美国文学——历史背景

Literatureofthe20thCenturyTheNobelPrizeinLiteratureisawardedannuallythroughoutthecentury,thefirstlaureate(1901)beingSullyPrudhomme.AgathaChristieThebest-sellingworksofthe20thcenturyareestimatedtobeQuotationsfromChairmanMao(1966,900millioncopies),HarryPotterandthePhilosopher‘sStone(1997,120millioncopies),AndThenThereWereNone(无人生还/孤岛奇案/十个印第安小孩)1939,115millioncopies)TheLordoftheRings(1954/55,100millioncopies)十个印地安小男孩,为了吃饭去奔走；噎死一个没法救,十个只剩九。九个印地安小男孩,深夜不寐真困乏；倒头一睡睡死啦,九个只剩八。八个印地安小男孩,德文城里去猎奇；丢下一个命归西,八个只剩七。七个印地安小男孩,伐树砍枝不顺手；斧劈两半一命休,七个只剩六。六个印地安小男孩,玩弄蜂房惹蜂怒；飞来一蜇命呜呼,六个只剩五。五个印地安小男孩,惹事生非打官司；官司缠身直到死,五个只剩四。四个印地安小男孩,结伙出海遭大难；鱼吞一个血斑斑,四个只剩三。三个印地安小男孩,动物园里遭祸殃；狗熊突然从天降,三个只剩两。两个印地安小男孩,太阳底下长叹息；晒死烤死悲戚戚,两个只剩一。一个印地安小男孩,归去来兮只一人；悬梁自尽了此生,一个也不剩。Oneofthetwentiethcentury’sdefiningfeaturesis“ModernistExperiment”radicalartisticexperimentAmongtheleadingaestheticinnovatorsofthiserawerethecomposerIgorStravinsky斯特拉文斯基（俄国作曲家）thecubistPabloPicasso,毕加索（西）thefuturistF.T.Marinetti,马里内蒂（意）RedStoneDancer,1913-14(bronze),Gaudier-Brzeska,Henri(1891-1915).Kettle'sYard,UniversityofCambridge,UK/ BridgemanArtLibraryElasticity,1916(oiloncanvas),Boccioni,Umberto(1882-1916).PinacotecadiBrera,Milan,ItalyBridgemanArtLibrary.I.ModernPeriodII.ModernismI.ModernPeriod1.NewTheoriesandModernism2.1920’s:thesecondAmericanLiteraryRenaissance1.NewTheoriesandModernism1)TheEffectoftheFirstWorldWar:ATurningPointintheAmericanLiterature2)NewTheoriesandIdeas 3)Modernisma.SigmundFreudFreudmadethepracticeofthepsychoanalysiswhichemphasizestheimportanceofunconsciousnessortheirrationalinthehumanpsyche.b.W.James&CarlJungWilliamJames’theoryof“streamofconsciousness”CarlJung’s“collectiveunconscious”and“archetypal(原型的)symbol”c.FrenchImpressionism&GermanExpressionismBothFrenchImpressionist(印象主义的)andGermanExpressionist( 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 现主义的)artistsavoidedtherepresentationofexternalrealitydepictedthehumanrealityinarathersubjectivepointofview.ExpressionismTheScreambyEdvardMunchanotheravant-gardeartmovementpioneeredbyPabloPicasso(毕加索)&GeorgesBraque(勃拉克)revolutionizedEuropeanpainting&sculptureinspiredrelatedmovementsinmusic&literatured.Cubism ParisIn1910,thepoetHugodescribedParis:"InParis,youcanfeeltheheartbeatofEurope,Paris,isthecitywithincity."1922在20年代，CocoChanel首先展示了用普通平针棉织物做成的系列服装。她的尝试招来了嘲笑。但是在上市之后不久，香奈儿设计的优雅、舒适的服装甚至使原来最持怀疑态度的人都得到信服，她们以前都穿各种连裤内衣和宽大的法国式短衬裤。BathingBeauty,Paris1920's1920’sAmericanLiterature1.Introduction2.Background3. Featuresoftheliterature1.IntroductionafloweringperiodofAmericanliterature“thesecondrenaissance”ofAmericanliteratureThenicknamesforthisperiod:(1)Roaring20s–comfort(2)DollarDecade–rich(3)JazzAge–JazzmusicRoaringTwentiesaphraseusedtodescribethe1920s,principallyinNorthAmericaemphasizestheperiod’ssocial,artistic,andculturaldynamism(活力)Theerawasfurtherdistinguishedbyseveralinventionsanddiscoveriesoffar-reachingimportanceunprecedentedindustrialgrowthandacceleratedconsumerdemandandaspirationssignificantchangesinlifestyleBythemiddleofthedecade,economicdevelopmentsoaredinEurope,andtheRoaring20sbrokeoutinGermany,BritainandFrance,the2ndhalfofthedecadebecomingknownasthe“GoldenTwenties”or“annéesfolles”(“CrazyYears”)ThespiritoftheRoaringTwentieswasmarkedbyageneralfeelingofdiscontinuityassociatedwithmodernity,abreakwithtraditions.Newtechnologies,especiallyautomobiles,moviesandradioproliferated'modernity'toalargepartofthepopulation.Atthesametime,amusement,funandlightnesswerecultivatedinjazzanddancing.Theperiodisalsooftencalled“TheJazzAge”.2.HistoricalBackground1.FirstWorldWar–“awartoendallwars”1)Economically:becamerichfromWWIEconomicboomnewinventionsHighly-consumingsociety2)Spiritually:dislocationfragmentationFailureoftheAmericanDream2.wide-spreadcontemptforlaw(lookingdownuponlaw)3.Freud’stheory3. FeaturesoftheliteratureWriters:threegroups(1)Participants(2)Expatriates[eks'pætrieit] n.亡命国外者(3)Bohemian(unconventionalwayoflife)–on-lookersTwoareas:(1)FailureofcommunicationofAmericans(2)FailureoftheAmericansociety1920SinclairLewis,MainStreet辛克莱·刘易斯《大街》EdithWharton,TheAgeofInnocence　伊迪斯·华顿《天真/纯真年代》F.ScottFitzgerald,ThisSideofParadise　菲茨杰拉德《人间天堂/天上人间》EzraPound,HughSelwynMauberly埃兹拉·庞德《休·塞尔温·莫伯利》EugeneO'Neill,TheEmperorJones尤金·奥尼尔《琼斯皇》DeathofWilliamDeanHowells(b.1837)1921EdithWhartonwinsthePulitzerPrizeforTheAgeofInnocence.AlthoughsomeofthejudgeswishedtoawardtheprizetoSinclairLewis'sMainStreet. JamesJoyce'sUlyssesispublishedinParis;500copiesimportedtoAmericaareseizedbytheU.S.PostOfficeasobscenematerialandburned.1922T.S.Eliot,TheWasteLand(1921-1922)SinclairLewis,Babbitt EugeneO'Neill,TheHairyApe1925F.ScottFitzgerald,TheGreatGatsbyErnestHemingway,InOurTime WillaCather,TheProfessor'sHouseTheodoreDreiser,AnAmericanTragedy1926WilliamFaulkner,Soldier'sPayErnestHemingway,TheSunAlsoRises,《太阳照常升起》1929WilliamFaulknerTheSoundandtheFury,《喧哗与骚动》ErnestHemingwayAFarewelltoArms,《永别了武器》TheJazzAgeTheJazzAge:1918-1929Beginning:theendofWorldWarIandthestartoftheRoaringTwentiesEnding:theriseoftheGreatDepressionthetraditionalvaluesofthisage:greatlydeclinedtheAmericanstockmarketsoared