第八章 不完整句子

八、不完整句子FragmentSentence英语中的不完整句子，是指整个句子中，因为缺少某个成分，使得句子语法结构不完整，并且造成理解上的困难。虽然因为修辞的需要，普通英文中的不完整句子并不少见，但SAT绝对不接受不完整句子。在ImprovingSentence题型中，不完整句子的选项一定是错误选项。SAT语法考试中，不完整句子现象大致可分为以下几类：1.从句单独使用SAT往往在一个独立的从句前，有一个语法句意很完整的句子，以此来麻痹考生。在该完整句后有一个句号，句号后紧跟一个独立存在的从句。例：Hesattherereadingnewspapereverynight.Ashehadbeenforthepastsevennights.在上句中，as所引导的时间从句本应和前面的句子构成一个完整的大句子，中间的句号使该句独立存在，形成了英文中的fragmentsentence。2.一个句子中谓语部分不完整例：Maryreadinganovel.在上句中，用reading作为句子的谓语表示动作正在进行。但英文中的谓语，很多时候是由两个甚至两个以上的部分组成。则上句为fragmentsentence，应改为：Maryisreadinganovel。SAT不会考这样弱智题。它往往会把一个句子的主语和谓语分隔很远，中间插入一些迷惑成分，如上句可以写成：Mary,whoisaprettygirlfromChina,readinganovelwithherfriends,whoregardsreadingasagreatpleasure.这个句子依然是fragmentsentence，因为主语Mary在句子中找不到谓语成分与其匹配，应该把readinganovel改为isreadinganovel。但大家应该注意，SAT真题会比这个例子在句意和用词上更复杂。3一个句子中谓语部分仅有谓语而无主语还有一种情况就是句子的谓语部分是完整的，但句子缺少一个合适的主语。例：Afterdinner,Maryleftherdirtydishesonthetable.Andletcatwhichwashungryeattheleftovers.上句中，let是完整的谓语，但是没有主语。所以应该改为：Afterdinner,Maryleftherdirtydishesonthetable,andletcatwhichwashungryeattheleftovers.4.现在分词(-ing)或动词不定式(todo)单独成句现在分词和动词不定式只能放在完整句子中作句子的一个补充成分，不能独立成句。例：Maryalwayswearsahelmetwhenridingabicycle.Worryingthatshemaybehitontheroadbyaflyingstone.例中划线部分虽然有一个从句，但worrying后的从句没有可依附的主句，故全句依然是fragmentsentence。例:Toexplainwhyshehasbeensolateforclass.Maryfabricatedalotofexcuses.划线部分也是动词不定式fragment，应该把class后的句号改为逗号，使动词不定式结构依附于主句存在。5.双主语FragmentSAT的习惯做法是先说一个主语，在这个主语后面加入一些修饰成分，然后在修饰成分后再接上一个完整的句子，而该句的主语和修饰成分前的主语指同一人或物。例：Mary,aprettygrilfromChina,sheisnowstudyinginCanada.上句中，Mary用于句首必为句子主语，所以应当有相应的谓语成分，但是应接的谓语isstudying前本身带有主语she，导致作为句子的Mary没有谓语动词。这种题型是SAT常见的一种fragment形式。6.其他fragment形式A.作为举例的suchas单独使用例：Maryhasdoneseveralthingstoirritateherparents.Suchascominghomelate,readingnovelsinclassandneverflushingtoiletafteruse.在SAT中，列举的例子如果是一句话，要用“Forexample+句子”的形式，这才不算fragment。如果列举的例子不是个完整的句子，则一律用suchas，而不用like。C1B.especially(或including)+句子或词组单独使用例1：IhatetostudyEnglishatnight.EspeciallywhenIwassleepy.例2：Thecompanymanufacturesawiderangeofproducts.IncludingTVset,computersandiPod.,especiallywhen...,including...C.因介词问题造成的fragment这是SAT语法考试中非常不易发现的一中fragment，在IdentifyingSentenceError中很常见。例1：Weappreciateyouforyourinterestandsupportforourproducts.此句中，supportfor和products连接没有问题，但interest和ourproducts就不能有效连接了，所以应该在interest后加上介词in。例2：Thefirecauseddamageanddestroyedtheforest.应该在damage后加上to以和theforest连接。C2例3：SheisgoodandsuccessfulinMath.应该在good后加上at以和Math连接。例4：Hehasaccumulatedmanybooks,oldandnewones.应在oldandnewones前加上including。Attention在表示时间、条件或让步的状语从句中，当从句的主语和主句的主语一致，并且从句的谓语里有be动词的时候，可以把从句的主语和be动词一并省略，这种情况不算是fragment.例：WheninThailand,Iwasimpressedbyitsexoticculture.Whileyoung,MarybegantolearnEnglish.Althoughold,sheisenergetic.(Iwas)(shewas)(sheis)当从句的主语和主句的主语一致，而从句的谓语没有be动词的时候，可以把从句的主语省略，而谓语采用doing的形式。WhentravellinginBeijing,Imetalotoffriends.=WhenItraveledinBeijing,Imetalotoffriends.1．Wordhaditthatemployeesusingthelatestversionofwordprocessingsoftwaretoproducedocumentsstreamliningtheweek’sworkschedule.AusingthelatestversionofwordprocessingsoftwaretoproducedocumentsstreamliningBusingthelatestversionofwordprocessingsoftwaretoproducedocumentsandstreamlineCusingthelatestversionofwordprocessingsoftwareandproducingdocuments,theystreamlinedDwereusingthelatestversionofwordprocessingsoftwaretoproducedocuments,thusstreamliningEusedthelatestversionofwordprocessingsoftware,sostreamliningmethodsofthushasitthat表明(主张)使简化2．Theproblemofbiasinjournalism,ofexacerbatedinsomecountriesbecausethegovernmentcontrolsthemedia.Ajournalism,ofexacerbatedinsomecountriesbecauseBjournalism,oftenexacerbatedinsomecountriesandCjournalism,oftenexacerbatedinsomecountrieswhenDjournalismisoftenexacerbatedinsomecountrieswhereEjournalismisoftenexacerbatedinsomecountriesso['baɪəs]n.偏见[ɪɡ'zæsəbeɪt]加重(使...恶化；激怒)3．Thesolutiontoglobalwarming,notcompletelyagreeduponaroundtheworldbecauseofvariouspoliticalandcorporateinterests.Awarming,notcompletelyagreeduponaroundtheworldbecauseBwarming,notcompletelyagreeduponaroundtheworldandCwarming,notcompletelyagreeduponaroundtheworldwhenDwarmingisnotcompletelyagreeduponaroundtheworldbecauseEwarmingisnotcompletelyagreeduponaroundtheworldand法人的；公司的；社团的；共同的；全体的4．BothCinderellaandSnowWhitebeingdependentonaprincetorescuethemfromunfortunatecircumstances.ABothCinderellaandSnowWhitebeingdependentonaprincetorescuethemfromunfortunatecircumstancesBBothCinderellaandSnowWhiteweredependentonaprincetorescuethemfromunfortunatecircumstancesCDependentonaprincetorescuethemfromunfortunatecircumstancesbeingbothCinderellaandSnowWhiteDUnfortunatecircumstanceswerewhatbothCinderellaandSnowWhiteweredependentonaprincetorescuethemfromEDependentonaprincetorescuethemfromunfortunatecircumstanceswasbothCinderellaandSnowWhite5．Themulerefusedtoeattheoats,hekickedoverthebuckettoshowhisdispleasure.AThemulerefusedtoeattheoats,heBThemule,havingrefusedtoeattheoats,heCInadditiontorefusingtoeatoats,themuleDTheoats,whichthemulerefusedtoeat,wereETheoatswereinitiallyrefusedbythemule,then燕麦；燕麦粥6．D.H.Lawrence,oneofthemostprolificnovelistsofhistime,writingmorethan40volumes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