Books_of_Kings-列王纪

BooksofKingsThetwoBooksofKings,originallyasinglebook,aretheeleventhandtwelfthbooksoftheHebrewBibleorOldTestament.TheyconcludetheDeuteronomistichistory,ahistoryofIsraelalsocomprisingthebooksofJoshuaandJudgesandthetwoBooksofSamuel,whichbiblicalcommentatorsbelievewaswrittentoprovideatheologicalexplanationforthedestructionoftheKingdomofJudahbyBabyloninc.586BCEandafoundationforareturnfromexile.[1]ThetwobooksofKingspresentahistoryofancientIsraelandJudahfromthedeathofKingDavidtothereleaseofJehoiachinfromimprisonmentinBabylon,aperiodofsome400years(c.960–c.560BCE).[1]Scholarstendtotreatthebooksasmadeupofafirsteditionfromthelate7thcenturyBCEandasecondandfinaleditionfromthemid6thcenturyBCE.[2][3]ContentsCompositionTextualhistoryTheDeuteronomistichistorySourcesThemesandgenreTextualfeaturesChronologyKingsand2ChroniclesSeealsoReferencesBibliographyCommentariesonKingsGeneralExternallinksOriginaltextJewishtranslationsChristiantranslationsOtherlinksTheJerusalemBibledividesthetwobooksofKingsintoeightsections:1Kings1:1-2:46=TheDavidicSuccession1Kings3:1-11:43=Solomoninallhisglory1Kings12:1-13:34=Thepoliticalandreligiousschism1Kings14:1-16:34=ThetwokingdomsuntilElijah1Kings17:1-2Kings1:18=TheElijahcycle2Kings2:1-13:25=TheElishacycle2Kings14:1-17:41=ThetwokingdomstothefallofSamaria2Kings18:1-25:30=ThelastyearsofthekingdomofJudahContentsContentsInDavid'soldage,AdonijahproclaimshimselfhissuccessorbutSolomon'ssupportersarrangeforDavidtoproclaimSolomonashissuccessor,andsohecomestothethroneafterDavid'sdeath.[4]AtthebeginningofhisreignheassumesGod'spromisestoDavidandbringssplendourtoIsraelandpeaceandprosperitytohispeople.[5]ThecentrepieceofSolomon'sreignisthebuildingoftheFirstTemple:theclaimthatthistookplace480yearsaftertheExodusfromEgyptmarksitasakeyeventinIsrael'shistory.[6]Attheend,however,hefollowsothergodsandoppressesIsrael.[7]AsaconsequenceofSolomon'sfailuretostampouttheworshipofgodsotherthanYahweh,thekingdomofDavidissplitintwointhereignofhisownsonRehoboam,whobecomesthefirsttoreignoverthekingdomofJudah.[8]ThekingswhofollowRehoboaminJerusalemcontinuetheroyallineofDavid(i.e.,theyinheritthepromisetoDavid);inthenorth,however,dynastiesfolloweachotherinrapidsuccession,andthekingsareuniformlybad(meaningthattheyfailtofollowYahwehalone).AtlengthGodbringstheAssyrianstodestroythenorthernkingdom,leavingJudahasthesolecustodianofthepromise.Hezekiah,the14thkingofJudah,does"what[is]rightintheLord’ssightjustashisancestorDavidhaddone"[9]andinstitutesafarreachingreligiousreform,centralisingsacrificeatthetempleatJerusalemanddestroyingtheimagesofothergods.YahwehsavesJerusalemandthekingdomfromaninvasionbyAssyria.ButManasseh,thenextking,reversesthereforms,andGodannouncesthathewilldestroyJerusalembecauseofthisapostasybytheking.Manasseh'srighteousgrandsonJosiahreinstitutesthereformsofHezekiah,butitistoolate:God,speakingthroughtheprophetessHuldah,affirmsthatJerusalemistobedestroyed.GodbringstheBabyloniansagainstJerusalem;Yahwehdesertshispeople,JerusalemisrazedandtheTempledestroyed,andthepriests,prophetsandroyalcourtareledintocaptivity.ThefinalversesrecordhowJehoiachin,thelastking,issetfreeandgivenhonourbythekingofBabylon.[10]IntheoriginalHebrewBible(theBibleusedbyJews),FirstandSecondKingsareasinglebook,asaretheFirstandSecondBooksofSamuel.WhenthiswastranslatedintoGreekinthelastfewcenturiesBCE,KingswasjoinedwithSamuelinafour-partworkcalledtheBookofKingdoms.TheGreekOrthodoxbranchofChristianitycontinuestousetheGreektranslation(theSeptuagint),butwhenaLatintranslation(calledtheVulgate)wasmadefortheWesternchurch,KingdomswasfirstretitledtheBookofKings,partsOnetoFour,andeventuallybothKingsandSamuelwereseparatedintotwobookseach.[11]Then,whatitisnowcommonlyknownas1Samueland2SamuelarecalledbytheVulgate,inimitationoftheSeptuagint,1Kingsand2Kingsrespectively.Whatitisnowcommonlyknownas1Kingsand2Kingswouldbe3Kingsand4KingsinoldBiblesbeforetheyear1516suchastheVulgateandtheSeptuagintrespectively.[12]Thedivisionweknowtoday,usedbyProtestantBiblesandadoptedbyCatholics,cameintousein1517.SomeBiblesstillpreservetheolddenomination,forexample,DouayRheimsbible.[13]SolomongreetingtheQueenofSheba–gateofFlorenceBaptistryCompositionRembrandt,JeremiahLamentingtheDestructionofJerusalem,c.1630TextualhistoryAccordingtoJewishtraditiontheauthorofKingswasJeremiah,whowouldhavebeenaliveduringthefallofJerusalemin586BCE.[14]ThemostcommonviewtodayacceptsMartinNoth'sthesisthatKingsconcludesaunifiedseriesofbookswhichreflectthelanguageandtheologyoftheBookofDeuteronomy,andwhichbiblicalscholarsthereforecalltheDeuteronomistichistory.[15]NotharguedthattheHistorywastheworkofasingleindividuallivinginthe6thcenturyBCE,butscholarstodaytendtotreatitasmadeupofatleasttwolayers,[16]afirsteditionfromthetimeofJosiah(late7thcenturyBCE),promotingJosiah'sreligiousreformsandtheneedforrepentance,and(2)asecondandfinaleditionfromthemid6thcenturyBCE.[2][17]Furtherlevelsofeditinghavealsobeenproposed,including:alate8thcenturyBCEeditionpointingtoHezekiahofJudahasthemodelforkingship;anearlier8thcenturyBCEversionwithasimilarmessagebutidentifyingJehuofIsraelastheidealking;andanevenearlierversionpromotingtheHouseofDavidasthekeytonationalwell-being.[18]Theeditors/authorsoftheDeuteronomistichistoryciteanumberofsources,including(forexample)a"BookoftheActsofSolomon"and,frequently,the"AnnalsoftheKingsofJudah"andaseparatebook,"ChroniclesoftheKingsofIsrael".The"Deuteronomic"perspective(thatofthebookofDeuteronomy)isparticularlyevidentinprayersandspeechesspokenbykeyfiguresatmajortransitionpoints:Solomon'sspeechatthededicationoftheTempleisakeyexample.[2]ThesourceshavebeenheavilyeditedtomeettheDeuteronomisticagenda,[19]butinthebroadestsensetheyappeartohavebeen:FortherestofSolomon'sreignthetextnamesitssourceas"thebookoftheactsofSolomon",butothersourceswereemployed,andmuchwasaddedbytheredactor.IsraelandJudah:Thetwo"chronicles"ofIsraelandJudahprovidedthechronologicalframework,butfewdetailsapartfromthesuccessionofmonarchsandtheaccountofhowtheTempleofSolomonwasprogressivelystrippedastruereligiondeclined.Athirdsource,orsetofsources,werecyclesofstoriesaboutvariousprophets(ElijahandElisha,Isaiah,AhijahandMicaiah),plusafewsmallermiscellaneoustraditions.Theconclusionofthebook(2Kings25:18–21,27–30)wasprobablybasedonpersonalknowledge.Afewsectionswereeditorialadditionsnotbasedonsources.Theseincludevariouspredictionsofthedownfallofthenorthernkingdom,theequivalentpredictionofthedownfallofJudahfollowingthereignofManasseh,theextensionofJosiah'sreformsinaccordancewiththelawsofDeuteronomy,andtherevisionofthenarrativefromJeremiahconcerningJudah'slastdays.[20]Kingsis"history-like"ratherthanhistoryinthemodernsense,mixinglegends,folktales,miraclestoriesand"fictionalconstructions"inwiththeannals,anditsprimaryexplanationforallthathappensisGod'soffendedsenseofwhatisright;itisthereforemorefruitfultoreaditastheologicalliteratureintheformofhistory.[21]ThetheologicalbiasisseeninthewayitjudgeseachkingofIsraelonthebasisofwhetherherecognisestheauthorityoftheTempleinJerusalem(nonedo,andthereforeallare"evil"),andeachkingofJudahonthebasisofwhetherhedestroysthe"highplaces"(rivalstotheTempleinJerusalem);itgivesonlypassingmentiontoimportantandsuccessfulkingslikeOmriandJeroboamIIandtotallyignoresoneofthemostsignificanteventsinancientIsrael'shistory,thebattleofQarqar.[22]ThemajorthemesofKingsareGod'spromise,therecurrentapostasyofthekings,andthejudgementthisbringsonIsrael:[23]Promise:InreturnforIsrael'spromisetoworshipYahwehalone,YahwehmakespromisestoDavidandtoIsrael–toDavid,thepromisethathislinewillruleIsraelforever,toIsrael,thepromiseofthelandtheywillpossess.Apostasy:thegreattragedyofIsrael'shistory,meaningthedestructionofthekingdomandtheTemple,isduetothefailureofthepeople,butmoreespeciallythekings,toworshipYahwehalone(YahwehbeingtheGodofIsrael).TheDeuteronomistichistorySourcesThemesandgenreThekingsofIsraelandJudahJudgement:Apostasyleadstojudgement.Judgementisnotpunishment,butsimplythenatural(orrather,God-ordained)consequenceofIsrael'sfailuretoworshipYahwehalone.Anotherandrelatedthemeisthatofprophecy.ThemainpointofthepropheticstoriesisthatGod'spropheciesarealwaysfulfilled,sothatanynotyetfulfilledwillbesointhefuture.Theimplication,thereleaseofJehoiachinandhisrestorationtoaplaceofhonourinBabylonintheclosingscenesofthebook,isthatthepromiseofaneternalDavidicdynastyisstillineffect,andthattheDavidiclinewillberestored.[24]ThestandardHebrewtextofKingspresentsanimpossiblechronology.[25]Totakejustasingleexample,Omri'saccessiontothethroneofIsraelinthe31styearofAsaofJudah(1Kings16:23)cannotfollowthedeathofhispredecessorZimriinthe27thyearofAsa(1Kings16:15).[26]TheGreektextcorrectstheimpossibilitiesbutdoesnotseemtorepresentanearlierversion.[27]Alargenumberofscholarshaveclaimedtosolvethedifficulties,buttheresultsdiffer,sometimeswidely,andnonehasachievedconsensusstatus.[28]Thebook2Chroniclescoversmuchthesametime-periodasthebooksofKings,butitignoresthenorthernKingdomofIsraelalmostcompletely,DavidisgivenamajorroleinplanningtheTemple,Hezekiahisgivenamuchmorefar-reachingprogramofreform,andManassehofJudahisgivenanopportunitytorepentofhissins,apparentlytoaccountforhislongreign.[29]ItisusuallyassumedthattheauthorofChroniclesusedKingsasasourceandre-wrotehistoryashewouldhavelikedittohavebeen.[29]TheBibleandhistoryHistoryofancientIsraelandJudahKingdomofJudahKingdomofIsraelKingsofIsraelandJudah1.Sweeney,p.1(https://books.google.com/books?id=d4jn8uj49RIC&pg=PA1#v=snippet&q=960&f=false)2.Fretheim,p.73.Grabbe,LesterL.(2016-12-01).1&2Kings:AnIntroductionandStudyGuide:HistoryandStoryinAncientIsrael(https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01MTO6I34/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&btkr=1)(1ed.).T&TClark.4.1Kings1:1-2:12(http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1_Kings%201:1–2:12&version=nkjv)5.Fretheim,p.196.Fretheim,p.407.Fretheim,p.208.Sweeney,p.1619.2Kings18:3(http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2_Kings%2018:3–18:3&version=hcsb)10.2Kings25:27-30(http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2_Kings%2025:27–30:27&version=nkjv)11.Tomes,p.246TextualfeaturesJamesTissot,TheFlightofthePrisoners–thefallofJerusalem,586BCEChronologyKingsand2ChroniclesSeealsoReferencesFretheim,TerenceE(1997).FirstandSecondKings.WestminsterJohnKnoxPress.ISBN978-0-664-25565-7.Nelson,RichardDonald(1987).FirstandSecondKings.WestminsterJohnKnoxPress.ISBN978-0-664-22084-6.Sweeney,Marvin(2007).I&IIKings:ACommentary.WestminsterJohnKnoxPress.ISBN978-0-664-22084-6.Knight,DouglasA(1995)."DeuteronomyandtheDeuteronomists".InJamesLutherMays;DavidL.Petersen;KentHaroldRichards.OldTestamentInterpretation.T&TClark.ISBN978-0-567-29289-6.Knight,DouglasA(1991)."Sources".InWatsonE.Mills;RogerAubreyBullard.MercerDictionaryoftheBible.MercerUniversityPress.ISBN978-0-86554-373-7.Leuchter,Mark;Adam,Klaus-Peter(2010)."Introduction".InMarkLeuchter;Klaus-PeterAdam;Karl-PeterAdam.SoundingsinKings:PerspectivesandMethodsinContemporaryScholarship.FortressPress.ISBN978-1-4514-1263-5.Moore,MeganBishop;Kelle,BradE(2011).BiblicalHistoryandIsrael'sPast:TheChangingStudyoftheBibleandHistory.Eerdmans.ISBN978-0-8028-6260-0.McKenzie,StevenL(1994)."TheBooksofKings".InStevenL.McKenzie;MattPatrickGraham.TheHistoryofIsrael'sTraditions:TheHeritageofMartinNoth.SheffieldAcademicPress.ISBN978-0-567-23035-5.Perdue,LeoG(2001)."Preface:TheHebrewBibleinCurrentResearch".InLeoG.Perdue.TheBlackwellCompaniontotheHebrewBible.Blackwell.ISBN978-0-631-21071-9.Spieckerman,Hermann(2001)."TheDeuteronomisticHistory".InLeoG.Perdue.TheBlackwellCompaniontotheHebrewBible.Blackwell.ISBN978-0-631-21071-9.Sutherland,Ray(1991)."Kings,Booksof,FirstandSecond".InWatsonE.Mills;RogerAubreyBullard.MercerDictionaryoftheBible.MercerUniversityPress.ISBN978-0-86554-373-7.12.CatholicEncyclopedia(1913)ThirdandFourthBooksofKingscalledinourdaysasFirstandSecondofKings(https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_%281913%29/Third_and_Fourth_Books_of_Kings)13.DouayRheimsbible(http://www.drbo.org/)14.Spieckermann,p.33715.Perdue,xxvii16.Wilson,p.8517.Grabbe,LesterL.(2016-12-01).1&2Kings:AnIntroductionandStudyGuide:HistoryandStoryinAncientIsrael(https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01MTO6I34/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&btkr=1)(1ed.).T&TClark.18.Sweeney,p.419.VanSeters,p.30720.McKenzie,pp.281–8421.Nelson,pp.1–2(https://books.google.com/books?id=RCgUvQOIvD0C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=%22fictional%20constructions%22&f=false)22.Sutherland,p.48923.Fretheim,pp.10–1424.Sutherland,p.49025.Sweeney,p.4326.Sweeney,pp.43–4427.Nelson,p.4428.Moore&Kelle,pp.269–7129.Sutherland,p.247BibliographyCommentariesonKingsGeneralTomes,Roger(2003)."1and2Kings".InJamesD.G.Dunn;JohnWilliamRogerson.EerdmansCommentaryontheBible.Eerdmans.ISBN978-0-8028-3711-0.VanSeters,John(1997).Insearchofhistory:historiographyintheancientworldandtheoriginsofbiblicalhistory.Eisenbrauns.ISBN978-1-57506-013-2.Walton,JohnH(2009)."TheDeuteronomisticHistory".InAndrewE.Hill;JohnH.Walton.ASurveyoftheOldTestament.Zondervan.ISBN978-0-310-22903-2.Wilson,RobertR(1995)."TheFormerProphets:ReadingtheBooksofKings".InJamesLutherMays;DavidL.Petersen;KentHaroldRichards.OldTestamentInterpretation:Past,PresentandFuture:EssaysinhonorofGeneM.Tucker.ContinuumInternationalPublishingGroup.ISBN978-0-567-29289-6.KingsA-MikraotGedolotHaketer-onlineedition,MenachemCohen,BarIlanUniversity(Hebrew)KingsB-MikraotGedolotHaketer-onlineedition,MenachemCohen,BarIlanUniversity(Hebrew)(MelachimAleph–KingsA(Hebrew–EnglishatMechon-Mamre.orgמלכיםא(MelachimBet–KingsB(Hebrew–EnglishatMechon-Mamre.orgמלכיםב1KingsatMechon-Mamre(JewishPublicationSociety1917translation)2KingsatMechon-Mamre(JewishPublicationSociety1917translation)1Kings2Kings"booksofKings."EncyclopædiaBritannicaOnline.BooksofKingsarticle(JewishEncyclopedia)1&2Kings:introductionForwardMovementHerbermann,Charles,ed.(1913)."FirstandSecondBooksofKings".CatholicEncyclopedia.NewYork:RobertAppletonCompany.Herbermann,Charles,ed.(1913)."ThirdandFourthBooksofKings".CatholicEncyclopedia.NewYork:RobertAppletonCompany.BooksofKingsHistorybooksPrecededbySamuelHebrewBibleSucceededbyIsaiahChristianOldTestamentSucceededby1–2ChroniclesRetrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Kings&oldid=817776679"Thispagewaslasteditedon30December2017,at14:26.ExternallinksOriginaltextJewishtranslationsChristiantranslationsOtherlinksTextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.