纺织英语第三版课文中文翻译

PAGE/NUMPAGESLessonTwoCottonPropertiesandUsesArelativelyhighlevelofmoistureabsorptionandgoodwickingpropertieshelpmakecottononeofthemorecomfortablefibers.Becauseofthehydroxylgroupsinthecellulose,cottonhasahighattractionforwater.Aswaterentersthefiber,cottonswellsanditscrosssectionbecomesmorerounded.Thehighaffinityformoistureandtheabilitytoswellwhenwetallowcottontoabsorbaboutone-fourthofitsweightinwater.Thismeansthatinhotweatherperspirationfromthebodywillbeabsorbedincottonfabrics,transportedalongtheyarnstotheoutersurfaceoftheclothandevaporatedintotheair.Thus,thebodywillbeaidedinmaintainingitstemperature.相对较好的吸湿性和良好的芯吸性使棉纤维成为最舒适的纤维之一。因为纤维素的羟基基团，使得棉花对水有很强的吸引力。当水进入纤维棉，棉开始膨胀，其截面变得更圆。这种高度的亲水性和潮湿时溶胀的性能使棉花可吸水达到其重量的1/4左右。这意味着，在炎热的天气里，身体的汗液会被棉织物吸收，沿着纱线输送到衣物外 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 面并蒸发到空气中。因此，这对维持体温有帮助。Unfortunately,thehydrophilicnatureofcottonmakesitsusceptibletowater-bornestains.Water-solublecolorantssuchasthoseincoffeeorgrapejuicewillpenetratethefiberalongwiththewater;whenthewaterevaporates,thecolorantistrappedinthefiber.Perhapsthemajordisadvantagetocottongoodsistheirtendencytowrinkleandthedifficultyofremovingwrinkles.Therigidityofcottonfiberreducestheabilityofyarnstoresistwrinkling.Whenthefibersarebenttoanewconfiguration,thehydrogenbondswhichholdthecellulosechainstogetherarerupturedandthemoleculesslideinordertominimizethestresswithinthefiber.Thehydrogenbondsreforminthenewpositions,sothatwhenthecrushingforceisremovedthefibersstayinthenewpositions.Itistheruptureandreformationofthehydrogenbondsthathelpstomaintainwrinkles,sothatcottongoodsmustbeironed.遗憾的是，棉纤维的亲水性使得它容易受到水渍。如咖啡或葡萄汁的水溶性色素会随着水分渗入纤维；当水分蒸发后，着色剂会停留在纤维上。也许棉产品主要的缺点就是其会起皱以及难以抗皱。棉纤维的刚性使得纱线抗皱性能降低。当纤维弯曲成新的结构时，将纤维素链连结起来的氢键断裂，同时分子滑移以减少纤维中的应力。氢键在新的位置重键，因而挤压的外力去除，纤维停留在新的位置。正是氢键的断裂与重键使得织物保持褶皱，所以棉织物需要熨烫。Cottonisamoderatelystrongfiberwithgoodabrasionresistanceandgooddimensionalstability.Itisresistanttotheacids,alkalies,andorganicsolventsnormallyavailabletoconsumers.Butsinceitisanaturalmaterial,itissubjecttoattackbyinsects,moldsandfungus.Mostprominentisthetendencyforcottontomildewifallowedtoremaindamp.棉纤维是具有良好的耐磨性和尺寸稳定性，强度适中的纤维。它耐酸，耐碱以及有机溶剂，消费者普遍接纳。但由于它是一种天然物质，它受昆虫，霉菌和真菌攻击。最突出的是棉一旦放在持续潮湿的环境下会发霉。Cottonresistssunlightandheatwell,althoughdirectexposuretoconstantstrongsunlightwillcauseyellowingandeventualdegradationofthefiber.Yellowingmayalsooccurwhencottongoodsaredriedingasdryers.Thecolorchangeistheresultofachemicalreactionbetweencelluloseandoxygenornitrogenoxidesinthehotairinthedryer.Cottonswillretaintheirwhitenesslongerwhenline-driedordriedintheelectricdryer.棉纤维耐光，耐热，尽管直接暴晒在持续的强光下会引起发黄，并最终引起纤维的降解。变黄也可能出现在棉产品被气体干燥剂干燥时。颜色的变化是纤维素和氧或二氧化氮在热空气中干燥的化学反应的结果。棉花自然挂干或烘干机烘干会长时间保持其白度。Ofmajorinterestisthefactthatcottonyarnisstrongerwhenwetthanwhendry.Thispropertyisaconsequenceofthemacro-andmicro-structuralfeaturesofthefiber.Aswaterisabsorbed,thefiberswellsanditscrosssectionbecomesmorerounded.Usuallytheabsorptionofsuchalargeamountofforeignmaterialwouldcauseahighdegreeofinternalstressandleadtoweakeningofthefiber.Incotton,however,theabsorptionofwatercausesadecreaseintheinternalstresses.Thus,withlessinternalstressestoovercome,theswollenfiberbecomesstronger.Atthesametime,theswollenfiberswithintheyarnspressuponeachothermorestrongly.Theinternalfrictionstrengthenstheyarns.Inaddition,theabsorbedwateractsasaninternallubricantwhichimpartsahigherlevelofflexibilitytothefibers.Thisaccountsforthefactthatcottongarmentsaremoreeasilyironedwhendamp.Cottonfabricsaresusceptibletoshrinkageuponlaundering.值得关注的是，棉纱线在潮湿环境下比在干燥环境下强度更大。这种性质是棉纤维宏观和微观结构特征的结果。当水被吸收，纤维膨胀，其截面变得更圆。通常这种大量的外来物质的吸收会导致内部应力较高，导致纤维弱化。然而，棉纤维吸水导致内部应力减少。因此，减少克服内部应力，肿胀的纤维变得强度更大。同时，纱线中的溶胀纤维之间的互相挤压更强烈，内部的摩擦力增强了纱线强度。此外，所吸收的水作为一种内部润滑剂，赋予纤维较高水平的灵活性。这解释了棉衣物潮湿时更容易熨烫，棉织物洗水时易收缩。Perhapsmorethananyotherfiber,cottonsatisfiestherequirementsofapparel,homefurnishings,recreational,andindustrialuses.Itprovidesfabricsthatarestrong,lightweight,pliable,easilydried,andreadilylaundered.Inapparel,cottonprovidesgarmentsthatarecomfortable,readilydriedinbright,long-lastingcolors,andeasytocarefor.Themajordrawbacksareapropensityforcottonyamstoshrinkandforcottonclothtowrinkle.Shrinkagemaybecontrolledbytheapplicationofshrink-resistantfinishes.Durable-presspropertiesmaybeimpartedbychemicaltreatmentorbyblendingcottonwithmorewrinkle-resistantfibers,suchaspolyester.棉也许比其他任何纤维更能满足服装，家居家具，休闲和工业用途的要求。它提供了强度大，轻薄，柔软，快干，易清洗功能的织物。在衣物方面，棉带来了舒适、在光下快干、色彩持久、容易打理的服饰。它主要的缺点是棉纱线会缩水和棉布会起皱。缩水可以应用防缩后整理来控制。耐用性能可以通过化学处理或在棉纤维混纺中使用抗皱纤维，如涤纶来实现。Inhomefurnishings,cottonservesindurable,general-servicefabrics.Althoughtheymaylacktheformalappearanceofmaterialsmadefromotherfibers,cottongoodsprovideacomfortable,homeyenvironment.Cottonfabricshavebeenthemainstayofbedlinensandtowelsfordecades,becausetheyarecomfortable,durable,andmoisture-absorbent.Polyester/cottonblendsprovidethemodernconsumerwithno-ironsheetsandpillowcasesthatretainacrisp,freshfeel.在家居用品中，棉产品担当了实用而全方位服务的织物。虽然他们可能没有其他纤维材质的美观，但棉织品（为我们）提供了一个舒适，温馨的环境。棉织物一直是几十年来的床单和毛巾的主要材质，因为他们非常舒适，耐用且具有吸湿性。涤/棉混纺织物为现代顾客提供了无须熨烫的床单和枕套，保持织物清新。Forrecreationaluse,cottonhastraditionallybeenusedfortentingandcampinggear,boatsails,tennisshoesandsportswear.Cottonisparticularlywell-suitedfortent.Atentfabricmustbeableto"breath",sothattheoccupantsarenotsmotheredintheirowncarbondioxide.Furthermore,exchangeofairwiththeoutsideatmospherereducesthehumiditywithinthetentandkeepsitfrombecomingstuffy.Fabricswovenfromcottoncanbeopenenoughtoprovidegoodairpermeabilityforcomfort.Tentsshouldalsoshedwater,whenwetbyrain,cottonyarnsswell,reducingtheintersticesbetweentheyarnsandresistingthepenetrationofwater.Today,however,heavycanvasgearisbeingsupplantedbylight-weightnylonintentingequipment.娱乐用途上，棉织物一向应用于帐篷和野营装备、船帆、运动鞋和运动服。棉织物特别适合制作帐篷。帐篷织物必须能够“呼吸”，让居住者不会被自己的二氧化碳窒息。此外，与外界空气的流通减少了帐篷里面的湿度并使它不变得那么闷热。棉的机织物可以充分拉开，它具有良好的透气性以供舒适。帐篷应该能使水分流走，当被雨水打湿，棉纱膨胀，减少纱线之间的间隙，提高防水性。然而，沉重的帆布齿轮将被轻质尼龙帐篷装备取代。Cottoncord,twineandropesareusedinindustrytobind,hold,andlashallkindsofthings,frombalestoboats.Cottonyarnsareusedtoreinforcebeltsondrivemotorsandinworkclothing.棉线，麻绳和绳索被应用在捆绑、拉伸、鞭打各种物品的行业中，成捆吊上船。棉纱线用作电动机和工作服的加强带。LessonFiveStructureandPropertiesofWoolUnderthemicroscopicobservation,thelengthofthewoolfibershowsascalestructure.Thesizeofthescalevariesfromverysmalltocomparativelybroadandlarge.Asmanyas700scalesarefoundin1cmoffinewool,whereascoarsewoolmayhaveasfewas275percm.Finewooldoesnothaveasclearanddistinctscalesascoarsewool,buttheycanbeidentifiedunderhighmagnification.显微观察下，羊毛纤维的长度显示出鳞片结构。鳞片的大小不同，很小到相当宽大都有。1厘米细羊毛里面可以找到700个鳞片，而粗毛每厘米少到275个。细羊毛没有粗羊毛那样清晰突出的鳞片，但他们可以在高倍镜下辨识出来。Acrosssectionofwoolshowsthreedistinctpartstothefiber.Theouterlayer,calledcuticle,iscomposedofthescales.Thesescalesaresomewhathornyandirregularinshape,andtheyoverlap,withthetoppointingtowardsthetipofthefiber;theyaresimilartofishscales.Themajorportionofthefiberisthecortex(composedofcorticalcells);thisextendstowardthecenterfromthecuticlelayer.Corticalcellsarelongandspindle-shapedandprovidefiberstrengthandelasticity.Thecortexaccountsforapproximately90percentofthefibermass.Inthecenterofthefiberisthemedulla.Thesizeofthemedullavariesandinfinefibersmaybeinvisible.Thisistheareathroughwhichfoodreachedthefiberduringgrowth,anditcontainspigmentthatgivescolortofibers.羊毛的横截面显示出了三个不同部分的纤维。外面那层，称为角质层，由鳞片形成。这些鳞片形状有点棱角，并不规则又互相重叠，由毛根指向毛尖；它们类似鱼鳞。纤维的主要部分是皮质（由皮层细胞构成）；它延伸至角质层的中心。皮质细胞呈长梭形，赋予了纤维一定的强度和弹性。皮质大概占了纤维团的90%。在纤维的中心是中腔。中腔的尺寸不一，细羊毛可能是看不见（中腔）的。这是在纤维生长过程中养分到达了纤维部分，里面包含了给纤维上色的染料。Woolfibersvaryinlengthfrom3.8toabout38cm.Mostauthoritieshavedeterminedthatfinecoolsareusuallyfrom3.8to12.7cm;mediumwoolfrom6.4to15.2cm;andlong(coarse)coolsfrom12.7to38cm.羊毛纤维长度在3.8到38厘米不等。多数专家已判定，细羊毛通常从3.8到12.7厘米；中毛从6.4到15.2厘米；长（粗）毛从12.7到38厘米。Thewidthofwoolalsovariesconsiderably.FinefiberssuchasMerinohaveanaveragewidthofabout15to17microns;whereasmediumwoolaverages24to34micronsandcoarsewoolabout40microns.Somewoolfibersareexceptionallystiffandcoarse;thesearecalledKempandaverageabout70micronsindiameter.羊毛的宽度也有很大的差别。细羊毛如美利奴，有约15至17微米的平均宽度；而中羊毛平均为24至34微米和粗羊毛约40微米。有些羊毛纤维非常僵硬和粗糙，这些就是所谓的死毛，平均直径约70微米。Thewoolfibercrosssectionmaybenearlycircular,butmostwoolfiberstendtobeslightlyellipticalorovalinshape.Woolfibershaveanaturalcrimp,abuilt-inwaviness.Thecrimpincreasestheelasticityandelongationpropertiesofthefiberandalsoaidsinyarnmanufacturing.Itisthree-dimensionalincharacter;inotherwords,itnotonlymovesaboveandbelowacentralaxisbutalsomovestotherightandleftoftheaxis.羊毛纤维横截面为近圆形，但大多数羊毛纤维往往形状略呈椭圆形或卵形。羊毛纤维天然卷曲，有内置的波纹。卷曲增加了纤维的弹性和延伸性，也有助于纱线制造。它呈三维结构的；换句话说，它不仅围着纤维轴上下缠绕而且左右缠绕。Thereissomelustertowoolfibers.Fineandmediumwooltendstohavemorelusterthanverycoarsefibers.Fiberswithahighdegreeoflusteraresilkyinappearance.羊毛纤维有光泽。细中的羊毛往往比较粗的羊毛纤维有光泽。光泽度高的纤维外观光滑。Thecolorofthenaturalwoolfiberdependsonthebreedofsheep.Mostwool,afterscouring,isayellowish-whiteorivorycolor.Somefibersmaybegray,black,tanorbrown.天然羊毛纤维的颜色取决于羊的品种。冲刷后，大多数毛，是淡黄色偏白色或象牙色。有些纤维可能是灰色的，黑色的，褐色或棕色。Thetenacityofwoolis1.0to1.7gramsperdenierwhendry;whenwet,itdropsto0.7to1.5g/d.Comparedwithmanyotherfibers,woolisweak,andthisweaknessrestrictsthekindsofyarnsandfabricconstructionsthatcanbeusedsatisfactorily.However,ifyarnsandfabricsofoptimumweightandtypeareproduced,theend-useproductwillgivecommendablewearandretainshapeandappearance.Fiberpropertiessuchasresiliency,elongation,andelasticrecoverycompensateforthelowstrength.羊毛的强度是干燥时1至1.7克/旦；湿润时，它下降到0.7至1.5克/旦。与其他许多纤维相比，羊毛较弱，这一弱点限制了纱线和织物满足人们可用的结构种类。然而，一旦最佳重量和类型的纱线和织物生产出来后，最终使用的产品将会带来超赞的耐磨性，保形性和外观。纤维的性能如回弹性、延伸性和弹性恢复率弥补了其低强度的不足。Woolhasexcellentelasticityandextensibility.Atstandardconditionsthefiberwillextendbetween20and40percent.Itmayextendmorethan70percentwhenwet.Recoveryissuperior.Aftera2percentelongationthefiberhasanimmediateregainorrecoveryof99percent.Evenat10percentextension,ithasarecoveryofwellover50percent,whichishigherthanforanyotherfiberexceptnylon.羊毛纤维具有优良的弹性和灵活性。在 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 条件下，羊毛纤维能延伸20%至40%之间。潮湿环境下，它可以延伸到70%以上。恢复率超强。施加2%伸长之后，纤维能够立即恢复，恢复率达到99%。甚至在10%的延伸后，它也有50%以上的恢复率，除了尼龙，它比其他任何纤维都要高。Theresiliencyofwoolisexceptionallygood.Itwillreadilyspringbackintoshapeaftercrushingorcreasing.However,throughtheapplicationofheat,moistureandpressure,durablecreasesorpleatscanbeputintowoolfabrics.Thiscreaseorpressretentionistheresultofmolecularadjustmentandtheformationofnewcross-linkagesinthepolymer.Besidesresistancetocrushingandwrinkling,theexcellentresilienceofwoolfibergivesthefabricitsloft,whichproducesopen,porousfabricswithgoodcoveringpower,orthick,warmfabricsthatarelightinweight.Woolisveryflexibleandpliable,soitcombineseaseofhandlingandcomfortwithgoodshaperetention.羊毛的回弹性非常好。它可以在碾压折皱之后恢复原形。然而，通过加热、加湿和施力，持久的折痕或皱纹会在羊毛织物上形成。这种折痕的持久是分子的变动和聚合物中新的交叉链的形成结果。除了抗压抗皱，羊毛纤维优良的回弹性赋予织物活力，这样形成了通气多孔的织物的良好的遮盖力，厚而保暖的植物的重量轻。羊毛非常灵活柔软，所以它结合简易的操作性和良好的保形性于一身。Thestandardmoistureregainofwoolis13.6to16.0percent.Undersaturationconditions,woolwillabsorbmorethan29percentofitsweightinmoisture.Thisabilitytoabsorbisresponsibleforthecomfortofwoolinhumid,coldatmospheres.Aspartofthemoistureabsorptionfunction,woolproducesorliberatesheat.However,aswetwoolbeginstodry,theevaporationcausesheattobeabsorbedbythefiber,and"chilling"maybeexperienced,thoughthechillingfactorissloweddownastheevaporationrateisreduced.Thepropertyofmoistureabsorptionanddesorptionpeculiartowoolandsimilarhairfibersiscalledhygroscopicbehavior.Woolacceptscolorsandfinisheseasilybecauseofitsmoistureabsorptionproperties.羊毛的标准回潮率为13.6%～16%。饱和条件下，羊毛能吸收其重量29%以上的水分。这种吸收能力，使得羊毛在潮湿、冷气的环境下生存。至于吸湿功能，羊毛产生并释放热量。然而，当湿羊毛开始干燥，蒸发引起的热气被羊毛纤维吸收，尽管当蒸发率降低时致冷因素减缓，但羊毛经历了制冷。羊毛和类似头发纤维的这种吸收湿气和脱浮的特有的性能称为吸湿行为。毛的染色和后整理也因其吸湿性能变得简单容易操作。Despitetheabsorptionpropertiesofwool,ithasanunusualpropertyofexhibitinghydrophobiccharacteristics.Thatis,ittendstoshedliquideasilyandappearsnottoabsorbmoisture.Thecauseisacombinationoffactors:interfacialsurfacetension,uniformdistributionofpores,andlowbulkdensity.Thesemoisturepropertieshelpmakewoolverydesirableforuseinavarietyofsituationswheremoisturecanbeaproblemtocomfort.尽管羊毛具有吸收性能，它也显示出疏水特性的独特性能。那就是说，它往往容易流动液体却不吸收水分。原因是多种因素的结合：界面表面张力，孔隙分布均匀与低的容积密度。这些水分特性使羊毛可以非常理想地使用在各种情况下，水分成为了一个容易解决的问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 。Woolfibersarenotdimensionallystable.Thestructureofthefibercontributestoashrinkingandfeltingreactionduringprocessing,useandcare.Thisisdue,inpart,tothescalestructureofthefiber.Whensubjectedtoheat,moisture,andagitation,thescalestendtopulltogetherandmovetowardthefibertip.Thispropertyisnoticeableinyarnsandfabricsandisresponsibleforbothfeltingandrelaxationshrinkage.羊毛纤维没有稳定的尺寸。纤维的结构有助于加工、使用、保养过程中的缩绒和毡缩反应。在某种程度上，这是因为纤维的鳞片结构。当受到加热，加湿和搅拌处理时，鳞片拉在一起指向毛尖。这是纱线和织物的显著性质，决定了毡缩和缩绒回缩率。LessonFourteenStapleFiberSpinning(1)Staplefibersarriveattheyarnprocessingplantinlargebales.Tomakeyarns,fibersmustbeofsimilarlengthandrelativelyuniformsothatthespunyarncanbeofuniformquality.Toaccomplishthis,fibersfromavarietyofproductionlots,fields,oranimalsmustbeblendedtogether.短纤维用大棉仓送至纺纱加工厂。为了织造纱线，纤维必须长度接近、相对均匀，这样纺出来的纱线才能达到稳定的质量。为了完成这一点，不同生产批号、来自不同产地和动物身上的纤维必须先混合在一起。Severalbalesorcartonsoffibersareplacedintheopening,cleaning,andblendingarea.Somefibersfromeachbaleorcartonarefedintotheopenerandblender.Itisimportanttoseparateor"open"thefibermasstoasinglefiberstate,orasclosetothataspossible.Theopeningandblendingmachinesseparatethefibersandblendfibersfromthedifferentbalesorcartons.Thetechniqueuseddiffersaccordingtothetypeofopeningorblendingmachineused.在开清棉车间，不同棉包或棉箱的棉花被开松、除杂、混合。每个棉包或棉箱的棉花部分被喂入开棉机和混棉机。尤其重要的是要分散并“开松”棉（纤维）团至单根纤维状态，尽可能地接近这种状态。开棉机和混棉机将从不同棉包(箱)取来的棉纤维开松并混合。采用的工艺随开棉机、混棉机类型的不同而有差异。Intheintermittentsystemthefibersareseparatedfromthebalesandfedontoaspikedapronorlatticethatcarriesthefibersfromthefeedareatothecleaningandopeningarea.Theopeningoperationseparatesthefibersintoaloose,fluffymass.Theseloosefibersarefedintoahopper,whereameasuredamountislaidonaconveyorbeltanddeliveredtothepickingunit,whereadditionalblendingoccurs.Thepickerfurtheropens,cleans,andblendsfibersthroughasystemofrollersandforcedair.Theblendoffibersisblownontoacollectingcylindertoformafiberlayer.Asthecylinderrotates,thelayeroffibersisrolledofftoformthepickerlap.Thisisthentakentothecardunit.在间歇性纺纱系统中，纤维由成捆被拆分并喂入皮圈或输送帘，它们（皮圈或输送帘）会将纤维从喂穿机构传送至除杂、开松机构。开松机器将纤维分离成蓬松的纤维团，这些松散的纤维被喂入棉箱，以一定量放置在传送带并送达至清棉装置，进一步进行混合。清棉机进一步通过罗拉和高压气流系统进行开松、除杂并混合。混合后的纤维被吹送至集棉锡林，形成了纤维层。当锡林旋转时，纤维层滚落下来形成棉卷，之后被送至梳棉机构。Duringthisoperationmostofthedirtandimpuritiesthatmightbepresentareremovedbyeithergravityorcentrifugalforce.Cottonfibersreceivemoreopeningandblendingthanman-madefibers,sincetheyhavemoreimpuritiesandgreatervariationthandoman-madefibers.在此工序,大部分尘土和杂质通过重力和离心力的作用被除去。棉纤维将比人造纤维经历更多开松和除杂程序，因为棉纤维与人造纤维相比，杂质更多，不均匀度更大。Thecontinuoussystemformakingring-spunyarnstakesfibersdirectlyfromthebaleandprocessesthemautomaticallythroughtoatleastthecardsliverstate.Furtherstepsmaybeconnectedtothecardsothatthecardslivermovesonthroughadditionalprocessesautomatically.Thevariousstepsinmakingring-spunyarnsaredescriedinthefollowingparagraphs.在生产环锭纱线时,如果采用连续加工系统,则纤维从棉包开始,要自动加工至少到梳棉棉条（生条）阶段。下一步的加工可以与梳棉机联接,这样棉条会自动地进入下一工序。织造环锭纺纱线的不同步骤会在下一段加以描述。Balesareplacedintosometypeofautomaticfiberfeedunit.Metalfingerspulltuftsoffiberfromthebale.Thesefibersarefedtotheopening,cleaning,andblendingarea;theyarethenconveyedtoahopperfordirectfeedtothecardingframe.Sliversfromthecardgodirectlytothedrawingframesandmayactuallybefedcontinuouslythroughtotherovingprocess.棉包被放置在某种自动喂棉机上,金属抓棉刀片从棉包中抓取棉块,然后将棉块送至开清混棉区；之后棉纤维运送入棉箱传送给梳棉机。从梳棉机出来的棉条可直接进入并条机,实际上也可直接喂入粗纱机。Yarnsmadeonautomaticequipmenttendtobemoreuniformandmaybestrongerthandiscontinuousprocessyarn.Productionspeedisconsiderablyfasterforcontinuousprocesses,laborcostsarereduced,andplantsstaycleaner.在自动装置上生产的纱线与用间歇性系统生产的纱线相比,条干更均匀,强度更高。连续化生产的速度较高,节省人力,工厂也比较清洁。Nomatterwhichsystemisused,thequalityofthefinalyarnisdependentlargelyontheselectionoffibersandonthethoroughnessoftheopening,cleaning,blending,andpickingoperations.不管采用怎样的加工系统,纱线的最终质量主要取决于原料的选择和开棉、除杂、混棉的彻底性以及清棉加工。Intheintermittentordiscontinuoussystemsthepickerlapisplacedattherearofthecardframetosupplyfibers.Intheautomaticsystemthefibersareheldinahopperandfedinalooseformdirectlytothecard.Cardingcontinuesthecleaningofthefibers;itremovesfiberstooshortforuseinyarns.Theprocesspartiallyalignsthefiberssothattheirlongitudinalaxesaresomewhatparallel.Cardingisaccomplishedbywirecardsorgranularcards.Wirecardscontaintwolayersofcardclothingconsistingofwireflats(rectangularshapes)inwhichfreewirefinewirepinsareanchored.Theflatsareattachedtoasteelcylinderandtoanendlessbeltthatrotatesoverthetopportionofthecylinder.Thetwosetsofpinsmoveinthesamedirection,butatdifferentspeeds,toteasethefibersintoafilmylayer,sothatathinweboffibersisformedonthecylinder.Thisthinwebisgatheredintoasoftmassandpulledintoaropelikestrandoffibers,calledasliver.Thesliverispulledthroughacone-shapedoutletanddoffedordeliveredtocansortoaconveyerbelt.Granularcardsaresimilartowirecardsexceptthatthecardclothingismadeofaroughgranularsurfacesomewhatsimilartoroughsandpaper.在间歇性系统中,清棉棉卷放置在梳棉机的机尾处,为梳棉机提供原料。如果采用自动化的加工系统,纤维则通过喂棉箱以松散纤维的形式直接喂入梳棉机。梳棉工序继续进行除杂工作,除去不宜纺纱的短纤维。在此工序纤维大部分被理顺,这样纤维沿轴向呈一定程度的平行状态。梳棉工作是由钢丝梳棉机或微粒梳棉机完成的。钢丝梳棉机由两层针布组成，针布由组合盖板(长方形)组成,在盖板上置有细细的梳针。有的盖板则固定在锡林上;有的被固定在一个环状的带子上,带子沿锡林上方回转。两组梳针的运动方向相同,但速度不同,目的是将纤维梳理成薄薄的一层。这样在锡林上就形成了一个薄薄的纤维层。薄薄的纤维层汇聚成一个柔软的棉束并被拉伸成条子,通常被称之为棉条(生条)。棉条从喇叭口输出,被送到条筒内或传送带上。微粒梳棉机与针布梳棉机相似,不同的是其"针布"表面是粗的微粒,与粗砂纸相似。Thecardsliverisnotcompletelyuniformindiameter,andthefibersaresomewhatrandominarrangement.Somefabricsaremadeofyarnsthathavereceivedonlythiscardingoperationpriortodrawingandrovingformation.However,somefabricsrequireyarnsoffinerquality,particularlyfine-qualitycottonfabrics,andtheserequirecombedyarnsratherthancarded.Whencottonandman-madefibersarecombined.Itiscommonforthecottonfiberstoreceivethecombingstepbeforethetwotypesoffibersarecombined.Foryarnsthatrequiretheadditionalstep,thecardslivergoesthroughthebreaker-drawingstepandthentothecombingoperation.梳棉棉条的直径并不是完全均匀的。其内部纤维是随意排列的。有一些织物是由在并条、粗纱工序之前只进行梳棉的纱线制成的。但是如果织物需要高质量的纱线,特别是一些高级棉织物,就需要精梳纱而不是粗梳纱。当棉与人造纤维混纺时,通常二者混合这前,棉纤维要经过精梳工序。对于需要精梳的纱线,梳棉棉条通过头道并条后,进入精梳工序进行加工。LessonFifteenStapleFiberSpinning(2)Forhighqualitycottonyarnsofsuperiorevenness,smoothness,fineness,andstrength,fibersarecombedaswellascarded.Cardsliversarefedtothebreaker-drawingframe,whereseveralcardsliversarecombined.Thebreak-drawingunitpullsoutthefibersintoathinlayer,andreformsanewsliver.Thedrawingisaccomplishedbycontrollingthespeedofaseriesofrollers.Eachsetofwhichoperatesfasterthantheonebehindit.Thelayerofsliversispulledthroughtherollersatincreasingspeeds;asthelayerleavestheunit,thefibersarepulledintoanewsliveranddeliveredtocansreadyforthecombingframe.Forty-eightsliversfromthebreaker-drawingunitarecombinedtoformthelapforthecomber.Thesliversarefedthroughalapperthatmakesthemtoathinlayeroffibersthatiswoundontoaroll.Theserolls,eachweighingabout13.6kg,aretakentothecombingframe.Thelayeroffibersisfedintothecombingarea,wherefinemetalwirescleanoutremainingshortfibersandimpuritiesandfurtherparallelthefiberinthecomberlap.为了生产高度均匀、光滑、纤细并具有较高强度的高质量棉纱,纤维既要经过粗梳(梳棉),也要经过精梳。梳棉棉条喂人头道并条机,在头道并条机上几根梳棉棉条并合在一起。头道并条机将梳棉棉条的纤维梳理平行顺直并拉伸成薄层,再重新形成棉条。牵伸(抽长拉细)是通过控制一系列罗拉的转速变化来实现的。沿棉层的前进方向,每一对罗拉的转速均高于前一对罗拉的转速。这样棉层在高速时被罗拉拉出。在棉层被输出时,被拉伸成一根新的棉条,送至精梳机的条筒。在头道并条机上出来的48根棉条并合在一起制成精梳机所需要的棉条。送入成卷机的棉条被拉伸成薄层并卷绕在筒管上。这些每个重约13．6公斤的筒管放置在精梳机上。纤维层被输送至梳理区，梳理区的细梳针将残留的短纤维及杂质清除，并使精梳条子中的纤维进一步排列顺直。Duringthecombingoperationasmuchas20percentofthefibersmayberemoved.Thiswasteissoldtomanufacturersofnonwovenproductsandtootherswhohaveuseforshortfibers.Thefibersremainingformathinweborlayer;thisweboffibersispulledtogether,fedthroughaconeandunderagearedwheelthathelpstoholdthefiberstogether,anddeliveredasacombsliver.在梳棉过程中，多达20%的纤维会被除掉。这些被浪费的纤维被销售给无纺布的制造业其他需要使用短纤维的人。留下的纤维形成一个薄薄的纤维网或叫纤维层。纤维层通过一个喇叭口及一个齿轮被拉伸，以便汇聚在一起,输出成为精梳棉条。Finisherdrawing末道并条Sliversfromeitherthecardingunitorthecombingunit,dependingontheultimateyarndesired,areprocessedthroughthefinisher-drawingordraftingframe.Thisistheprocessbywhichfibersofdifferenttypescanbeblendedtogethertoformblendedyarns.Eightsliversaredrawgethertoproducethedrawnsliver.Ifa50/50polyester/cottonblendistobemade,therewillbefoursliversofpolyesterfiberandfourofcotton;ifa65/35blendisordered,therewillbefivepolyestersliversandthreecotton.Aswithbreakerdrawing,rollersmovingatdifferentspeedsmoothandcombinethesliversandpullthemintoathinlayerandthenintothedrawnsliver.从梳棉机或精梳机下来的棉条