. How strong the emotion is! When we red this we will show pitiful and sad to him and also feel his lovely. “孔乙己立刻显出颓唐不安模样,脸上笼上一层灰色……” “at once a grey tinge would overspread Kong Yiji? dejected, discomfited face…” when people ask him why he can?t pass the examination, his face turn grey tinge. Maybe his heart also with a grey tinge. This is his pain. Everyone wants to succeed. Every student want to pass the examination. Using the “tinge” to express the meaning of “一层灰色”,which means to add a small amount of colors to something or a small of feeling. Using “tinge” excise to show that the sentimentally emotion in detail. Using this word reach to equality in meaning and emotion. 5 “引得众人都哄笑起来……”everybody roaring with laughter “众人也都哄笑起来”then everyone there would laugh heartily again “我可以附和着笑” I could join in the laughter 第 19 页 青岛理工大学毕业论文用纸 “引人发笑” to raise a laugh Although there is the same word, the translator uses different phrase to show the meaning. All these depend on the language context and emotional context. Words in concrete language context often can expand the information, making the words mixed with the emotion change, which is the concentrate display of the writers? talent、write style and the ability of creation. Novels always convey the feeling and emotion so grasp the character of the emotion of this source text is very important. 4.2 Inexact translation sentences Although the translation is very good, I have some different understanding on this novel. Culture distance which I have mentioned above we couldn?t ignore it. In the translation edition, the “短衣帮” and“穿长衫的” are translated to “short-coated class” and “those in long gowns”. I doubt that how the foreigners can understand the background of this two words in the Chinese federal culture history. Only use literal translation can help foreigners understand Chinese characteristic, but couldn?t make them understand easily. From my point of view, after the literal translation, adding the explanation of these two phrases will be better. “鲁镇的酒店的格局,是和别处不同的” “the layout of Luzhen?s taverns is unique” I think if judge it from the equivalents of the meaning ,this translation is good ,but not close to the original text. There is a feeling of lost some information and the writer?s character of language. “the wine shops in Luzhen are not like those in other parts of China.” This translation is better than the last one. “看着黄酒从坛子里舀出,看过壶子里有水没有,又亲眼看将壶子放在热水里” “insisted on watching for themselves while the yellow wine was ladled from the keg, looked for water at the bottom of the wine-pot, and personally inspected the pot?s immersion into the hot water” “looked for” has a meaning of find. There are some misunderstand on it. In the original text, three “看” is juxtaposition, but this translation of the sentence relationship is changed. If we translate it as “insist on watching with their own eyes ….looking to see if there were any water at the bottom 第 20 页 青岛理工大学毕业论文用纸 of the wine pot, and inspecting …”, then the meaning will express more precise, and the sentence structural is equivalent to the original sentence. One of Liu Zhongde?s triple principles for translation is “closeness”, which emphasize the translated text should be as close to the original as possible. If translated as this, the sentence is easily to understand and smooth. On the translation of “咸亨”, use “prosperity” to express the good meaning of this two Chinese characteristics. “咸” in Chinese means all of things. “亨” means succeed in everything. So this name conveys the good wish to the tavern, which is “Prosperity”. The translation is excellent. But from my view, translate Chinese novel to the world is a good way to spread our country?s splendid culture. With the development of our motherland, more foreigners begin to learn Chinese. Chinese characters convey many things, so if translate it in “Xian Heng”, then adding explanations at the back of the novel. Foreigners who like Chinese will learn more things. This novel will have more national characteristics. “孔乙己，你脸上又添上新伤疤了～” when people speak this sentence, he is very sure about it. If translate it “Kong Yiji! What are those fresh scars on your face?” , this sentence is not so concrete. This sentence is a question. So “KongYiji! There are some fresh scars on your face!” this translation way is better. “在这些时候，我可以附和着笑，掌柜是绝不责备的” “at such times I could join in the laughter with no danger of a dressing-down from my boss.” The expression is not close to the text. “I could join in the laughter without being scolded by my master” This sentence is directly expressing the original sentence, not complex, easy to be read. 第 21 页 青岛理工大学毕业论文用纸 Conclusion To sum up, translation is a hard course of task, translator should use different methods and thinking over and over on the word and then to accomplish a wonderful work and show the work to the readers. Everything is changing, so the translators need to use the translation theories flexibly, meanwhile, they also need consist principles in conserving our country?s culture. On the modern novels? translation, we should enrich our own knowledge and have a sincere attitude treat to the translation. 第 22 页 青岛理工大学毕业论文用纸 Acknowledgements During the four years of study in the university, every teacher has given me great assistance. From them, I have learnt not only the academic knowledge but also know the necessary qualities that I need if I want to be a true scholar and for the further study. My thanks go to my supervisor ，who show me a right direction and gave me many suggestions. I am greatly indebted to my teacher from the bottom of my heart. Thanks to my friends. They gave me suggestions and courage when I was writing this paper. without whose love and encouragement, I Thanks for my deeply loved parents, could not have finished my study in the university. Four years? education in Qingdao Technological University Qindao College is my precious wealth. 第 23 页 青岛理工大学毕业论文用纸 Bibliography Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English (Sixth edition).Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2000. Newmark, P.P. Approaches to Translation. Pergamon, Oxford, 1982. Nida, Eugene A. Language, Culture, and Translating.Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press，1993. Nida. E. A. & Taber, C. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Brill Lyden,1974. Schaffner, Christian and KELLEY-Holmes, Helen. Ed. Cultural Functions of Translation. Multilingual Matters Ltd, 1995. 包昂、包惠南，《中国文化与汉英翻译》。北京:外文出版社，2003。 陈宏薇、李亚丹，《新编汉英翻译教程》。上海:上海外语教育出版社，2008。 林巍，《中西文化比较及翻译研究》。上海:华东理工大学出版社，2009。 谭卫国，《新编英汉互译教程》。上海:华东理工大学出版社，2009。 尤金?奈达著，严久生译《语言文化与翻译》，呼和浩特:内蒙大学出版社，1998。 内部资料， 请勿外传～ 第 24 页 青岛理工大学毕业论文用纸 第 25 页 青岛理工大学毕业论文用纸 第 26 页