大缘经-中英对照

DN15PTS:Dii55Maha-nidanaSutta:TheGreatCausesDiscoursetranslatedfromthePalibyThanissaroBhikkhu©1997Translator'sIntroductionThisisoneofthemostprofounddiscoursesinthePalicanon.Itgivesanextendedtreatmentoftheteachingsofdependentco-arising(paticcasamuppada)andnot-self(anatta)inanoutlinedcontextofhowtheseteachingsfunctioninpractice.Thefirstpartofthediscoursetakesthefactorsofdependentco-arisinginsequencefromeffecttocause,tracingthemdowntothemutualdependencyofname-and-form(mentalandphysicalactivity)ontheonehand,andconsciousnessontheother.Inconnectionwiththispoint,itisworthnotingthattheword"great"inthetitleofthediscoursemayhaveadoublemeaning:modifyingtheword"discourse"—it'salongdiscourse—andmodifying"causes,"referringtothefactthatname-and-formandconsciousnessascausalfactorscanaccountforeverythingdescribableinthecosmos.Aftertracingthebasicsequenceoffactorsinthecausalpattern,thediscoursethenreviewstheirinter-relationships,showinghowtheycanexplainstressandsufferingbothontheindividualandonthesociallevel.Thesecondpartofthediscourse,takinguptheteachingofnot-self,showshowdependentco-arisinggivesfocustothisteachinginpractice.ItbeginswithasectiononDelineationsofaSelf,classifyingthevariouswaysinwhichasenseof"self"mightbedefinedintermsofform.Theschemeofanalysisintroducedinthissection—classifyingviewsoftheselfaccordingtothevariablesofformandformless;finiteandinfinite;alreadyexisting,naturallydevelopinginthefuture,andalterablethroughhumaneffort—coversallthetheoriesoftheselfproposedintheclassicalUpanisads,aswellasalltheoriesofselforsoulproposedinmorerecenttimes.TheinclusionofaninfiniteselfinthislistgivesthelietothebeliefthattheBuddha'steachingsonnot-selfweredenyingnothingmorethanasenseof"separate"or"limited"self.Thediscoursepointsoutthatevenalimitless,infinite,all-embracingsenseofselfisbasedonanobsessioninthemindthathastobeabandoned.Thefollowingsection,onNon-delineationsofaSelf,showsthatitispossibleforthemindtofunctionwithoutreadinga"self"intoexperience.Theremainingsectionsfocusonwaysinwhichthiscanbedonebytreatingthesenseofselfasitrelatestodifferentaspectsofname-and-form.Thefirstofthesesections—AssumptionsofaSelf—focusesonthesenseofselfasitrelatestofeeling,oneofthe"name"factorsinname-and-form.Thenextsection—SevenStationsofConsciousness—focusesonform,formlessness,andperception,whichisanotheroneofthe"name"factorsthatallowsaplaceforconsciousnesstolandandgrowonthe"macro"levelinthecycleofdeathandrebirth.Thelastsection—EightEmancipations—focusesonform,formlessness,andperceptiononthe"micro"levelinthepracticeofmeditativeabsorption(jhana).Ineachofthesecases,oncethesenseofattachmentandidentificationwithname-and-formcanbebroken,themutualdependencybetweenconsciousnessandname-and-formisbrokenaswell.Thisbringsabouttotalfreedomfromthelimitsof"theextenttowhichtherearemeansofdesignation,expression,anddelineation...theextenttowhichthesphereofdiscernmentextends,theextenttowhichthecyclerevolvesforthemanifesting(discernibility)ofthisworld—i.e.,name-and-formtogetherwithconsciousness."ThisisthereleaseatwhichtheBuddha'steachingsareaimed.DependentCo-arisingIhaveheardthatononeoccasiontheBlessedOnewaslivingamongtheKurus.Now,theKurushaveatownnamedKammasadhamma.ThereVen.AnandaapproachedtheBlessedOneand,onarrival,havingboweddowntotheBlessedOne,sattooneside.AshewassittingtherehesaidtotheBlessedOne:"It'samazing,lord,it'sastounding,howdeepthisdependentco-arisingis,andhowdeepitsappearance,andyettomeitseemsasclearasclearcanbe."[TheBuddha:]"Don'tsaythat,Ananda.Don'tsaythat.Deepisthisdependentco-arising,anddeepitsappearance.It'sbecauseofnotunderstandingandnotpenetratingthisDhammathatthisgenerationislikeatangledskein,aknottedballofstring,likemattedrushesandreeds,anddoesnotgobeyondtransmigration,beyondtheplanesofdeprivation,woe,andbaddestinations."Ifoneisasked,'Isthereademonstrablerequisiteconditionforaginganddeath?'oneshouldanswer,'Thereis.'"Ifoneisasked,'Fromwhatrequisiteconditiondoaginganddeathcome?'oneshouldsay,'Aginganddeathcomefrombirthastheirrequisitecondition.'"Ifoneisasked,'Isthereademonstrablerequisiteconditionforbirth?'oneshouldanswer,'Thereis.'"Ifoneisasked,'Fromwhatrequisiteconditiondoesbirthcome?'oneshouldsay,'Birthcomesfrombecomingasitsrequisitecondition.'"Ifoneisasked,'Isthereademonstrablerequisiteconditionforbecoming?'oneshouldanswer,'Thereis.'"Ifoneisasked,'Fromwhatrequisiteconditiondoesbecomingcome?'oneshouldsay,'Becomingcomesfromclingingasitsrequisitecondition.'"Ifoneisasked,'Isthereademonstrablerequisiteconditionforclinging?'oneshouldanswer,'Thereis.'"Ifoneisasked,'Fromwhatrequisiteconditiondoesclingingcome?'oneshouldsay,'Clingingcomesfromcravingasitsrequisitecondition.'"Ifoneisasked,'Isthereademonstrablerequisiteconditionforcraving?'oneshouldanswer,'Thereis.'"Ifoneisasked,'Fromwhatrequisiteconditiondoescravingcome?'oneshouldsay,'Cravingcomesfromfeelingasitsrequisitecondition.'"Ifoneisasked,'Isthereademonstrablerequisiteconditionforfeeling?'oneshouldanswer,'Thereis.'"Ifoneisasked,'Fromwhatrequisiteconditiondoesfeelingcome?'oneshouldsay,'Feelingcomesfromcontactasitsrequisitecondition.'"Ifoneisasked,'Isthereademonstrablerequisiteconditionforcontact?'oneshouldanswer,'Thereis.'"Ifoneisasked,'Fromwhatrequisiteconditiondoescontactcome?'oneshouldsay,'Contactcomesfromname-and-formasitsrequisitecondition.'"Ifoneisasked,'Isthereademonstrablerequisiteconditionforname-and-form?'oneshouldanswer,'Thereis.'"Ifoneisasked,'Fromwhatrequisiteconditiondoesname-and-formcome?'oneshouldsay,'Name-and-formcomesfromconsciousnessasitsrequisitecondition.'"Ifoneisasked,'Isthereademonstrablerequisiteconditionforconsciousness?'oneshouldanswer,'Thereis.'"Ifoneisasked,'Fromwhatrequisiteconditiondoesconsciousnesscome?'oneshouldsay,'Consciousnesscomesfromname-and-formasitsrequisitecondition.'"Thus,Ananda,fromname-and-formasarequisiteconditioncomesconsciousness.Fromconsciousnessasarequisiteconditioncomesname-and-form.Fromname-and-formasarequisiteconditioncomescontact.Fromcontactasarequisiteconditioncomesfeeling.Fromfeelingasarequisiteconditioncomescraving.Fromcravingasarequisiteconditioncomesclinging.Fromclingingasarequisiteconditioncomesbecoming.Frombecomingasarequisiteconditioncomesbirth.Frombirthasarequisitecondition,aging,death,sorrow,lamentation,pain,distress,anddespaircomeintoplay.Suchistheoriginationofthisentiremassofstress.AgingandDeath"'Frombirthasarequisiteconditioncomeaginganddeath.'Thusithasbeensaid.Andthisisthewaytounderstandhowfrombirthasarequisiteconditioncomeaginganddeath.Iftherewerenobirthatall,inanyway,ofanythinganywhere—i.e.,ofdevasinthestateofdevas,ofcelestialsinthestateofcelestials,ofspiritsinthestateofspirits,ofdemonsinthestateofdemons,ofhumanbeingsinthehumanstate,ofquadrupedsinthestateofquadrupeds,ofbirdsinthestateofbirds,ofsnakesinthestateofsnakes,orofanybeinginitsownstate—intheutterabsenceofbirth,fromthecessationofbirth,wouldaginganddeathbediscerned?""No,lord.""Thusthisisacause,thisisareason,thisisanorigination,thisisarequisiteconditionforaginganddeath,i.e.,birth.Birth"'Frombecomingasarequisiteconditioncomesbirth.'Thusithasbeensaid.Andthisisthewaytounderstandhowfrombecomingasarequisiteconditioncomesbirth.Iftherewerenobecomingatall,inanyway,ofanythinganywhere—i.e.,sensualbecoming,formbecoming,orformlessbecoming—intheutterabsenceofbecoming,fromthecessationofbecoming,wouldbirthbediscerned?""No,lord.""Thusthisisacause,thisisareason,thisisanorigination,thisisarequisiteconditionforbirth,i.e.,becoming.Becoming"'Fromclingingasarequisiteconditioncomesbecoming.'Thusithasbeensaid.Andthisisthewaytounderstandhowfromclingingasarequisiteconditioncomesbecoming.Iftherewerenoclingingatall,inanyway,ofanythinganywhere—i.e.,clingingtosensuality,clingingtopreceptsandpractices,clingingtoviews,orclingingtodoctrinesoftheself—intheutterabsenceofclinging,fromthecessationofclinging,wouldbecomingbediscerned?""No,lord.""Thusthisisacause,thisisareason,thisisanorigination,thisisarequisiteconditionforbecoming,i.e.,clinging.Clinging"'Fromcravingasarequisiteconditioncomesclinging.'Thusithasbeensaid.Andthisisthewaytounderstandhowfromcravingasarequisiteconditioncomesclinging.Iftherewerenocravingatall,inanyway,ofanythinganywhere—i.e.,cravingforsensuality,cravingforbecoming,cravingfornobecoming—intheutterabsenceofcraving,fromthecessationofcraving,wouldclingingbediscerned?""No,lord.""Thusthisisacause,thisisareason,thisisanorigination,thisisarequisiteconditionforclinging,i.e.,craving.Craving"'Fromfeelingasarequisiteconditioncomescraving.'Thusithasbeensaid.Andthisisthewaytounderstandhowfromfeelingasarequisiteconditioncomescraving.Iftherewerenofeelingatall,inanyway,ofanythinganywhere—i.e.,feelingbornofcontactattheeye,feelingbornofcontactattheear,feelingbornofcontactatthenose,feelingbornofcontactatthetongue,feelingbornofcontactatthebody,orfeelingbornofcontactattheintellect—intheutterabsenceoffeeling,fromthecessationoffeeling,wouldcravingbediscerned?""No,lord.""Thusthisisacause,thisisareason,thisisanorigination,thisisarequisiteconditionforcraving,i.e.,feeling.DependentonCraving"Now,cravingisdependentonfeeling,seekingisdependentoncraving,acquisitionisdependentonseeking,ascertainmentisdependentonacquisition,desireandpassionisdependentonascertainment,attachmentisdependentondesireandpassion,possessivenessisdependentonattachment,stinginessisdependentonpossessiveness,defensivenessisdependentonstinginess,andbecauseofdefensiveness,dependentondefensiveness,variousevil,unskillfulphenomenacomeintoplay:thetakingupofsticksandknives;conflicts,quarrels,anddisputes;accusations,divisivespeech,andlies."Andthisisthewaytounderstandhowitisthatbecauseofdefensivenessvariousevil,unskillfulphenomenacomeintoplay:thetakingupofsticksandknives;conflicts,quarrels,anddisputes;accusations,divisivespeech,andlies.Iftherewerenodefensivenessatall,inanyway,ofanythinganywhere,intheutterabsenceofdefensiveness,fromthecessationofdefensiveness,wouldvariousevil,unskillfulphenomena—thetakingupofsticksandknives;conflicts,quarrels,anddisputes;accusations,divisivespeech,andlies—comeintoplay?""No,lord.""Thusthisisacause,thisisareason,thisisanorigination,thisisarequisiteconditionforthecoming-into-playofvariousevil,unskillfulphenomena—thetakingupofsticksandknives;conflicts,quarrels,anddisputes;accusations,divisivespeech,andlies—i.e.,defensiveness."'Defensivenessisdependentonstinginess.'Thusithasbeensaid.Andthisisthewaytounderstandhowdefensivenessisdependentonstinginess.Iftherewerenostinginessatall,inanyway,ofanythinganywhere,intheutterabsenceofstinginess,fromthecessationofstinginess,woulddefensivenessbediscerned?""No,lord.""Thusthisisacause,thisisareason,thisisanorigination,thisisarequisiteconditionfordefensiveness,i.e.,stinginess.(Similarlybackthroughthechainofconditions:stinginess,attachment,possessiveness,desireandpassion,ascertainment,acquisition,andseeking.)"'Seekingisdependentoncraving.'Thusithasbeensaid.Andthisisthewaytounderstandhowseekingisdependentoncraving.Iftherewerenocravingatall,inanyway,ofanythinganywhere—i.e.,cravingforsensuality,cravingforbecoming,cravingfornobecoming—intheutterabsenceofcraving,fromthecessationofcraving,wouldseekingbediscerned?""No,lord.""Thusthisisacause,thisisareason,thisisanorigination,thisisarequisiteconditionforseeking,i.e.,craving.Thus,Ananda,thesetwophenomena[thechainofconditionsleadingfromcravingtobirth,aging,anddeath,andthechainofconditionsleadingfromcravingtoquarrels,etc.],asaduality,flowbackintooneplaceatfeeling.Feeling"'Fromcontactasarequisiteconditioncomesfeeling.'Thusithasbeensaid.Andthisisthewaytounderstandhowfromcontactasarequisiteconditioncomesfeeling.Iftherewerenocontactatall,inanyway,ofanythinganywhere—i.e.,contactattheeye,contactattheear,contactatthenose,contactatthetongue,contactatthebody,orcontactattheintellect—intheutterabsenceofcontact,fromthecessationofcontact,wouldfeelingbediscerned?""No,lord.""Thusthisisacause,thisisareason,thisisanorigination,thisisarequisiteconditionforfeeling,i.e.,contact.Contact"'Fromname-&-formasarequisiteconditioncomescontact.Thusithasbeensaid.Andthisisthewaytounderstandhow,fromname-&-formasarequisiteconditioncomescontact.Ifthequalities,traits,themes,&indicatorsbywhichthereisadescriptionofname-group(mentalactivity)wereallabsent,woulddesignation-contactwithregardtotheform-group(thephysicalproperties)bediscerned?""No,lord.""Ifthepermutations,signs,themes,andindicatorsbywhichthereisadescriptionofform-groupwereallabsent,wouldresistance-contactwithregardtothename-groupbediscerned?""No,lord.""Ifthepermutations,signs,themes,andindicatorsbywhichthereisadescriptionofname-groupandform-groupwereallabsent,woulddesignation-contactorresistance-contactbediscerned?""No,lord.""Thusthisisacause,thisisareason,thisisanorigination,thisisarequisiteconditionforcontact,i.e.,name-and-form.Name-and-form"'Fromconsciousnessasarequisiteconditioncomesname-and-form.'Thusithasbeensaid.Andthisisthewaytounderstandhowfromconsciousnessasarequisiteconditioncomesname-and-form.Ifconsciousnesswerenottodescendintothemother'swomb,wouldname-and-formtakeshapeinthewomb?""No,lord.""If,afterdescendingintothewomb,consciousnessweretodepart,wouldname-and-formbeproducedforthisworld?""No,lord.""Iftheconsciousnessoftheyoungboyorgirlweretobecutoff,wouldname-and-formripen,grow,andreachmaturity?""No,lord.""Thusthisisacause,thisisareason,thisisanorigination,thisisarequisiteconditionforname-and-form,i.e.,consciousness.”Consciousness"'Fromname-and-formasarequisiteconditioncomesconsciousness.'Thusithasbeensaid.Andthisisthewaytounderstandhowfromname-and-formasarequisiteconditioncomesconsciousness.Ifconsciousnesswerenottogainafootholdinname-and-form,wouldacoming-into-playoftheoriginationofbirth,aging,death,andstressinthefuturebediscerned?"No,lord.""Thusthisisacause,thisisareason,thisisanorigination,thisisarequisiteconditionforconsciousness,i.e.,name-and-form."Thisistheextenttowhichthereisbirth,aging,death,passingaway,andre-arising.Thisistheextenttowhichtherearemeansofdesignation,expression,anddelineation.Thisistheextenttowhichthesphereofdiscernmentextends,theextenttowhichthecyclerevolvesforthemanifesting(discernibility)ofthisworld—i.e.,name-and-formtogetherwithconsciousness.DelineationsofaSelf"Towhatextent,Ananda,doesonedelineatewhendelineatingaself?Eitherdelineatingaselfpossessedofformandfinite,onedelineatesthat'Myselfispossessedofformandfinite.'Or,delineatingaselfpossessedofformandinfinite,onedelineatesthat'Myselfispossessedofformandinfinite.'Or,delineatingaselfformlessandfinite,onedelineatesthat'Myselfisformlessandfinite.'Or,delineatingaselfformlessandinfinite,onedelineatesthat'Myselfisformlessandinfinite.'"Now,theonewho,whendelineatingaself,delineatesitaspossessedofformandfinite,eitherdelineatesitaspossessedofformandfiniteinthepresent,orofsuchanaturethatitwill[naturally]becomepossessedofformandfinite[inthefuture/afterdeath],orhebelievesthat'Althoughitisnotyetthatway,Iwillconvertitintobeingthatway.'Thisbeingthecase,itispropertosaythatafixedviewofaselfpossessedofformandfiniteobsesseshim."Theonewho,whendelineatingaself,delineatesitaspossessedofformandinfinite,eitherdelineatesitaspossessedofformandinfiniteinthepresent,orofsuchanaturethatitwill[naturally]becomepossessedofformandinfinite[inthefuture/afterdeath],orhebelievesthat'Althoughitisnotyetthatway,Iwillconvertitintobeingthatway.'Thisbeingthecase,itispropertosaythatafixedviewofaselfpossessedofformandinfiniteobsesseshim."Theonewho,whendelineatingaself,delineatesitasformlessandfinite,eitherdelineatesitasformlessandfiniteinthepresent,orofsuchanaturethatitwill[naturally]becomeformlessandfinite[inthefuture/afterdeath],orhebelievesthat'Althoughitisnotyetthatway,Iwillconvertitintobeingthatway.'Thisbeingthecase,itispropertosaythatafixedviewofaselfformlessandfiniteobsesseshim."Theonewho,whendelineatingaself,delineatesitasformlessandinfinite,eitherdelineatesitasformlessandinfiniteinthepresent,orofsuchanaturethatitwill[naturally]becomeformlessandinfinite[inthefuture/afterdeath],orhebelievesthat'Althoughitisnotyetthatway,Iwillconvertitintobeingthatway.'Thisbeingthecase,itispropertosaythatafixedviewofaselfformlessandinfiniteobsesseshim.Non-DelineationsofaSelf"Towhatextent,Ananda,doesonenotdelineatewhennotdelineatingaself?Eithernotdelineatingaselfpossessedofformandfinite,onedoesnotdelineatethat'Myselfispossessedofformandfinite.'Or,notdelineatingaselfpossessedofformandinfinite,onedoesnotdelineatethat'Myselfispossessedofformandinfinite.'Or,notdelineatingaselfformlessandfinite,onedoesnotdelineatethat'Myselfisformlessandfinite.'Or,notdelineatingaselfformlessandinfinite,onedoesnotdelineatethat'Myselfisformlessandinfinite.'"Now,theonewho,whennotdelineatingaself,doesnotdelineateitaspossessedofformandfinite,doesnotdelineateitaspossessedofformandfiniteinthepresent,nordoeshedelineateitasofsuchanaturethatitwill[naturally]becomepossessedofformandfinite[inthefuture/afterdeath],nordoeshebelievethat'Althoughitisnotyetthatway,Iwillconvertitintobeingthatway.'Thisbeingthecase,itispropertosaythatafixedviewofaselfpossessedofformandfinitedoesnotobsesshim."Theonewho,whennotdelineatingaself,doesnotdelineateitaspossessedofformandinfinite,doesnotdelineateitaspossessedofformandinfiniteinthepresent,nordoeshedelineateitasofsuchanaturethatitwill[naturally]becomepossessedofformandinfinite[inthefuture/afterdeath],nordoeshebelievethat'Althoughitisnotyetthatway,Iwillconvertitintobeingthatway.'Thisbeingthecase,itispropertosaythatafixedviewofaselfpossessedofformandinfinitedoesnotobsesshim."Theonewho,whennotdelineatingaself,doesnotdelineateitasformlessandfinite,doesnotdelineateitasformlessandfiniteinthepresent,nordoeshedelineateitasofsuchanaturethatitwill[naturally]becomeformlessandfinite[inthefuture/afterdeath],nordoeshebelievethat'Althoughitisnotyetthatway,Iwillconvertitintobeingthatway.'Thisbeingthecase,itispropertosaythatafixedviewofaselfformlessandfinitedoesnotobsesshim."Theonewho,whennotdelineatingaself,doesnotdelineateitasformlessandinfinite,doesnotdelineateitasformlessandinfiniteinthepresent,nordoeshedelineateitasofsuchanaturethatitwill[naturally]becomeformlessandinfinite[inthefuture/afterdeath],nordoeshebelievethat'Althoughitisnotyetthatway,Iwillconvertitintobeingthatway.'Thisbeingthecase,itispropertosaythatafixedviewofaselfformlessandinfinitedoesnotobsesshim.AssumptionsofaSelf"Towhatextent,Ananda,doesoneassumewhenassumingaself?Assumingfeelingtobetheself,oneassumesthat'Feelingismyself'[or]'Feelingisnotmyself:Myselfisoblivious[tofeeling]'[or]'Neitherisfeelingmyself,norismyselfoblivioustofeeling,butrathermyselffeels,inthatmyselfissubjecttofeeling.'"Now,onewhosays,'Feelingismyself,'shouldbeaddressedasfollows:'Therearethesethreefeelings,myfriend—feelingsofpleasure,feelingsofpain,andfeelingsofnei