大学英语精读6 Lesson 1

LessonOneHowtoGetthePooroffOurConscienceJohnKennethGalbraith1.JohnKennethGalbraithLifeWorksAchievement2.JohnMKeynesandhiseconomictheoryin1930s3.Gini-Co-efficient4.SocialDarwinism5.Supply-sideeconomics 6.PaulMWarburg7.Lanssezfaire8.NIT9.MiltonFriedman10.AdamSmithDavidRicardoJohnD.RecketfellerJohnKennethGalbraith Born:October15,1908Died:April29,2006(aged97)ACanadian-AmericaneconomistAKeynesian（凯恩斯主义者）aninstitutionalist（经济思想史上的制度学派）Earlylifeandteaching:1934 Ph.DinagriculturaleconomicsfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley. BecameatutoratHarvardUniversity1937 Ayear-longfellowshipattheUniversityofCambridge(wherehewasinfluencedbyJohnMaynardKeynes)1939-1940 TaughtatPrincetonUniversity1949 AppointedprofessorofeconomicsatHarvard ServedasdeputyheadoftheOfficeofPriceAdministration workedforFortuneMagazinefor5yearswhereheexpounded（详细说明）KeynesianismtotheAmericanbusinessleadershipDuringWorldWarII 1961-1963AsanadvisertoPresidentJohnF.Kennedy,GalbraithwasappointedUnitedStatesAmbassadortoIndia 1972ServedaspresidentoftheAmericanEconomicAssociation 2006DiedinCambridgeWorksAlthoughhewasapresidentoftheAmericanEconomicAssociation,Galbraithwasconsideredaniconoclast（打破旧习的人）bymanyeconomists 1977TheAgeofUncertaintyforBBCtelevision Hundredsofessaysandanumberofnovels:Amonghisnovels,ATenuredProfessorachievedparticularcriticalacclaim.SomeofKenneth'sfamouseconomicsbooks 1952AmericanCapitalism:TheConceptofCountervailingPower 1954BestsellerTheGreatCrash,1929 1958TheAffluentSociety 1973EconomicsandthePublicPurpose 1994AShortHistoryofFinancialEuphoriaHonors 1985TheAmericanHumanistAssociationnamedhimtheHumanistoftheYear 1993LomonosovGoldMedal 1997OrderofCanada(Officer) 2000AwardedtheU.S.PresidentialMedalofFreedom 2001PadmaVibhushan(India)JohnM.Keynes JohnMaynardKeynes(5June1883–21April1946) ABritisheconomistwhoseideashaveprofoundlyaffectedthetheoryandpracticeofmodernmacroeconomicsandtheeconomicpoliciesofgovernments.Economictheoryin1930s(becauseoftheGreatDepression)TheGeneralTheoryofEmployment,InterestandMoney Thecentralargument:thelevelofemploymentisdetermined,notbythepriceoflabourasinneoclassical（新古典主义的）economics,butbythespendingofmoney(aggregatedemand总需求) under-employmentandunder-investmentarelikelytobethenaturalstateunlessactivemeasuresaretaken activisteconomicpolicybygovernmenttostimulatedemandintimesofhighunemployment,forexamplebyspendingonpublicworks.TheGeneralTheoryisoftenviewedasthefoundationofmodernmacroeconomicsGini-coefficient基尼系数 Ameasureofstatisticaldispersion（离差）developedbytheItalianstatisticianandsociologistCorradoGini Aninternationallyrecognisedmeasureusuallyonlyappliedtothewealthofcountries Theinequalityamongvaluesofafrequencydistribution(forexamplelevelsofincomeorwealth)SocialDarwinism社会达尔文主义 Atheorythatpersons,groups,and"races"aresubjecttothesamelawsofnaturalselectionasCharlesDarwinhadproposedforplantsandanimalsinnature. .SocialDarwinism SocialDarwinists,heldthatthelifeofhumansinsocietywasastruggleforexistenceruledby"survivalofthefittest"（适者生存） Thetheorywasusedfromthelate19thcenturytosupportlaissez-faire（放任政策）capitalismandpoliticalconservatism（保守主义） SocialDarwinismdeclinedasscientificknowledgeexpandedSupply-sideeconomic供应经济学 Supply-sideeconomicsisaschoolofmacroeconomic(整体经济）thought Economicgrowthcanbemosteffectivelycreatedbyloweringbarriersforpeopletoproduce(supply)goodsandservices,suchasloweringincometaxandcapitalgainstaxrates,andbyallowinggreaterflexibilitybyreducingregulation.Supply-sideeconomic Accordingtosupply-sideeconomics,consumerswillthenbenefitfromagreatersupplyofgoodsandservicesatlowerprices.PaulMoritzWarburg保罗莫里茨Earlylife BorninHamburg,Germany,totheWarburgbankingfamily. 1886heenteredtheemployofSimonHauer,aHamburgimporterandexporter,tolearnthefundamentalsofbusinesspractice.PaulMoritzWarburgCareer 1907becameknownasapersuasiveadvocate（律师）ofcentralbankinginAmerica 1910waselectedadirectorofWellsFargo&Company 1913HiseffortsweresuccessfulwiththefoundingoftheFederalReserveSystem 1919foundedandbecamefirstchairmanoftheAmericanAcceptanceCouncil.laissez-faire放任政策/不干涉主义 FromtheFrench,meaningtoleavealoneortoallowtodo ItisthoughtthatthetermoriginatedwithFrançoisLegendre’susageofitinthemid-seventeenthcentury. Laissez-fairecapitalismisaneconomicsystemNegativeincometax（NIT）负所得税 Ineconomics,anegativeincometaxisaprogressiveincometaxsystemwherepeopleearningbelowacertainamountreceivesupplementalpayfromthegovernmentinsteadofpayingtaxestothegovernment.Negativeincometax DevelopedbyBritishpoliticianJulietRhysWilliamsinthe1940s LatertheUnitedStateseconomistMiltonFriedmancombinedNITwithhisflattax(统一税）proposals.NegativeincometaxThemaindrawback（不利条件） TheNITmightreducetheincentive(动机）towork,sincerecipientsoftheNITwouldreceiveaguaranteedminimumwageequaltothegovernmentpaymentintheabsenceofemployment Itrequiresconsiderablereportingandsupervision（监督）inordertoavoidfraud（诡计）MiltonFriedman米尔顿弗里德曼 AnAmericaneconomist,statistician（统计学家）andauthorwhowriteCapitalismandFreedomin1962 Hispoliticalphilosophyemphasizestheadvantageoffreemarketeconomyandagainstthegovernment’sintervention(介入）. TheimportantpointofFriedman’stheory:Adhere（拥护）totheeconomicfreedomMiltonFriedmanHonorsandawards 1951JohnBatesClarkMedal 1976theNobelMemorialPrizeinEconomicSciences 1988PresidentialMedalofScienceMiltonFriedman MiltonFriedman'sideasconcerningmonetary（货币的）policy,taxation,privatization（私有化）andderegulation（撤销管制 规定 关于下班后关闭电源的规定党章中关于入党时间的规定公务员考核规定下载规定办法文件下载宁波关于闷顶的规定 ）influencedgovernmentpolicies,especiallyduringthe1980s. ItinfluencedtheFederalReserve'sresponseto theglobalfinancialcrisisAdamSmith（亚当斯密） BorninScotland. Oneofthose18thcenturyScottishmoralphilosopherswhoseimpulsesledtoourmoderndaytheories Hisworkmarksthebreakthroughofanevolutionaryapproachwhichhasprogressivelydisplaced（取代）theAristotelian（亚里士多德）view.DavidRicardo大卫李嘉图 Apoliticaleconomist Oftencreditedwithsystematizingeconomics（系统化经济学） Oneofthemostinfluentialoftheclassicaleconomists Mostfamouswork：PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomyandTaxation18thApril,1772–11thSeptember,1823),JohnD.Rockefeller约翰洛克菲勒 AnAmericanoilindustrialist（实业家）,investor,andphilanthropist（慈善家） ThefounderoftheStandardOilCompany（美孚石油公司）,whichdominatedtheoilindustryandwasthefirstgreatU.S.businesstrust. Hisfoundationspioneered（倡导）thedevelopmentofmedicalresearch,andwereinstrumentalintheeradication（根除）ofhookworm（钩虫）andyellowfever（黄热病）.(July8,1839–May23,1937) Thankyou Group1:22.罗佳慧20.刘烨明 05.陈晓琳04.陈述 16.梁欣艺