lecture 3

nullnull Lecture Three Communication between Cultures: Nonverbal Communication Contents Contents part 1 Introduction Part 2 General Idea on NC Part 3 Kinesics身势语 Part 4 Space and Distance空间和距离 Part 5 ExercisesPart 1 IntroductionPart 1 IntroductionA. Lead-in questions 1. When you speak, you communicate. When you don’t speak, you may still be communicating. Do you agree? Why or why not?null 2. In class, how can the teacher identify the concentrated students?null 3. On the other hand, how can the teacher know the students are not interested in the class? null4. What do you learn from the facial expression of this girl?null B. Researches in nonverbal communication 1. Three elements in face-to-face communication ---words: 7% ---tone of voice: 38% ---body language: 55%Part 2 Nonverbal Communication Part 2 Nonverbal Communication 1. Definition of NC Nonverbal communication is the interaction that is carried out by our bodies, gestures, and tones of voices, in other words, everything except the actual words we apply in our communication, such as the look on our face, the way we speak, the movements of our hands, the wink of our eyes. They all send messages to those we are thinking to. null2. Importance of NC Nonverbal behavior is significant area of communication study. communication is NC. There’re three main reasons for its significance: 1) One level of meaning is the actually stated messages. Another level, affective content comprises feelings, attitudes, and behaviors. 93% of meaning in a conversation is conveyed nonverbally, 38% through the voice, 55% through the face.null 2) Nonverbal behavior is significant because it spontaneously 不由自主地reflects the speaker’s subconsciousness潜意识. People normally attempt to control the words they say, but can’t control the nonverbal behavior completely. 3) Another reason is that even if we are silent, the nonverbal dimension 因素，尺寸of our communication is always present. E.g., absence of CEOs shows that they were less interested in being at the meeting.null 3. Functions of NC Six functions: accenting强调，口音, complementing补充, contradicting矛盾，反驳, regulating调节,Repeating重复 , substituting替代. Accenting: it means that nonverbal behavior can punctuate强调，突出 the verbal message. Complementing: it means that nonverbal behavior can support, but could not replace the verbal message. Contradicting: it means that nonverbal behavior can convey a meaning opposite to that of the verbal message. null Regulating: it means that nonverbal behavior can control the pace步伐，步数 or flow流量 of communication. Repeating: it means that nonverbal behavior can be used alone to send the same meaning as the verbal message. Substituting: it means that nonverbal behavior can replace a verbal message.Part 3 Kinesics身势语 Part 3 Kinesics身势语 Kinesics is the nonverbal behavior related to movement, either of parts of the body as a whole, including facial expressions, gestures, postures, eye contact, etc. In short, all communicative body movements are generally classified as kinesics. Kinesics is “body language.”Part 3 Kinesics身势语 Part 3 Kinesics身势语 1. Facial Expressions 面部表情 2. Gestures 手势 3. Postures 姿势 4. Eye Contact 眼神交会null1. Facial Expressions 面部表情 null2. Gestures 手势 null Exercise: 1. What may the OK sign mean 1. in Brazil a. something vulgar粗俗，下流 2. in Russia b. rudeness 3. in France c. something worthless 4. in Japan d. money 2. how to beckon 示意somebody to come over 1. in the USA 2. in Portugal a. just waving the index finger b. waving the hand with palm up c. waving the hand with the palm down null3. what is the appropriate type of handshake 1.in the USA 2.in France 3.in Japan 4. in the Middle East a. firm handshake b. soft handshake c. handshake with the arm firmly extended d. handshake and the free hand placed on the forearm of the othernull美国人介绍自己时，要用手指鼻尖，如果我们按照自己的习惯，指指胸口，常会使他们不明其意，无法理解。叫人过来时，我们的习惯是招招手，这在美国人看来，恰恰是“再见”；他们招呼人过来的手势是把手指向着自己，然后以中指和食指朝着自己，轻轻摇动两三次；美国人有不少手势习惯，例如用食指和大姆指搭成圈，其余三个手指向上伸开，做个“OK”的手势，这就表示“好”丶“同意”。 nullSimilarities: Meeting: shake hands Goodbye: waving hands Displeasure: frown Dislike, disgust, disapproval: wrinkling nose Yes: nodding No: shake heads Displeasure, bad humor, resentment: pouting Approval: a pat on the back of a man Anger, fury, determination: gritting one’s teeth null3. Postures 姿势 Postures refer to our body positions as a whole. To try the following postures by yourself, and discuss with your partner the meaning of each posture. With two arms up in the air Standing firmly face-to face Hands on the waist Shrug shoulders nullStand in an upright position直立 Sitting with a hand supporting your chin Lean forward while listening Look away from time to time while listening In conclusion, in a way we may say that our postures act like a “liberal messenger”自由送信者， who is ready to send any message out, though most times unconsciously. null4. Eye Contact 眼神交会 Eye contact is an important aspect of body language. A simple eye gesture might be interpreted in a diversity of meanings across cultures. Some comparison in direct eye contact Chinese----- impolite, less of respect or obedience North Americans---sign of honesty, if not, it will be a sign of untruthfulness, hiding something British----a mark of rudeness if not intimated nullLooking at the person Reading the following story A Mexican girl was questioned by her American teacher in US elementary school, “What were you doing just now over there?” the girl kept her head down and didn’t say anything. The teacher’s voice got louder, “what were you doing?” The girl gave no response. Then the teacher grabbed the girls arm tightly and said “look at me when e speak to you!” the girl was scared as she never looked into the face of an adult who was speaking to her. (cultural highlights: according to Mexican culture, when spoke to by an adult, children show respect by bowing their heads and not looking the adult directly in the eye.)nullLooking sideways------coldness, superciliousness傲慢，not attentive, no interest One study shows that Arabs, Latin Americans, and Southern Europeans focus their eyes on their eyes on conversation; whereas Asians, Indians and Pakistanis, and Northern Europeans tend to show peripheral外围的 gaze or no gaze at all. Part 4 Space and Distance空间和距离Part 4 Space and Distance空间和距离In intercultural communication, the space and distance between the two communicators is of significance, revealing their relationship and reflecting cultural characteristics they have. 1）Proxemics 交流时身体之间的距离 2）Attitudes toward crowding 对待拥挤的态度null 1）Proxemics 交流时身体之间的距离 Question: when you go to the park you want to have a sit on the bench, if you are the first one to sit, which part you’ll take? How about the second? The third? a. intimate distance b. personal distance c. social distance d. public distancenull人们所在空间分为4个层次： （中国） ①亲密空间15-46cm，这是最亲的人，如父母、恋人、爱人； ②个人空间460cm-1.2m，一般亲朋好友之间，促膝谈心，拉家常； ③社交空间1.2m-3.6m，社交场合与人接触，上下级之间保持距离，保持距离，会产生威严感，庄重感； ④公众空间＞3.6m，社交场合与人接触，上下级之间保持距离 null 2）Attitudes toward crowding 对待拥挤的态度 Chinese and American hold different attitudes toward crowding: C---high tolerance of crowding, in public while facing pushing, they will not expect a apology A---low one, in public while facing pushing, they will be angry nullCase study Peter is general manager of an American company in China. Recently, Chen Jun, a Chinese manager, made a mistake at work. He was very upset about it so he came to Peter’s office to make a formal apology. “Peter, I’ve been feeling very upset about the trouble I’ve caused to the company. I’m here to apologize for my mistake. I’m terribly sorry about it and I want you to know that it will never happen again. ” Chen Jun, looking at Peter with the smile he had been wearing since he walked into the office. Peter found it hard to accept the apology. And asked “are you sure?” “Yes, I’m really sorry for it!” Chen Jun said, with a smile even broader than before. “I’m sorry I just can’t take you apology. You don’t look sorry at all.” Peter said angrily. Chen Jun’s face turned very red. “Peter,” he managed to smile again. “trust me, no one can feel any sorrier than I do about it.” Peter was almost furious by now, “if you are sorry, how can you still smile?”Summary of this lectureSummary of this lectureNonverbal Communication 1. Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used. Nonverbal communication is everything except the actual words. 2. Nonverbal communication plays an important intercultural communication, even more important than verbal communication. 3. There 6 functions of NC in general: accenting, complementing, contradicting, regulating, repeating and substituting. nullKinesics 1. Kinesics is the nonverbal behavior related to movement, either of any part of the body, or of the body as a whole. 2. Facial expressions are important in human communication; the meanings people attach to the same expression differ from culture to culture. 3. The same gesture may send different messages to those who have different cultural backgrounds. 4. Posture often goes unnoticed to many people, because it follows one’s natural habits, and therefore, it is subconscious in nature. nullPart 5 Exercises 1. what differences in body language use have you noticed between your Chinese teachers and foreign teachers? 2. Speakers of British English speak loudly only when they are angry, but speakers of Indian English do so to get the floor, a chance to speak. So when an Indian English speaker is trying to get the floor, what would a British English speaker think of the Indian and hoe would the British behave in response? 3. how do we Chinese use eye contact in communication? 4. how will you eye them when you are talking with people from the US or Japan? 5. Do you often smile at others?　Why or why not? null6. What functions may laughter serve in our culture? Does it sometimes cause intercultural misunderstanding? 7. Do you often touch others while talking with them? Why do you touch more than others? 8. A record of the times of touch between friends in an hour, London, Paris, Florida, Puerto Rico波多黎各（美国殖民地，元印第安人居住地），times of touch are o, 2, 10, 180. Can you choose correct touching time for the people from these four places? Hope you a happy day !Hope you a happy day !