(膝盖骨)

(膝盖骨) The Skeletal System Chung-Liang Chien 2010 Powerpoint file (in pdf): : 1. Support 2. Protection 3.Movement Types of bones: 1. flat bone (parietal bone) 頂骨 2. long bone (femor bone) 股骨 3. short bone (talus) 距骨 4. irregular bone (vertebra) 脊椎骨 5. sesamoid bone (patella) 臏骨 (膝蓋骨) Bone cells Osteogenic cells 骨原性細胞 , Osteoblasts骨母細胞 , Osteocytes 成骨細胞 * osteoclasts 噬骨細胞 (多核) Bone tissue 1. Compact bone tissue緻密骨組織 *Periosteum硬骨膜, Lamellae 骨板 *Haversian system哈氏系統 Lamellae 骨板, lacuna 陷窩, canaliculi 骨小管 Central (Haversian) canal 哈氏管 Perforating (Volkmann) canal 佛克曼氏管 2. Spongy bone tissue海綿骨組織 Trabeculae (spicules) ; 骨小樑 bone marrow in the space between trabculae Ossification (Osteogenesis): the process of bones development. 骨化 Intramembranous ossification膜內性骨化 Endochondral ossification 軟骨性骨化 Resting cartilage Proliferating cartilage Hypertrophic (maturing) cartilage Calcified cartilage * Epiphysis 骨垢: epiphyseal cartilage for bone elongation 1 Axial skeleton 中軸骨 skull 頭骨 29 vertebral column 脊柱 26 thorax 胸 25 Appendicular skeleton upper extremities 上肢 64 四肢骨 lower extremities 下肢 62 206 1. Skull: 頭骨 Cranium (8) 顱骨 Face (14) 顏面骨 Ossicles of ear (6) 耳內小骨 Hyoid (1) 舌骨 (A) Cranium: surround and protect the brain顱骨 1) Frontal bone 額骨: supraorbital foramen (notch) 眶上孔 2) Parietal bone 頂骨 3) Occipital bone 枕骨 foramen magnum, 大孔 occipital condyles, 枕骨髁 hypoglossal canals, 舌下神經管 (CN XII) jugular foramen. 頸靜脈孔(CN IX,X, XI) 4) Temporal bone 顳骨 squamous portion: 鱗部 zygomatic process, 顴骨 mandibular fossa. 下頷窩 petrous portion: 岩樣部 styloid process, 莖突 ossicles of ear 耳小聽骨 internal auditory canal (meatus). (CN VIII) 內耳道 tympanic portion: 鼓部 external auditory canal (meatus). 外耳道 mastoid portion: 乳突部 mastoid process 乳突; Stylomastoid foramen莖突乳突孔CN VII (facial N.) Carotid canal頸動脈管: for internal carotid artery 5) Sphenoid bone蝶骨 body: sella turcica 垂骨鞍-----protect pituitary gland pterygoid processes: 翼突 medial and lateral 2 lesser wings: 小翼 optic foramen視神經孔 (CN II) greater wings: 大翼 superior orbital fissure 眶上裂 (CN III, IV, and VI) foramen rotundum 圓孔: CN V2 foramen ovale 卵圓孔: CN V3 foramen spinosum 棘孔: middle meningeal artery 6) Ethmoid bone篩骨 crista galli, 雞冠 cribriform plate, 篩板 (CN I) Median perpendicular plate, 中垂直板 superior nasal concha, 上鼻甲 middle nasal concha. 中鼻甲 * Paranasal Sinus副鼻竇: frontal, ethmoidal, shenoidal, and maxillary sinus (B) Bones of the face 1) Inferior nasal concha下鼻甲 2) Vomer 犁骨 3) Nasal bones鼻骨 4) Lacrimal bones淚骨 5) Palatine bones 愕骨 horizontal plate, 橫板 vertical plate垂直板 6) Maxilla 上頷骨 alveolar process, 齒槽突 infraorbital foramen.眶下孔 7) Zygomatic bones顴骨 8) Mandible下頷骨 coronoid process, 冠突 condylar process,髁突 mandibular notch, 下頷切跡 alveolar process, 齒槽突 mental foramen, 頦孔 mandibular foramen下頷孔 *Orbital Bones眼眶七骨: 1. Maxilla 上頷骨, 2. Palatine bones 愕骨, 3. Lacrimal bones淚骨, 4. Ethmoid bone篩骨, 5. Zygomatic bones顴骨, 6. Frontal bone 額骨, 7. Sphenoid bone蝶骨 (C) Ossicles of the ear: malleus, 鎚骨 incus, 砧骨 stapes. 鐙骨 (D) Hyoid bone舌骨: Free, No articulation 3 * Fontanels (囟) of the skull at birth: 1. Anterior 2. Posterior, 3. Anterolateral, 4. Posterolateral Fontanels 2. Vertebral Column 脊柱 cervical vertebrae 頭椎(7); thoracic vertebrae 胸椎 (12); lumbar vertebrae 腰椎 (5) sacrum 薦椎 (1); coccyx 尾椎 (1) * Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar and Sacral curves Typical vertebra body, spinous process, 棘突 transverse process, 橫突 superior articular process, 上關節突 inferior articular process,下關節突 lamina, 板 pedicle, 椎弓板 vertebral arch, 椎弓 vertebral foramen.脊椎孔 (A) Cervical vertebrae頸椎: C1-C7 transverse foramen橫孔: vertebral artery Atlas 寰椎(C1): superior articular facet 上關節面 (atlanto-occipital joint)寰椎枕骨關節 facet for dens齒狀接面 Axis 樞椎(C2): dens 齒突 (odontoid process), (atlanto-axial joint) 寰椎-樞椎關節 C7: vertebra prominens脊椎隆起 (B) Thoracic vertebrae: T1--T12 胸椎 transverse costal facet 橫胸骨面 tubercle of rib肋骨結節 sup. and inf. costal demifacet 上下關節面 head of rib肋骨頭 (C) Lumbar vertebrae: L1--L5 腰椎 (D) Sacrum: S1--S5薦椎 sacral foramina, 薦孔 sacral promotary, 薦岬 auricular surface, 耳狀接面 sacral canal, 薦道 sacral hiatus.薦裂孔 , (Caudal anesthesia) injection site (E) Coccyx (3 to 5 fused bones)尾椎 4 3. Thorax胸 (A) Sternum胸骨 1; (B) Ribs肋骨 24 (A) Sternum manubrium: 胸骨柄 jugular (suprasternal) notch, 頭靜脈(上胸骨)切跡 clavicular notch, 鎖骨切跡 sternal angle.胸骨角 body 胸骨體 xiphoid process劍突 (B) Ribs: true ribs 真肋(1-7); false ribs 假肋(8-10); floating ribs 浮肋 (11,12) head頭 articular facets for thoracic vertebra胸椎關節面 tubercle結節: articular facet for transverse process橫突關節面 body: costal groove 肋骨溝 for intercostal vessels and nerves肋間血管神經 (VAN) costal cartilage肋軟骨 4. Upper extremities上肢帶骨 (A) Pectoral girdle 肩帶骨 4 (B) Arms and forearms 6 (C) Hands 54 (A) Pectoral girdle 1) Clavicle鎖骨 2) Scapula肩胛骨 scapular spine, 肩胛棘 supraspinous fossa棘上窩, infraspinous fossa棘下窩, glenoid fossa, 關節盂 subscapular fossa肩胛下窩, acromion, 肩峰 coracoid process,喙突 scapular notch.肩胛切跡 (B) Arm and forearm 1) Humerus 肱骨 head, anatomical neck, surgical neck, greater tubercles,大結節 lesser tubercles,小結節 intertubercular groove結節 間溝 5 deltoid tuberosity,三角肌粗隆 radial groove, 橈神經溝 trochlea, 滑車 capitulum, 小頭 coronoid fossa, 冠突窩 radial fossa, 橈窩 olecranon fossa.鷹嘴窩 2) Ulna尺骨 coronoid process, 冠狀突 olecranon process, 鷹嘴突 styloid process, 莖突 semilunar (trochlear) notch半月(滑車)切跡. 3) Radius橈骨 head, styloid process.莖突 (C) Hand 1) Carpus (Wrist)------8 腕骨 scaphoid,舟狀骨 lunate,月狀骨 triquetrum,三角骨 pisiform.豆狀骨 trapezium,大多角骨 trapezoid,小多角骨 capitate,頭狀骨 hamate,鉤狀骨 Radiocarpal joint: scaphoid,舟狀骨 lunate,月狀骨 triquetrum,三角骨 2) Metacarpus---------5 掌骨 3) Phalanges-----------14 指骨 5. Lower extremities 下肢帶骨 (A) Pelvic girdle (Pelvis)骨盆帶骨 2 (B) Thighs and legs 8 (C) Feet 52 (A) Pelvic girdle骨盆帶骨 1) Ilium髂骨 iliac crest, 髂骨嵴 iliac fossa, 髂骨窩 auricular surface, 耳狀面 ant. sup. iliac spine, 髂骨前上棘 post. sup. iliac spine, ant. inf. iliac spine, post. inf. iliac spine,髂骨後下棘 greater sciatic notch.大坐骨切跡 2) Pubis 恥骨 pubic symphysis, 恥骨聯合 pubic tubercle,恥骨結節 pubic crest.恥骨嵴 3) Ischium坐骨 6 ischial spine, 坐骨棘 ischial tuberosity, 坐骨結節 lesser sciatic notch. 小坐骨切跡 acetabulum, 髖臼窩 obturator foramen.閉鎖孔 (B) Thigh and Leg 1) Femur股骨 head, fovea capitis, 頭部小窩 neck, med. epicondyles, 內髁 lat. epicondyles,側髁 med. and lat. condyles, greater trochanter, 大轉子 lesser trochanter, 小轉子 linea aspera.粗糙線 2) Patella髕骨 base, 基部 apex.尖 3) Tibia 脛骨 med. condyles, 內髁lat. condyles, 外髁 intercondylar eminence, 髁間隆起 tibial tuberosity, 脛骨粗隆 medial malleolus.內踝 4) Fibula腓骨 head, lateral malleolus.外踝 (C) Foot 1) Tarsus跗骨 7 talus, 距骨 calcaneus, 跟骨 navicular, 舟狀骨 cuboid, 立方骨 medial內, intermediate中 and lateral外 cuneiforms楔狀骨 2) Metatarsal bones蹠骨 5 3) Phalanges趾骨 14 proximal, middle, distal phalanx Arches: * Flat foot 1. Transverse arch: navicular, three cuneiforms, and the bases of the five metatarsals 2. Lateral longitudinal arch: Calcaneus, cuboid, the heads of the two lateral metatarsals 3. medial longitudinal arch: calcaneus, talus, navicular, three cuneiforms, and the heads of three medial metatarsals 7 Articulations Classification of Joints Function: Synarthrosis不動關節 Amphiarthrosis微動關節 Diarthrosis動關節 Structure: Fibrous joints纖維性Cartilaginous joints軟骨性 Synovial joints滑液性 Subtypes of Synovial Joints a. planar joint (平面): at which gliding movements may occur; it is a nonaxial joint. e.g.: joint between clavicle and sternum B. hinge joint (區戊): monaxial or uniaxial joint at which convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another bone. e.g.: knee joint, elbow joint, and ankle joint. C. pivot joint (車軸): monaxial joint. example is rotation of atlas around dens of axis when turning the head (atlanto-axial joint). D. condyloid or ellipsoidal joint (橢圓形): biaxial joint at which an oval-shaped condyle of one bone rests against an elliptical cavity of another bone. example is the wrist joint. E. saddle joint (鞍狀): biaxial joint at which articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped. example is joint between trapezium and base of the first metacarpal. F. ball-and-socket joint (杵臼): multiaxial (or polyaxial) joint at which ball-like surface of one bone rests against cuplike depression of another bone. The only examples are the shoulder and hip joints. Types of Movements at synovial joints Flexion曲 Extension張 Inversion內翻 Eversion外翻 Supination旋後 Pronation旋前 Opposition對向 Reposition歸位 Abduction外展、外旋 Adduction內收、內旋 Circumduction環行 Rotation迴轉 Protraction突出 Retraction縮回 Depression降、壓 Elevation提、升 8