商务英语翻译2.ppt-商务英语翻译2

nullnull 练习（第四、五章增词法与减词法） 1. I knew it quite well as I know it now. 2. As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 3. This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. 4.The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages. 5. There were rows of houses which he had never seen before. null6. The lion is the king of animals. 7.In catching up with and surpassing the world’s advanced levels, time is the key factor. Time means life, time means speed, time means strength. 8. We must actively introduce new techniques, equipment, technologies and material. 六、练习（第四、五章增词法与减词法） 1. I knew it quite well as I know it now. 我当时就知道的同现在一样清楚。 (语法增加） 2. As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个 没完。（增加副词） 3. This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. 这部打字机真是价廉物美。 （形容词前增加名词） null4.The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages. 美日双方在完全保密的情况下相互交换了信 件。（解释性增加） 5. There were rows of houses which he had never seen before. 一排排的房屋，都是他从来没有见过的。 6. The lion is the king of animals. 狮子是百兽之王.null7.In catching up with and surpassing the world’s advanced levels, time is the key factor. Time means life, time means speed, time means strength. 赶超世界先进水平， 关键是时间。时间就是生命，时间就是速度，时间就是力量。 8. We must actively introduce new techniques, equipment, technologies and material. 我们必须积极采用新技术，新设备、新工艺、新材料。 第六章 英语翻译中的 词类转换法第六章 英语翻译中的 词类转换法英汉两种语言的使用范围和表达方式不尽相同，翻译时有些句子可以逐词（word-for-word）对译，如：She is a beautiful girl.“她是个漂亮姑娘。 此译文中的词性基本上与英语相当。 但在大多数情况下，翻译句子时不能逐渐词对译，如：He is a liar. 就不能直译为“他是个说谎的人，”因为汉语习惯不这样说，可译为“他爱说谎。”这样，汉语各词的词性与英语就不对应了。 null 又如：He took his students to the factory for a visit. “他带学生到工厂去参观。” 原文中只有一个动词took，译成汉语后却出现了4个动词。可见在翻译中，有时要把原文的一种词转换成译入语的另一种词类。随着词类的变化，句子的结构也产生了变化。 一、转译成汉语动词 在英译汉时，英语中的许多意思都可以用汉语的动词来表达。例如：null1）We mustn’t lose sight of the fact that air pollution is going from bad to worse in our city. 我们不能忽略这一事实，空气污染在我们城市中日益严重。 (名词转译成汉语动词) （具备动词概念的名词） 2）The airline has been in operation for many years.（名词转译成汉语动词） 这家航空公司已经营多年。 3）Do you see the boy in blue? (介词转译成汉语动词) 你看见那位穿蓝衣服的男孩子吗？null4）We were all in favor of his suggestion. （介词转译成汉语动词） 我们全体赞成他的建议。 5）Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life. （形容词转译成汉语动词） 医生们说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。 6）He was not aware of her presence till she spoke to him.（形容词转译成汉语动词） 直到她开口说话他才意识到她在面前。null 英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在系动词后做表语，往往可转译成汉语动词。常见的形容词有“confident, certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, glad, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, sorry, delighted, ashamed, thankful, anxious, grateful, able…” 7) She opened the window to let fresh air in. (副词转译成汉语动词) 她把窗户打开，让新鲜空气进来。二、译成汉语名词 二、译成汉语名词 1．  动词译成汉语名词 1）Formality has always characterized their relationship. 他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。 2）This store features round-the-clock service. 这家商店的特点是昼夜服务。 3）Your work is characterized by lack of attention to detail. 你工作的毛病是不注意细节（或：粗心大意）。 如果英语动词译成汉语动词时跟前后的修饰语不好搭配；或搭配起来不符合汉语习惯，可以把动词译成名词，再在名词前加上与之搭配的动词。null4）The youths always dream fondly of their future. 年轻人对前途总是怀有美好的梦想。 5) Independent observers have commented favorably on the achievements you have made in this direction. 有独立见解的观察家们对你们在这方面所取得的成就给予了很高的评价。null2.  形容词译成汉语名词 1）They did their best to help the sick and the wounded. 他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。 2）Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protested the poor. 罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人热爱并保护穷人。 3）Steven was eloquent and elegant--- but soft. 史蒂文森有口才，有风度。null三、其他转译法 1) You are a greater blockhead than I had supposed you to be. 你比我所想象得要傻的多。（名词  形容词） 2) His address impressed me deeply. 他的话给我留下很深的印象。（副  形容词） 3) He is the right man I’m looking for. 他正是我要找的人。（形  副词）null 四、练习 1．They went on strike in demand of a 40 per cent wage increase. 2．Difference between the social systems of states shall not be an obstacle to their approachment and cooperation. 3．The road to development is long but we are firmly on it. 4．Don’t be afraid of those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than you are. 5．That book will be out pretty soon. null 6．It is our goal that the people in the underdeveloped area will be finally off poverty. 7．The book did not impress me at all. 8. Harry aims to become a computer expert. 9. Obedience is obligatory on a soldier. 10. Our government shows great concern for the Chinese resident abroad. 11．From the front, back and both sides we kept a strict watch on the enemy. null四、练习 1．They went on strike in demand of a 40 per cent wage increase. 他们举行罢工，要求工资增加40%。 （名词 动词） 2．Difference between the social systems of states shall not be an obstacle to their approachment and cooperation. 国与国社会 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 的不同不应妨碍彼此 的 接近与 合作。（名词动词）null3．The road to development is long but we are firmly on it. 发展的道路虽然漫长，可我们已坚定地走上 了这条路。（介词动词） 4．Don’t be afraid of those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than you are. 不要惧怕那些想法比你高明，或者那些可能 比你更聪明的人。（形容词动词） 5．That book will be out pretty soon. 那本书不久就要出版了。（副词动词null6．It is our goal that the people in the under-developed area will be finally off poverty. 我们的目标是让不发达地区的人民最 终摆脱贫困。（介词动词） 7．The book did not impress me at all. 那本书没给我留下什么印象(（动词 名词）) 8. Harry aims to become a computer expert. 哈里的目标是成为计算机专家。（动词 名词）null9. Obedience is obligatory on a soldier. 服从命令是军人的天职。 （形容词名词） 10. Our government shows great concern for the Chinese resident abroad. 我国政府十分关怀海外华侨。 （副词形容词） 11．From the front, back and both sides we kept a strict watch on the enemy. 我们在前后左右严密地监视敌人。 （形容词副词） 第七章 英汉翻译中的 词义的引申第七章 英汉翻译中的 词义的引申 英译汉时，有时会遇到某些词在英语词典上找不到适当的词义，如任意硬套或逐词死译，会使译文生硬晦涩，不能确切表达原意，甚至造成误解。这时就应根据上下文和逻辑关系，从该词的根本含义出发，进一步加以引申，选择比较恰当的汉语词来表达。所谓的引申，就是根据上下文的内在联系，通过句中词或词组乃至整句的字面意义由表及里，运用一些符合汉语习惯的表现法，选用确切的汉语词句，将原文内容的实质准确地表达出来。 null1. 逻辑引申(参看书中解释) 逻辑引申是指在翻译过程中, 利用直译方法时, 译文不通顺以及不符合目的语的表达习惯，因而就要根据上下文的逻辑关系，对该词、短语或整个句子从其基本意义出发，由表及里，运用符合目的语习惯的表现法，选用确切的词句，将原文内容的实质准确地表达出来。例如： 1）I’ve been slaving all these years just to make money for them. (抽象词具体化) 我半世的辛苦，全是替他们做马牛。null2）Others are conceited; having picked up some book-phrases, they think themselves terrific and are very cocky, but whenever a storm blows up, they take a stand very different from that of the workers and thegreat majority of the working peasants. 还有些人很骄傲，读了几句书，自以为了不起，尾巴翘到天上去了， 可是一遇到风浪，他们的立场，比起工人和大多数劳动农民来，就显得大不相同。（《毛泽东选集》五卷407页）cocky(骄傲自大) （具体词抽象化）null3）After that long talk, Jim became the sun in her heart. 那次长谈之后，吉姆成了她心中的太阳。（暗喻） 4) Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜有苦。（这里把 roses玫瑰 and thorns刺两个具 体形象引申为两个形象所代表的属性：甜和苦） 5）Fatty’s Restaurant had become an institution in his life in the last seven years. 去发体餐厅就餐，七年来已成了他生活中惯常的事情null5）Fatty’s Restaurant had become an institution in his life in the last seven years. 去发体餐厅就餐，七年来已成了他生活中惯常的事情。 null2. 语用引申 把原文的 玄外之音（implication）补译出来，这是属于语用学引伸的手法。补译的词语是根据原文的语用学意义增添上去的，为的是避免译文晦涩费解。 1）（参看书中例句 1） The new father wore a proud smile. 2）（参看书中例句 4） null3) With their heavy winter clothing changed for lighter spring wear they could leap or crouch down much more freely and nimbly. 脱掉棉衣换上春装的人们，好像卸下了千斤重载，真是蹿跳觉得轻松，爬起卧到感到利落。（冯志《敌后武工队》）原文 笨重、 轻便两词，含蓄地表达了“卸下了千斤重载”的含义，(此句是补译) 3. 修词引伸 1）（参看书中例句 1、2） 4．概念范围的调整 （参看书中例句 1、2） 5．词义引伸的层次 简化为三层（参看书中解释） （参看书中例句 1、3） null6. 词义的褒贬 英译汉时, 原文中有些词本身就表示褒贬意义, 就应该把褒贬意义表相应地表达出来，但有些词语孤立起来看似乎是中性的, 译成汉语时就要根据上下文恰如其分地把它们的褒义或贬义表达出来。 1）He was a man of high renown (fame). 他是位有名望的人。（褒） null2）The task carried out by them are praiseworthy. 他们进行的事业是值得赞扬的。（褒） 3）His notoriety as rake did not come until his death. 他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传开来的。(贬) 4）We were shocked by his course manners. 我们对他的粗暴态度感到震惊。(贬) null5) Once early in 1974, while driving along the San Diego Free-way from Clement to Los Angeles, he was asked to reflect on his hopes and ambitions. 一九七四年初，有人同他一起驱车从克利门蒂沿圣地亚哥公路去洛山矶，途中请他谈了他的希望和抱负。（中性词褒义） 6) AS a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication from his employees. 他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿，鞠躬尽瘁。（中性词贬义） null7．. 练习EX. 1)      There is mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of the imperialists. 2) The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green. 3)      In fact, the Bavarian environment was so charged with Nazi sentiment throughout the 1920s that Hitler’s storm troops goosestepped into power in Furth in 1930. null 4)      As the Politburo gave the go-ahead to Brezhnev, Nixon and Kissinger were meeting in the President’s Kremlin apartment, prepared to accept a setback on SALT. 5）Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President. 6) The two politicians talked for no more than five minutes, at a significant moment in their careers. null1) There is mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of the imperialists. （具体 词抽象化） 帝国主义者的性格既残暴,又狡猾。 (这里把 tiger老虎和ape猿 这两个具体 形象引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性: “残暴”和 “狡猾”)。 2) The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green. 我前头的车辆停住了，我错过了绿灯。 (抽象词具体化null3) In fact, the Bavarian environment was so charged with Nazi sentiment throughout the 1920s that Hitler’s storm troops goosestepped into power in Furth in 1930…（具体词抽象化） 事实上，在整个二十年代，纳粹党在巴伐利亚一带已博得公众好感，以至于在一九三零，希特勒的冲锋队员就耀武扬威地夺取了菲尔特镇的权力。…… （to goosestep 是从名词goosestep“鹅步”；“正步”转化来的动词，本作“鹅步走”或“正步走”解，这里“goosestepped into”根据例句上下文引伸为“耀武扬威地夺取”)。 null4) As the Politburo gave the go- ahead to Brezhnev, Nixon and Kissinger were meeting in the President’s Kremlin apartment, prepared to accept a setback on SALT. （抽象词具体化） 在政治局向勃列日涅夫开放绿灯 时，尼克松和基辛格正在克里姆林 宫的总统下榻处开会，准备承受限 制战略武器会谈失败的挫折null5）Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President. 亨利总是吹嘘说他曾同总统谈过话。（贬） 6）The two politicians talked for no more than five minutes, at a significant moment in their careers. 两位政治家交谈了仅仅五分钟。这次谈话是他们一生事业的重大时刻进行的。(褒义) 第八章 英汉翻译中“虚”与“实”的转化 第八章 英汉翻译中“虚”与“实”的转化 英语翻译中的“虚”与“实”的转换主要涉 及 对英语名词、副词和形容词的汉译。本 章将讨论三种情况。 一、抽象名词“虚”与“实”的转化 （又称在 抽象名词后增加名词） （参见书中例 1） 例如： null1. A firm’s involvement in exporting products can range from a minimal commitment all the way to considering exports as necessary for the firm’s survival and growth. 公司在产品出口中参与情况的程度不一， 从最低程度的参与一直到将出口视为公 司生存和发展必要条件的参与都会存在。 （参看书中例 1分析） null 英语中有很多抽象名词源自动词或形容 词。翻译时可根据上下文在其后面增添适 当的名词，使译文更合乎规范。如： to persuade说服 persuasion说服工作 to prepare准备 preparation准备工作 arrogant自满 arrogance自满情绪 antagonistic敌对 antagonism敌对态度 tense 紧张 tension紧张情况（关系、 局势、心情、情绪） mad 疯狂 madness疯狂行为 2. We have a great many to do at present. 我们当前有许多事情要做。 null二、副词的“虚”与“实”的转化（副词转译成形容 词后加名词“例 1”，有些副词直接转译成名 词“ 例 2”） 1. They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizally. 但是，他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作 做得好 2.He is physically weak but mentally sound. 他身体虽弱，但思想健康。null三、容词的“虚”与“实”的转化（形容词转译成动词） 1.Integrity means you do what you want to do because it’s right and not just fashionable or politically correct. 诚实意味着去做你认为对的事，而不仅仅是为了赶时髦或在政治上不出错。 2.Don’t be afraid of those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than you are. 不要惧怕那些想法可能比你高明，或者那些可能比你更聪明的人。 练习: 预习第十一章和第九章第十一章 英语被动语态 的翻译第十一章 英语被动语态 的翻译 我们来学习第十一章英语被动语态的翻译。被动语态是英语中动词的一种变化形式，表示句子的谓语和其主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。被动句的主语实际上是谓语动作的成受者。一般来说，英语被动句的翻译可以有以下四种方法。 一、被动句译成汉语的主动句（文中第2句） 1. During the World Cup the streets were filled with football fans. 世界杯比赛期间，街上挤满了球迷（此句按顺 序译成汉语主动句） null2. Large quantities of fuel are used by modern industry. 现代工业耗用大量的燃料。 （动作发出者译成主语） 3. The compass was invented in China four thousand years ago. 中国在四千年前发明了指南针。 （把原文的某一部分译成主语）状主 4. If you are asked personal questions you need not answer them. 如果有人向你提出私事的问题，你尽可不答。 （增加逻辑主语）（文中第6,7句） null二、动句译成汉语的判断句（文中第9句） 汉语中常用“……是……的”这一句式 来说明人和事物的客观情况。 1. Everything in the world is built up from atoms. 世间万物都是由原子构成的。 2.The science fiction has been translated into Chinese by a friend of mine. 那部科幻小说是我的一个朋友译成中文 的。 null三、被动句译成汉语的被动句（文中第1句） 此时，原文句子的主语一般仍译做主语， 在谓语动词前加“被、受、由、让等字 来表示被动意义。” 1.Those who perform deeds of merit will be rewarded. 立功的人将受到奖励。 2.The design will be examined by a special committee. 这项 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 将由一个专门委员会予以审查。 null3. Two-thirds of the area are covered with immense forests of pine, spruce and birch. 面积的三分之二由广阔的松林、云衫和白桦 林所覆盖。 将被动句译成汉语的无主句（文中第8句以及 第九章） 汉语句子有的可以不带主语,因此,当无需说出行为主体时,可以将英语的被动句译成汉语的无主语句.一班来说,英语中不带by短语并含情态动词的被动句都可以采用这种译法。翻译时，将原句的主语译成宾语，放在动词后面，也可以加“把、将、对”等词将宾语放在动词之前。 null1) All the data available should be collected and studied with care before one works at a theory. 在制定理论前，应该把有的所有数据资 料都认真地搜索和研究。 2) Smoking is not allowed in this theatre. 本剧场内禁止吸烟。 3) More apartment houses will be built here. 这儿将修建更多的居民大楼null四、练习 1. This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, Whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below. 买卖双方同意按下列条款购买、出售下述商品，并签订本合同。(动作发出者主语) 2.The cost of the non-returnable containers of the goods sold under this Contract is included in the prices herein specified. 所定价格包括依照本合同所售装货用的一次性容器费。（把原文的某一部分译成主语）状主）null3.If a foreign auditor registered in other country is necessary to be employed to undertake annual financial checking and examination, Party A shall give its consent. All the expenses thereof shall be borne by Party B. 如果需要聘请其他国家的审计师对年度的财务进行审查，甲方应予以同意。其所需费用乙方负担。（主语宾语） 4. Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world . 我们的对外政策受到全世界人民的支持。(被动句被动句) 第九章 英语句子中主语的翻译 第九章 英语句子中主语的翻译 英语句子中主语的翻译除了上述的，将被动 句译成汉语的无主句，原句的主语变成了宾语， 放在动词后面外。还有几种翻译方法： 一、词序调整（文中第、9、10、11、13、14、 16句） 1. From the moment they set foot on the territory of their motherland, they were warmly received by their compatriots. 他们从走上祖国土地的上时刻起，就受到同 胞们热情接待。（定语从句换序）null3.Their power increased with their number. 他们人数增加了，力量也随之增强。（介词短语换序） 二、将原文中的主语译成汉语的状语 (文中第12---18句) 1．His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery. 因为他没有遵守安全规则，机器出了故障。 三、增加词（文中第7句） 1. Worry about the possibility of less severe, but still debilitating, recessions persisted. 然而，人们仍然担心会出现虽不那么严重但仍能使经济虚弱的衰退。 null四、分译（文中第12、15、17、18句） 1.One consequence of speculation about the possibility of computer thought was that we were forced to examine with new care the idea of thought in general. 观察结果表明，计算机可能有思想，这使我们不得不从新的角度全面审视思想这一概念。（分译主语中的名词词组）。 null五、句型 “时间名词/地点名词+saw/ found/witnessed +名词”表示在某个 时间或地点里发生或者见证了某种事 情。将这种句子翻译成汉语时，往往只能 将时间或者地点翻译成汉语中的状语。 （1）This season saw an ominous dawning of the tenth of November. 在这个季节，11月10日黎明时分的景 象，是个不祥之兆。null（2）Sunday morning found him still unwell. 星期天早晨他的身体仍未见好转。 （3）The 18th century witnessed the first English dictionary, by Dr. Samuel Johnson. 第一部真正的英文词典在18世纪 问世，是由约翰逊编纂的。 第十章 英语从句的翻译 Translation of clauses 第十章 英语从句的翻译 Translation of clauses 一、定语从句的翻译 英语中定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。两者之间的区别在于限制意义是强还是弱，前者的限制意义很强，后者的限制意义很弱。定语从句在商务英语中应用较广泛。一般有三种翻译方法：合并法、分译法和混合法。null1．合并法 (1)Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with. 污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。 (2) If the Buyer is unable to sell out the amount of goods which he has agreed to purchase from the Seller, the Buyer may reduce the quantity of goods to be delivered to him by giving written notice thereof to the Seller before the shipment is made. 如果买方不能销售他已同意从卖方所购数量的货物，买方可以书面通知卖方减少发货数量，再要求卖方发货。null(3) Party B guarantees that the technical documents to be supplied by Party B are the latest technical information which has been put into practical used by Party B. 乙方保证所提供的技术资料是乙方经过实际 使用的最新技术资料。 (4)Shipment shall be commenced within 10 months counting from the date when the contract has come into force and completed within 16months. 自合同生效之日起计算，10个月内装运，16 个月内交付完毕。null(5) The party, who sets up a breach of the Contract, shall be under a duty to take all necessary measures to mitigate the loss which has occurred. 违反合同的一方有责任采取所有必要的 措施 《全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观软件质量保证措施下载工地伤害及预防措施下载关于贯彻落实的具体措施 减轻已经发生的损失。 （6）There was another man who seemed to have answer, and that was Robert McNamara. 另外一个人似乎胸有成竹,那就是麦克纳马拉。null2、分译法 (1)A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat. 燃料是一种物质，在适当温度下能燃烧并放出热量。 (2)A healthy diet includes enough but too many kinds of foods that provide the body with the nutrients that it needs to function properly. 健康的饮食包括的食物应该充足但不过多。这些食物提供身体正常活动所必需的营养。null(3) The combination of satellites, which transmit information, computer, which store information, and television, which displays information will change every home into an education and entertainment center. 传输信息的卫星，储存信息的电脑，显示信息的电视三者的结合会把每一个家庭变成一个教育和娱乐中心。null(4)The Seller ensure that all the equipment listed in Appendix One to the Contract are brand-new products whose performance shall be in conformity with the Contract and which are manufactured according to current Chinese National Standards or Manufacture’s Standard. 卖方保证本合同附件一所列全部设备都是新产品，是根据现行的中国国家标准，或生产厂的标准制造的，其性能符合合同规定。 null3．  混合法（混合法是把原句中的主语和从句溶 合在一起译成一个独立的句子） (1)We used a plane of which almost every part carried some identification of national identity. 我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有国籍的某 些标志。 (2)Fortunately, there are some chemical fuel that are clean and smokeless. 幸好有些化学燃料是洁净无烟的。 (3)There was another man who seemed to have answers, and that was Robert MeNamara. 另外一个人似乎胸有成竹,那就是麦克纳马拉。null二、同位语从句 1．保持原文的语序（文中第1句） （1）He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again. 他表示期望能再来中国访问。 （2）We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我们不是在调查他是否可以信任的问题。null2．译为类似定语的结构或独成一句（文中第5句） （1）Yet, from the beginning the fact that I was alive was ignored. 然而，从一开始，我仍活着这个事实却偏偏被忽视了。 （2）It does not alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the delay. 迟延应由他负责，这个事实是改变不了的null3．加入冒号、破折号或“这样”、“这一”、“即”等字眼进行翻译（文中第2,3句） （1） But considering realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good. 但是现实考虑一下，我们不得不正视这样一个事实：我们的前景并不妙。null（2）That fact that the gravity of the earth pulls everything towards the center of the earth explains many things. 地球引力把一切东西都吸向地心这一事实解释了许多现象。 （3）Not long ago the scientists made an exciting discovery that this “waste” material could be turned into plastics. 不久以前，科学家们有了一个令人振奋的发现，即可以把这种废物变成塑料。null4．改变原文的同位语结构，用汉语的无主语句或其他方式译出 （1）An order has been given that the researchers who are now in the sky-lab should be sent back. 已下命令将现在在航天实验室里的研究人员送回来。 （2）Even the most precisely conducted experiments offer no hope that the result can be obtained without any error. 即使是最精确的实验，也没有希望获得无任何误差的实验结果。 null（3）However, the writing of chemical symbols in the form of an equation does not give any assurance that the reaction shown will actually occur. 但是，将化学符号写成反应式，并不意味着所表示的反应确实会发生。  （4）And there was the possibility that a small electrical sport might accidentally bypass the most carefully planned circuit. 而且总有这种可能性---- 一个小小的电火花,可能会意外地绕过了最为精心设计的线路. null三、状语从句的翻译 英语状语和状语从句的功能可表示时间、地点、原因、条件、让步和目的等。 （1） He had scarcely handed me the letter when he asked me to read it. 他把信一交给我，就叫我念给他听。 （2） Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions. 在有疑问的地方做个记号null （3）The crops failed because the season was dry. 因为气候干燥，作物欠收。 （4） Granted the this true, what conclusion can you draw? 假设这是实际情况，你又能得出什么结论呢。 （5）While this is true of some, it is not true of all. 虽然有一部分是真的，但不见得都是真的。null （6）We should start early so that we might get there before noon. 我们应当早点动身，这样就能在正午之前赶到那里。 但在商务英语中，特别是在国际商务合同中，商务合同是