语言学试题与答案

试题与 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 试题与答案 作业习题 《语言学概论》作业参考答案 一、名词解释 1.音位：最小的可以区别意义的语音单位，通常由一簇互相不区别意义的音素构成。如|A|音位里就有前A、后A、央A等几个音素。 2.塞擦音：辅音的发音方式之一。其特点是发音时，两个发音部位紧靠在一起形成阻碍，在保持这个阻碍的同时，留出一个窄缝，让气流从窄缝中磨擦成声，最后除去这个阻碍。如：b‘ｐ‘ｋ‘就是。 3.递归性：语言的递归性是指，组合结构中的某个单位，可以不断地被一个同功能的短语替换，从而使基本结构里的某个扩展为非常复杂的结构，但其作用仍然等于原始项。也即语言的整体结构与基本框架不变。语法结构的这种性质，我们称之为语言结构的递归性。语言的递归性是语言结构一种非常重要的特性。如：人打倒了|敌人/凶恶的敌人/盘踞在中国大陆的敌人/曾经盘踞在中国大陆的不可以一世的敌人/曾经盘踞在中国大陆不可一世但最终被人民打倒的敌人 4.复综语：语言类型之一。这种语言的动词内有用不同的形态 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示各种复杂的语法成分。多见于美洲印第安人的语言。举例。 5.自由变体：音位变体的一种类型。通常指对出现的组合条件没有硬性要求的音位变体。举例。 6.元音：音素的类型之一。即发音时气流在口腔中不受阻碍而形成的音。举例。 7.语法形式：表示语法意义方式与 材料 关于××同志的政审材料调查表环保先进个人材料国家普通话测试材料农民专业合作社注销四查四问剖析材料 。举例。 8.词干：一个词的主要部分，词汇意义的承担者。举例。 9.音色：语音四要素之一，又叫音质，指声音的特色。由物体振动的不同形式所决定。举例。 10.塞音：辅音的发音方式之一。其特征发音时两个发音部位紧靠在一起，保持一段时间，然后突然除阻，爆破成声。也叫爆破音。举例。 11.共同语：随着社会政治经济集中，会以一种方言为基础形成共同语，以满足整个社会交际往来。共同语又叫天下通语、雅言。举例。 12.数：语法范畴之一。指是用一个词的不同形态表示出来的词语数的语法意义。在单数、复数、双数等。举例。 二、谈谈语言符号的特点 答案要点： 1.单位明晰性 2.任意性 3.结构二层性 4.开放性 5.传授性 三、试分析汉字跨越方言交际的特点与原因 答案要点： 1.汉字的特点 2.汉字跨方言交际的原因 四、谈谈语言分化的原因与结果 答案要点： 1.语言虽社会的分化而分化 2.语言分化的结果 五、谈语言成分的借用与吸收 答案要点： 1.借用与吸收的条件 2.借用与吸收具体方式 3.举例说明。 六、例谈语言接触的几种特殊形式 答案要点： 1.洋泾浜 2.混合语 3.国际辅助语 PAPER (1) I. Directions: Choose the answer that best fill in the blanks. (1.5’×20= 30’) 1. ____________, Father of modern linguistics, is known for his Course in General Linguistics. A. Sassure B. Chomsky C. Leech D. Firth 2. The traditional grammar rules like You should never use a double-negative are technically known as ______________. A. descriptive B. prescriptive C. connotative D. denotative 3. The fact that human beings use languages to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication is referred to ______________ of language. A. displacement B. metalanguage C. duality D. arbitrariness 4. All but _____________ are bilabial. A. [p] B. [b] C. [m] D. [n] 5. In the cardinal vowel diagram, schwa refers to ______________. A. [ә] B. [a] C. [i] D. [o] 6. As far as manners of articulation is concerned, which is the following differs from the others? A. [f] B. [W] C. [n] D. [z] 7. The generative-transformational grammar was originated with the linguist _____________. A. Chomsky B. Firth C. Halliday D. Leech 8. By saying __________, we mean the study of rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. A. phonetics B. phonology C. morphology D. syntax 9. “En-” in “enrich” is a(n) ________________. A. derivational affix B. inflectional affix C. free root D. bound root 10. Which of the following pairs was proposed by Chomsky? A. langue and parole B. etic and emic C. synchronic and diachronic D. competence and performance 11. In predicate logic, CAUSE (x, (BECOME (y, (～ALIVE (y))))) means “__________”. A. die B. dead C. kill D. murder 12. “Lift” and “elevator” form a pair of ___________ synonyms. A. stylistic B. dialectical C. marked D. connotative 13. Which of the following pair differs from the others in the sense relation? A. good: bad B. long: short C. big: small D. innocent: guilty 14. The consonant [p] is a(n) _____________. A. oral stop B. nasal stop C. lateral D. approximate 15. In the sentence “Mary gave a book to him”, “him” is with a(n) _________ case. A. accusative B. dative C. ablative D. nominative 16. Macrolinguistics includes all the branches EXCEPT _____________. A. sociolinguistics B. psycholinguistics C. pragmatics D. computational linguistics 17. The relation between any two words in “What a nice day!” is known as ___________. A. choice relation B. paradigmatic relation C. vertical relation D. syntagmatic relation 18. “Burgle” resulting form “burglar” is an example of __________. A.back-formation B. compounding C. clipping D. blending 19. ____________ is a non-productive affix. A. “Self-” as in “self-evaluation” B. “With-”as in “withhold” C. “Un-” as in “unfair” D “Bi-” as in “bicycle” 20. Which of the following is a typical constative? A. I promise to finish it in time. B. I declare the meeting open. C. The present President of U.S.A is George W. Bush. D. Thank you. II. Directions: Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given: (1.5’*10= 15’) 21. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. 22. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g____ meaning. 23. B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. 24. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes. 25. D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words. 26. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called p_________. 27. Major lexical categories are o___ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added. 28. A _____ Condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other. 29. P_______ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages. 30. The theory of C_____ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions. III. Directions: Define the following terms. (2’×5 = 10’) 31. semantics 32. synonymy 33. allophone 34. syntax 35. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis IV. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you are required to explain why you think so and give the correct version. (3’×5=15’) 36.Macrolinguistics include pragmatics, computational linguistics, sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics, etc. 37. The word “microphone” consists of two morphemes, of which “micro-” is a root, and “phone” is an affix. 38. Deep structure is the level of syntactic representation that exists before the movement takes place. 39. Suprasegmental feature include aspiration, intonation, stress, tone, etc. 40. According to Chomsky, competence instead of performance should be studied in linguistics. V. Directions: Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples. (10’) 41. re- 42. un- 43. anti- 44. super- 45. -ize VII. Directions: Answer the following questions briefly, clearly and correctly. (6’+6’ +8’ +10’=20’) 46. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples. (6’) 47. Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components? (6’) 48. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning. (8’) KEYS TO PAPER (1) I. Directions: Choose the answer that best fill in the blanks. (1.5’×20= 30’) 1-5 ABADA 6-10 CABAD 11-15 CBDAB 16-20 CDABC II. Directions: Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given: (1.5’*10= 15’) 21. Morpheme 22. grammatical 23. Bound 24. derivative 25.Derivative 26. predicate 27. open 28.adjacency 29.Parameters 30.Case III. Directions: Define the following terms. (2’×5 = 10’) 31. semantics: the study of how meaning is encoded in a language. (OR the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.) 32. synonymy: the sameness relation between language units 33. allophones: the variants of a phoneme 34. syntax: syntax refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language. (OR syntax is the study of the formation of sentences.) 35. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: The language helps mould the way of thinking and, consequently, different language may probably express the unique ways of understanding the world. IV. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you are required to explain why you think so and give the correct version. (3’×5=15’) 36. F Pragmatics does not belong to macrolinguistics. 37. F The morpheme “micro-” is an affix rather than a root, while “phone” is a root. 38. T 39. F Aspiration is segmental feature rather than suprasegmental feature. 40. T V. Directions: Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples. (10’) 41. re-:again,e.g.retype,reorganize 42. un-: not, reverse, e.g. unhappy, unlock 43. anti-: against, anti- drug, anti-imperialism 44. super- greater than usual, e.g. superpower, superman 45. -ize: make into, e.g. realize, modernize VII. Directions: Answer the following questions briefly, clearly and correctly. (6’+6’ +8’ =20’) 46. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples. (6’) Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”. Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”. 47. Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components? (6’) The meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components because it cannot be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its constituent words. For example; (A) The dog bit the man. (B) The man bit the dog. If the meaning of a sentence were the sum total of the meanings of all its components, then the above two sentences would have the same meaning. In fact they are different in meanings. As we know, there are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical mean­ing and semantic meaning. The grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in (A) are different from the grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in (B). The meaning of a sentence is the product of both lexical and grammatical meaning. It is the product of the meaning of the constituent words and of the grammatical constructions that relate one word syntagmatically to another. 48. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning. (8’) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import and im`port. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the English compounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black. The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives, adverbs, etc are pronounced with greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.” for example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed. English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings. Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes a question of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.