485、大学四级模拟687

大学四级模拟687PartⅠWritingDirections：[Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentittld[ShouldSmokingBeBannedinPbulicPlaces?]Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow．]1. 近年来越来越多的公共场所禁烟  2．这项举措在受到拥护的同时也引发了争议  3．你的看法ShouldSmokingBeBannedinPublicPlaces?  [1]Inrecentyears,smokinghasbeenbannedinmanypublicplacessuchasshops,restaurants,andevenbusstops.[2]Thisregulationhastriggeredmuchdispute.  [3]Ontheonehand,manywelcomethebansincelotsofillnessesanddeathsaresmoking-related,andthisisaverysensiblesteptoimprovepeople'shealthandlivingcondition.[4]Ontheotherhand,however,smokersconsideritisunfairtobansmoking.[5]Itistheirrighttosmoke,andtheyarenotcom-mittinganycrime,sothegovernmentshouldnotbanthat.  [6]Inmyview,tobansmokingisalongtermprocess,duringwhicheducationratherthanenforcementismorelikelytobethekeytothesuccess.[7]Banningsmokinginthepublicareasisapolicythatshouldbeimplementedstepbystep.[解析]提出现象，对应提纲中的第1点。  [2]这是一个承上启下的句子，由dispute(争论；辩论)引出下文的两方观点。trigger是亮点词，比cause，bring要生动活泼些，后常跟problem，debate，dispute等。  [3][4]进入提纲第2点，用Ontheonehand-Ontheotherhand…分别阐述“拥护”和“争议”。smokingrelated“与吸烟有关的”，作 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 语，表达简洁。  [5]commitcrime“犯罪”，表达准确。  [6]用Inmyview提出自己的观点。这一句是全文最漂亮的句子，上文多是用简单的短句，这一句用了地道的非限制性定语从句．并灵活运用ratherthan,bemorelikelyto以及bethekeytosth.这些语言点，非常地道。  [7]implement是亮点词汇，表示“实施；执行”。stepbystep“一步一步地”。  [写作指南]  这篇作文要求考生结合社会现象论述自己的观点。可如下组织行文结构：  先提出越来越多的公共场所禁烟这个现象，也可顺带提出这个现象的社会背景(最容易想到的是由吸烟引发的健康问题，以及禁烟可给人们营造一种干净、舒适的环境等)。  再指出这一规定引发反响，从拥护和异议这两个角度来说。  最后简要提出自己的观点，可针对上段中说到的拥护和争议，在其间找到一个平衡点，提出自己的观点以及解决办法等。  总的来说，拥护的理由好说，关键是提出什么样的争议。范文是从吸烟者的自由权利遭损害这个角度来说的。 PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)  Low-carbonFuture：WeCanAffordtoGoGreen  Tacklingclimatechangewillcostconsumerstheearth．Thosewhocampaignforagreenrevolutionareouttodestroyourwesternlifestyles．Sucharethecriesofopponentsofemissionscuts，andtheirmessagehaspoliticalimpact：anumberofsurveyshavefoundthattheenthusiasmofvotersforpoliciestoreduceclimatechangefallsoffasthepricetagincreases．  However，anewmodelling(模型化)exercisesuggeststhatthesefearsarelargelyunfounded．ItprojectsthatradicalcutstotheUK'semissionswillcausebarelynoticeableincreasesinthepriceoffood，drinkandmostothergoodsby2050．Electricityandpetrolcostswillrisesignificantly，butwiththerightpoliciesinplace，saythemodellers，thisneednotleadtobigchangesinourlifestyle．  "theseresultsshowthattheglobalprojecttofightclimatechangeisfeasible，"saysAlexBowen，aclimatepolicyexpertattheLondonSchoolofEconomics．"It'snotsuchabigaskaspeoplearemakingout．"  Althoughitisimpossibletopreciselypredictpricesfourdecadesfromnow．theexerciseisoneofthemostdetailedexaminationsyetoftheimpactofclimatechangepoliciesonUKconsumers．Itprovidesausefulroughguidetooureconomicfuture．  ThoughitsresultsspeakdirectlytotheUKconsumer，previousresearchhascometosimilarconclusionsfortheUS．InJune，onestudyfoundthatiftheUSweretocutemissionsby50percentby2050，pricesofmostconsumergoodswouldincreasebylessthan5percent．ThefindingsarealsoconsistentwithanalysesbythePewCenteronGlobalClimateChangeinWashingtonDC．"Evencuttingemissionsby80percentoverfourdecadeshasaverysmalleffectonconsumersinmostareas，”saysManikRoyofthePewCenter．"Thechallengeisnowtoconvinceconsumersandpolicy-makersthatthisisthecase．"  TheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangerecommendsthatwealthynationscuttheiremissionstobetween80and95percentbelow1990levelsby2050inordertoavoidtheworsteffectsofclimatechange．TheUKgovernmentaimstoreduceitscontributionby80percentandleadersoftheotherG8nationshavediscussedfollowingsuit．Tomeetthisgoal，industrieswillhavetocutdownfossilfuelconsumption，andlow-carbonpowersourceswillhavetomassivelyexpand.Companieswillhavetopayincreasinglyhigherpricesfortherighttoemitgreenhousegases.  Howwillthisaffecttheaveragecitizen'swallet?Tomeasuretheimpactofthe80percenttargetontheUKpopulation,NewScientistapproachedCambridgeEconometrics,afirmknownforitsmodellingoftheEuropeaneconomy.Thefirmusedhistoriceconomicdatatopredicttheimpactofemissionsreductionsonpricesinover40categoriesofgoodsandservices.Itcomparedtheimpactofthe80percentcutwithabaselinesituationinwhichthegovernmenttakesnoactionotherthanthelimitedemissionsrestrictionsalreadyinplaceasaresultoftheKy-otoprotocol(京都议定书).  Mostofthepriceincreasesareaconsequenceofrisingenergycosts,inpartbecausecoalandgasarere-placedbymoreexpensivelow-carbonsources.Thepriceofelectricityisprojectedtobe 15percenthigherin2050comparedwiththebaseline.Intoday'sprices,thatwouldaddaround￡5ontotypicalmonthlyhouseholdelectricitybills.Itwillalsoresultinhigherpriceselsewhere,aseveryindustrialsectoruseselectricity.  Butelectricityandotherformsofenergymakeuponlyasmallpartofthepriceofmostgoods.Otherfactors-rawmaterials,labourandtaxes-arefarmoreimportant.Theenergythatgoesintoproducingfood,alcoholicdrinksandtobacco,forexample,makesupjust2percentoftheconsumerprice.Formotorvehiclepurchasesandhotelstays,thefigureis1percent.Onlyforenergy-intensiveindustriesdoesthecontributionclimbabove3percent.  Asaresult,mostproductscostjustafewpercentmoreby2050.Atcurrentprices,goinglow-carbonisforecasttoaddaround5pencetothepriceofasliceofbreadorapintofbeer.Thepriceofhouseholdappliancessuchaswashingmachinesrisesbyafewpounds.  Thereisonemajorexceptiontothepattern.Airlinesdonotcurrentlyhavealow-carbonalternativetojetfuel.Unlessoneisfound,theywillbearthefullburdenofcarbonpricing,andaveragefareswillrisebyatleast140percent--raisingthecostofatypicalLondontoNewYorkreturntripfromaround￡350to￡840.  Achievingtheoverallpictureoflowpricesdoesrequiregovernmentaction.Themodelforecaststhatby2050naturalgasandpetrolwillcost160percentand32percentmorerespectively.Toavoidlargepricerisesinhomeheatingandroadtransportwhilestillhittingthe80percenttarget,theCambridgeresearchershadtobuildtwomajorpoliciesintotheiranalysis.Theyassumedthatfuturegovernmentswillprovidegrantstohelpswitchalldomesticheatingandcookingtoelectricity,andinvestinthebasicfacilitiesneededforelectriccarstoalmostcompletelyreplacepetroleum-fuelledvehicles.  BothpolicieshavebeendiscussedinrecentUKgovernmentstrategydocuments,thoughthedetailofhowtheywouldbeimplementedstillneedsfurtherdiscussion.Firmpoliciesmustfollowifambitiousemissionscutsaregoingtobemade,saysChrisThoungofCambridgeEconometrics.  Soistacklingclimatechangegoingtobeeasierthanexpected,intermsofconsumercosts?WhiletheCam-bridgeEconometricsmodeliswidelyrespectedandregularlyusedbytheUKgovernment'sclimatechangeadvisers,anyattempttoforecastfourdecadesaheadcanbedivertedfromitsintendedcoursebyunforeseenevents.Thatleadssomeeconomiststoquestionthemodel'sresults.  Forexample,companiescouldmovetocountrieswithlessstrictcarbonregulations,pointsoutRichardToloftheEconomicandSocialResearchInstituteinDublin,Ireland.IncomesintheUKwouldfall,makinggoodsrelativelymoreexpensive.Tolalsoquestionswhetheritisreasonabletousehistoricalpricesasabasisforprojectingbeyond2020.  Despitethis,theCambridgeEconometricsresults,togetherwithotherrecentstudies,doprovideausefulguideforgovernments,saysMichaelGrubboftheUniversityofCambridge.Theysuggestthattheoverallchallengeisconquerable,evenifmanyofthedetailswillonlybecomeclearinyearstocome.1. Whydoestheenthusiasmofthepolicy-makerstolessenclimatechangedecrease? A.Economicrecessioniswidelyspread.        B.Westernlifestylesaredestroyed.  C.Thecostofagreenrevolutionrises.         D.Theenvironmentisimproved.