考研英语早年真题（1986-）详解1999年真题及解析

1999年年全真试题 Part ⅠCloze Test Directions： For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］ and ［D］. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points) Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies 1 low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 2 and active. When the work is well done, a 3 of accidentfree operations is established 4 time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. Successful safety programs may 5 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by 6 rules or regulations. 7 others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety 8 . The fewer the injury 9 , the better the workman’s insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at 10 or at a loss. 1.［A］ at ［B］ in ［C］ on ［D］ with 2.［A］ alive ［B］ vivid ［C］ mobile ［D］ diverse 3.［A］ regulation ［B］ climate ［C］ circumstance ［D］ requirement 4.［A］ where ［B］ how ［C］ what ［D］ unless 5.［A］ alter ［B］ differ ［C］ shift ［D］ distinguish 6.［A］ constituting ［B］ aggravating ［C］ observing ［D］ justifying 7.［A］ Some ［B］ Many ［C］ Even ［D］ Still 8.［A］ comes off ［B］ turns up ［C］ pays off ［D］ holds up 9.［A］ claims ［B］ reports ［C］ declarations ［D］ proclamations 10.［A］ an advantage ［B］ a benefit ［C］ an interest ［D］ a profit Part ⅡReading Comprehension Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］ and ［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points) Passage 1 It’s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes. Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing everlonger warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might—surprise!—fall off. The label on a child’s Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly”. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court. Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries, ” says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete’s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute—a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight—issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities, ” says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability. 11. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened? ［A］ Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits. ［B］ Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system. ［C］ Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings. ［D］ Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised. 12. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to. ［A］ satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products ［B］ become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products ［C］ make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability ［D］ feel obliged to view customers’ safety as their first concern 13. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that. ［A］ some injury claims were no longer supported by law ［B］ helmets were not designed to prevent injuries ［C］ product labels would eventually be discarded ［D］ some sports games might lose popularity with athletes 14. The author’s attitude towards the issue seems to be. ［A］ biased ［B］ indifferent ［C］ puzzling ［D］ objective Passage 2 In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such businesstobusiness sales make sense because business people typically know what product they’re looking for. Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet. Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers’ computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purists. But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon .com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge. 15. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business. ［A］ has been striving to expand its market ［B］ intended to follow a fanciful fashion ［C］ tried but in vain to control the market ［D］ has been booming for one year or so 16. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that. ［A］ the technology is popular with many Web users ［B］ businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions ［C］ there is a radical change in strategy ［D］ it is accessible limitedly to established partners 17. In the view of Net purists, . ［A］ there should be no marketing messages in online culture ［B］ money making should be given priority to on the Web ［C］ the Web should be able to function as the television set ［D］ there should be no online commercial information without requests 18. We learn from the last paragraph that. ［A］ pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce ［B］ interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers ［C］ leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago ［D］ setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power Passage 3 An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom. An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computereducation advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement. There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations. But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since welldeveloped skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose. 19. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is. ［A］ farreaching ［B］ dubiously oriented ［C］ selfcontradictory ［D］ radically reformatory 20. The belief that education is indispensable to all children. ［A］ is indicative of a pessimism in disguise ［B］ came into being along with the arrival of computers ［C］ is deeply rooted in the minds of computered advocates ［D］ originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries 21. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s country the European model of professional training is. ［A］ dependent upon the starting age of candidates ［B］ worth trying in various social sections ［C］ of little practical value ［D］ attractive to every kind of professional 22. According to the author, basic computer skills should be. ［A］ included as an auxiliary course in school ［B］ highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications ［C］ mastered through a lifelong course ［D］ equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwise Passage 4 When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment—although no one had proposed to do so—and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group—the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC)—has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a nearfinal draft of their recommendations. NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells—routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.” Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled. NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC members also indicated that they would appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air”. 23. We can learn from the first paragraph that. ［A］ federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans ［B］ the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning ［C］ NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique ［D］ the White House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning 24. The panel agreed on all of the following except that. ［A］ the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law ［B］ the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control ［C］ it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning ［D］ it would be against ethical values to clone a human being 25. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because. ［A］ embryo research is just a current development of cloning ［B］ the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research ［C］ an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research ［D］ the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law 26. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that. ［A］ some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely ［B］ a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time ［C］ privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal ［D］ the issue of human cloning will soon be settled Passage 5 Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets. How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it. In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought. I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said, “the data are still inconclusive.” “We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?” The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate. What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team”. 27. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that. ［A］ inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments ［B］ science advances when fruitful researches are conducted ［C］ scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research ［D］ unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research 28. The author asserts that scientists. ［A］ shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought ［B］ shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things ［C］ should write more concise reports for technical journals ［D］ should be confident about their research findings 29. It seems that some young scientists. ［A］ have a keen interest in prediction ［B］ often speculate on the future ［C］ think highly of creative thinking ［D］ stick to “scientific method” 30. The author implies that the results of scientific research. ［A］ may not be as profitable as they are expected ［B］ can be measured in dollars and cents ［C］ rely on conformity to a standard pattern ［D］ are mostly underestimated by management Part ⅢEnglishChinese Translation Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) 31）While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian’s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process. 32）Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 33）During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 34）There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method,” frequently fall victim to the “technical fallacy.” Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 35）It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. Section ⅣWriting(15 points) 36. Directions: A. Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in at less than 150 words. B. Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. C. Your essay should cover three points: a. effect of the country’s growing human population on its wildlife, b. possible reasons for the effect, c. your suggestion for wildlife protection 1999年英语试题答案 Part ⅠCloze Test 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. D 8.C 9. A 10. D Part ⅡReading Comprehension Part A Passage 1 11. B 12. C 13.A 14. D Passage 2 15.A 16.C17.D18.B Passage 3 19.B20.D21.C22.A Passage 4 23.B24.C25.D26.A Passage 5 27.A28.B29.D30.A Part Ⅲ EnglishChinese Translation 31.几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但是现代史学家的实践最趋于认为历史学试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。 32.人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。 33.在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。 34.所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。 35.这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者则认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。 Section ⅣWriting(15 points) 36.见分析 试题精解 Part ⅠCloze Test 一、文章总体分析 本文是围绕安全生产这个话题的一篇论证性文章。第一段是安全生产的基本介绍：它不是新事物，而是企业制定并不断实施自己的安全 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 以建立无事故工作氛围的做法。第二段指出，成功有效的安全计划的侧重点各不相同，但都遵循某些基本的思想。第三段强调安全生产对企业的意义：其价值是不可低估的，它决定了工厂的运营是盈利还是亏损。 二、试题具体解析 1.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：介词的用法。难度：0.36 本题空格处的介词和low accident rates搭配成介词短语，做后置定语修饰companies。选项中只有at和with能与rate搭配，at a/the rate（of）意为“以…的速度”，如：She can read at the rate of 100 words a minute.（她一分钟能读100个单词），但我们不能说“低速度事故的（at low accident rates）公司”，因此排除at。with意为“具有，带有”，用来表示附属于一个物品的某种显著的特点，如：a country with a long history（历史悠久的国家），在短文中意为“事故发生率低的公司”。 2.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：形容词词义辨析。难度：0.32 空格处的结构为keep（动词）them（宾语）2（宾补）and active（宾补），其中them指代前面的safety programs，该空的形容词应与active在语义上一致，并且可以修饰safety programs（安全计划）。选项中alive的常用义为“活着的，有活力的”，但它与keep搭配时意为“使继续有效、存在或进行”，如：The argument was kept alive by the politicians.（政治家们还在继续争论那件事）。放入文中，keep safety programs alive从语法和意思上均符合文意。整个句子的大意为：事故发生率低的公司制定自己的安全计划，努力实施它们，并且不断使之发挥作用并保持活力。 3.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：上下文逻辑语义 + 名词词义辨析。难度：0.08 解此题，首先要理解空格后的短语accident free operations意为“无事故操作”，free此处意为“无…的，免…的”，如：a nuclearweaponfree zone（无核武器区）；其次要理解条件从句When the work is well done的含义，根据上文，可知它指的是：当公司能够很好地制定安全计划并贯彻实施时。考生还需注意这里条件从句实际上也反应出它和主句之间是因果关系，即：由于公司能够很好地…，无事故操作的“什么”就可以建立起来了。根据逻辑判断，建立规章（regulation）和要求（requirement）都不是可能的结果。其它两个选项中，climate可以表示“气氛，氛围”，如：a climate of unrest （不安的气氛），它在文中意为“建立一个无事故操作的工作氛围”。干扰项是circumstance，它也可以表示“环境”，但一般用复数，如：The circumstances forced me to accept.（环境迫使我不得不同意）；当它做单数时，含义是“一个情况，一个特定事件”，如：Your arrival was a fortunate circumstance.（你的到来是的一件幸事）。 4.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：定语从句中的关系代词和关系副词。难度：0.38 空格前后部分是两个结构完整的句子：a climate of accident free operations is established（一个无事故操作的工作氛围被建立起来）和time lost is kept at a minimum（工伤损失的时间保持在最低的限度），这时空格处填入的词只有两种可能：一是连词，来表明两者之间的逻辑关系；一是关系代词或关系副词，把后面句子变成前面句子的从句。选项中惟一的连词是unless，但它表达的含义“除非…否则…”放入文中显然不符合逻辑。那么接下来可以肯定空格连接的是一个从句。所在句子可简化为a climate is established4time is kept at a minimum，显然后面的从句只可能修饰先行词climate，从结构上看这是个定语从句，空格处需要一个关系副词，因此排除关系代词what，关系副词how也排除，因为how不能引导定语从句（详解见下面知识点补充）；只有where可以使句子结构合理，它相当于in which，在句中代替in the climate，引导定语从句。从句的完整结构是time is kept at a minimum in the climate（工伤损失的时间在这种氛围里会被保持在最低的限度）。 知识点补充：关系副词when，where和why可以引导定语从句，并在从句中分别表示时间、地点或原因。它们的意思相当于“介词+which结构”，其中when=at/in/on/during which，where=in/at which，why=for which。关系副词how不能引导定语从句，像This is the way how he behaves这样的句子是错误的。如果要用how，句子中就不能有先行词，如：This is how he behaves. 5.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：动词词义和用法辨析。难度：0.53 本题首先考核动词与介词in的搭配。四个选项中，alter和distinguish不能和in搭配，首先应该排除；shift in表示“在…里移动，变换位置”，如：He shifted impatiently in his seat（他不耐烦地在椅子里动来动去），显然这个含义不符合文意需要；differ能与in搭配，意为“在…方面不同”，如：My brother and I differ in many ways.（我和我兄弟在许多方面都不同）。它放入句中符合语法，而且从下文Some place great emphasis on... Others stress safe work也可以看出，空格所在句子的含义应是“成功的安全计划在所强调的重点方面有很大的不同”。 6.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：句内语义+ 动词词义辨析。难度：0.25 空格所在句子是Others stress safe work practices by6rules or regulations，其中others 指代的是other safety programs，by表示方式、手段。本题空格处虽然填入的是动名词，但实际考查的是哪个中心动词可以与宾语rules and regulations（规章制度）搭配。句子的大意是：其它（成功的安全计划）强调通过…规章制度来实施安全作业。A、B和D选项都可以做及物动词，但它们与rules or regulations搭配在意义上都不符合句意，因为通过“组成规章制度”、“加剧规章制度”或“为规章制度进行辩护”都不能达到实施安全作业的目的。只有observe rules or regulations意为“遵守规章制度”，放入句中符合逻辑，而且observe有一个特殊的词义 “遵守（法律、规章、制度等）”。 7.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：固定用法。难度：0.39 由上文可知，成功的安全计划的侧重点有很大的不同。文章对此举出了三个方面的例子： Some place emphasis on mechanical guarding... . Others stress safe work practices... others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker。显然，这三个结构是平行的。空格处需要一个连词或副词来连接。some和many是不定代词，不能接句子，首先被排除；even 意为“甚至，即使”，表递进关系，不符合本题的并列关系。still意为“还有”，是正确选项。在表示三者以上的列举时，常用到some...others...still others...的结构，表示“一些…，一些…，还有一些…”。 8.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：短语语义辨析。难度：0.25 段落首句提到，安全计划的价值毋庸置疑。接着文章从财政的角度来说明这个问题，由于这句话前后没有出现表转折的连词，因此，推知其含义应该是：单从财政的角度来说，安全计划的价值毋庸置疑。此外前文的关键词value和financial都暗示了填入的短语和经济有关。四个短语符合句意的只有pays off（…是值得的，…没有白费），如：John studied hard before the examination, and it paid off. He made an A.（约翰考前学习很刻苦，但这一切没有白费。他考试得了个优）。放入句中，意思是“安全计划是值得的”。 例句补充：The table tennis finals come off tomorrow.（乒乓球决赛明日举行）；Something unexpected has turned up.（发生了意料之外的事情）；They held up under fierce enemy attack（他们顶住了敌人猛烈的进攻）。 9.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑推理 + 名词词义辨析。难度：0.27 这里涉及固定表达形式：the fewer... , the better... （…越少，…越好）。考生关键要判断什么能和“工人的保险率”成反比。显然不应该是“伤害报告”、“伤害声明”或“伤害宣告”，而应该是“伤害索赔”，因为索赔的工人越少，越能够保证他及时得到赔偿。所在句子大意为：“工伤索赔越少，工人的保险率就越大”。the injury claims为固定说法，指“工伤索赔”。 10.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑语义搭配+名词词义辨析。难度：0.50 空格所在部分是the difference between operating at10or at a loss，其中difference和or表明at和空格部分组成的短语和at a loss（亏本）是选择关系，在意义上相反。四个选项中，benefit和advantage都不和at搭配；interest只有做不可数名词时才和at搭配，指“利息”，如：The loan was made at 6 per cent interest（以百分之六的利息贷款）；只有a profit能与at搭配，意为“赢利”，正好与“亏损”相对，符合句意。整句话的含义是“这也就意味着工厂的运营是盈利还是亏损”。 三、 全文 企业安全文化建设方案企业安全文化建设导则安全文明施工及保证措施创建安全文明校园实施方案创建安全文明工地监理工作情况 翻译 安全生产并不是偶然事件：事故发生率低的公司制定自己的安全计划，努力付诸实施，并且不断使之发挥持久效力。如果这项工作做得好，就会建立一个无事故的工作氛围。在这种环境里，因工伤损失的时间会被保持在最低限度。 成功的安全计划强调的重点可能大不相同。有些计划强调机械防护。另一些强调通过遵守规章制度来实施安全作业。还有一些靠的是对工人的感情投入。但是，要获得最好的效果，每一个计划当中都会遵循某些基本的思想。 安全计划的价值不容置疑。单从财政的角度来说，安全计划花钱值得。工伤索赔越少，工人的保险率也就越高。这可能就决定着工厂的运营是盈利还是亏损。 Part ⅡReading Comprehension Passage 1 一、核心词汇注释 ①anticipate vt. *1.预期，预料 例：anticipated the hard winter ahead 预见料到前面的严冬 2.期盼，期待（尤指好事） 例：I anticipated the interview with pleasure. 我愉快地期待着这次会见。 3.早于（别人）采取行动，抢先一步,先于……之前（做） 例：When I arrived, I found that he had anticipated me. 当我到达时我发现他已先到过那里。 ②cape n. ［C］*1.斗篷，披风，披肩 2.（常用于地理名称）海角; 岬 例：the Cape of Good Hope好望角 ③have/get/follow ones (own) way一意孤行，为所欲为，随心所欲 例：Since he insists, Ill let him have his way. 既然他坚持，我就由着他。 ④liable a. *1. （法律上）有赔偿责任的（后跟介词for）例：Manufacturers are liable for any defects in the equipment. 制造商对设备的任何缺陷都负有赔偿责任。2. 易于（可能，倾向于）做某事（尤指不幸的事情） 例：In a depression banks are liable to fail. 萧条时期银行往往倒闭。 3.易出问题的，易得病的；可能受（尤指结果不好的事情）影响（后跟介词to） 例：liable to diabetes 易患糖尿病的；liability n. (法律上对某事物的赔偿等)责任, 义务；负债，债务；受某物影响的倾向（尤指不好的事物） ⑤moderate a. 1.中等的，适度的 例：a moderatesized garden中型花园 2.（尤指政治观点、信仰等）不极端的，温和的，不偏激的 *3. 有节制的，不过分的，合理的 例：moderate wage demands 合理的工资要求 vi.&vt. （使）缓和，（使）减轻，节制，克制 例：The students moderated their demands. 学生们降低了他们的要求。 ⑥side with sb (against sb/sth) 支持某人（反对……），和某人站在一起（反对……） 例：The kids always sided with their mother against me. 孩子们总是和妈妈站在一边，跟我唱对台戏。 ⑦slip vi. *1.滑；滑倒，失足 2.to move quickly, smoothly, or secretly 迅速移动；悄悄溜走（常跟介词或副词使用） 例：Nobody saw her slip silently out.没有人看到她悄悄地溜了出去。 vt. 把……悄悄放在或递给…… 例：I slipped a note into his hand under the table.我偷偷从桌子底下塞给他一张条子。 n. ［C］ 1.滑动；滑倒 2.小纸片，纸条 3.a small mistake小错误 例：a slip of the tongue/pen 口误/笔误 ⑧weight n. 1.［U, C］ 重量，分量 2. a great responsibility or worry重任，重担，重压 例：The news was certainly a weight off my mind. 这个消息真是去掉了我心里的重担。 *3.［U］ importance, influence or strength重要性，影响力，实力 例：The many letter of support added weight to the campaign. 许多声援信增加了这场运动的影响力。 超纲词汇： tort ［ｔｔ］ n.民事侵权行为；tort law 侵权法； bombard ［′ｂｍｂａｄ］ v. 轰炸，轰击；大量提问，大肆抨击，提供过多信息 二、文章结构总体分析 这是一篇法律题材的文章。它客观叙述了人身伤害索赔的来由、发展和变化，以及索赔案所涉及的消费者 (原告)、公司 (被告)和法庭三方面的反应，着重指出法庭态度的转变。 第一段至第三段：介绍过去人身伤害索赔案的特点。由于法庭总是倾向于让公司负责，公司开始写出冗长的警示语来避免承担法律责任。但即使这样也不能保护它们免受制裁。该部分使用了例证法。 第四段：指出现在情况发生了变化，一些法庭开始站到公司（被告）一边，同时警示语开始真正起到保护消费者利益的作用。该部分使用了例证和引证说明。 三、试题具体分析 11.What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened? 11.在20世纪80年代当发生事故时，情况会如何？ [A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits. [A] 顾客可以通过诉讼而免受灾难。 [B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system. [B] 受伤的顾客有望得到法律体制的保护。 [C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings. [C] 公司将通过提供新的警示语避免被起诉。 [D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised. [D] 陪审团倾向于对公司所承诺的赔偿严加挑剔。 [分析] 本题考核的知识点是：具体细节题。难度：0.34 根据题干给出的时间信息1980s定位到第一段末句。该句是一个主从复合句。主句中the thinking指代上一句的内容，即，“还算幸运的是，如果门垫或炉灶上没有警示语提醒你可能发生的危险，那么一场成功的诉讼或许可以补偿你所受的伤害”。has gone中go取其引申义：流传、传播。因此主句的含义是：这种因意外事故受伤后希望通过诉讼获取补偿的想法大约自20世纪80年代初得以传播。关系副词when引导非限定性定语从句，when相当于in 1980s，意为“当时（在20世纪80年代）陪审团开始认为更多的公司应对其客户所遭受的不幸负责”。主从句之间暗含了一个因果关系：因为法庭对事故受害者的保护倾向导致索赔这种想法的广泛传播。本题考的就是末句所陈述的事实，［B］选项是对the thinking的具体阐述，为正确项。 ［A］选项与原文不符，顾客是遭受灾难之后希望通过诉讼得到金钱上的补偿（compensate），而不是“免于灾难”，relieve sb of sth意为free sb from sth unpleasant, arduous or monotonous使（人）从不愉快的、费力的、单调的事情中解脱出来，如：relieve you of a tremendous burden/unwanted advertisements使你卸掉沉重的包袱/免受垃圾广告的骚扰。［C］选项出现了原文中没有的内容new warnings，而且第三段第一句指出，虽然警示语常常是合理而必要的，但是当消费者受伤时，这些警示语能否真正保护制造商和销售商使之免于承担责任，却还很难说。［D］选项文中未提及，文章只提到，陪审团认为公司应对其客户所遭受的不幸负责（第一段末）。 12.Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to. 12.文中提及生产厂商往往。 [A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products [A] 通过在产品上写长长的警示语使顾客满意 [B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products [B] 诚实描述自己产品不足 [C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability [C] 充分利用标签避免法律责任 [D] feel obliged to view customers safety as their first concern [D] 不得不视顾客的安全为自己的第一考虑 [分析] 本题考核的知识点是：具体细节题。难度:0.68 文章第二段提到（由于陪审团认为公司应对客户的不幸负责）公司方面做出的反应是：撰写冗长的警告标签，以预先标明种种可能发生的事故。第三段接着提到，警示语能否真正保护制造商和销售商使之免于承担责任，却还很难说。由此可知生产商利用警示语或标签的真正意图是“避免可能要承担的法律责任”。［C］选项是正确答案。其他选项都不符合文意。 13.The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that. 13.Schutt头盔的案例说明。 [A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law [A] 某些因为伤害提出的索赔不再受法律的保护 [B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries [B] 头盔不是被 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 用来防止伤害的 [C] product labels would eventually be discarded [C] 产品标签最终将被淘汰 [D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes [D] 运动员可能不再热衷于某些体育运动项目 [分析] 本题考核的知识点是：写作目的题。难度：0.69 根据Schutt定位到第四段，在举该例之前作者指出“现在情况似乎正在发生转变。虽然个人受伤索赔的案子像以往一样不断出现，但是一些法庭开始站到被告一边，特别是在有警告标签也可能无法避免事故的案件中”。这正是该例子所要说明的观点。［A］选项是该段主题的概括。［B］选项是Schutt公司总裁辩护时的用词，属部分细节，与目的无关。［C］选项和［D］选项文中未提。 技巧：考生应该注意举例前后的总结往往是其目的所在。因此见到例子时考生应迅速查找其上下文。 14.The authors attitude towards the issue seems to be . 14.作者对所讨论的问题的态度似乎是。 [A] biased [A] 有偏见的 [B] indifferent [B] 冷漠的 [C] puzzling [C] 迷惑不解的 [D] objective [D] 客观的 [分析] 本题考核的知识点是：作者态度题。难度：0.72 回答作者态度题时，考生需在通读全篇的基础上，找出作者在陈述事实和发表观点时的口气和态度。综观全文，作者只是站在第三者的角度论述问题，没有搀杂个人的主观臆断和看法，而是客观地叙述索赔案的来由、发展和变化，以客观事实和例子说明问题，无任何偏袒。因此［D］选项为正确答案。 技巧：对于态度题，考生要联系全文，把握整篇文章。同时不要把考生自己的态度糅进其中，还要注意区分作者本人的态度和被作者引用的他人的观点的态度。一般情况下，作者的态度和观点都应具有客观性，不带有主观感情，所以考生应注意慎选具有主观感情色彩的词汇，另外，作者一旦将某种观点表达成立，就说明他对该事件是充分关注的，因此，诸如indifferent这类词汇不入选。 四、文章长难句分析和佳句赏析 长难句分析 ①Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. 这两个句子都是通过and把一个祈使句和陈述句连接组成的并列句式。在这样的句子结构中，前面的祈使句式是后面的陈述句的条件，相当于一个条件状语从句，连词and表示结果，意思是“结果是；那么；就”，如：Miss another class and youll fail.（你再缺一次课就会不及格的）。 知识点补充：light up意为“点燃”；burn down意为“烧毁”。 ② While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isnt clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. 该句主干是While... , it isnt clear that... ，其中“it”是形式主语后接that引导的主语句子。前面是While引导的让步状语从句，它其中又包含着and连接的两个并列分句，即warnings are often appropriate and necessary和many are required by state or federal regulations；破折号中的部分是前一个分句的插入语，举例说明warnings的具体内容。而many后省略了warnings。 知识点补充：drug interactions意为“药物相互作用”。 ③ At the same time, the American Law Institute—a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight—issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. 句子主干是…, the American Law Institute...issued new guidelines...。破折号起解释说明的作用，是对the American Law Institute进行的解释说明。在guidelines这个宾语之后，是state的现在分词引导的短语做定语。 知识点补充：carry substantial weight为carry weight这一成语的变形，意为“（说话）有分量，起作用”，因此这里carry substantial weight的意思是“发挥实际的作用或影响”。weight是名词，意为“分量、重要性；影响”如：The weight of evidence is in his favour （证据很大分量上是有利于他的）；tort是法律用语，指民事侵权行为；bombard原义为“轰炸”、“向…提一系列问题”，这里用做比喻，形容“大量地提供”。 佳句赏析 ①Now the tide appears to be turning. “现在这种潮流（形势）似乎在逆转”，相当于汉语中的“三十年河东，三十年河西”。“tide... turn”这样的搭配经常用于描述潮流或形势的变化，比较贴切、形象。 如：The tide of the battle turned against us.（战斗的形势开始变得不利于我们）。 ②Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities. “重要的信息可能被埋没在浩如烟海的细枝末节里”。句中的“a sea of”是一个比喻，形容“一大片，大量的”。如：The immense square was a sea of flowers and happy faces.（这个大广场上到处是鲜花和笑脸）。 五、全文翻译 外面是一个危险的世界。迈出家门时，你可能会滑倒在门垫上，而摔伤一条腿。点燃炉灶时，你可能会把房子烧掉。（长难句①）不过还算幸运的是，如果门垫或炉灶上没有警示语提醒你可能发生的危险，那么一场成功的诉讼或许可以补偿你所受的伤害。这种想法大约自20世纪80年代初开始传播，那时陪审团开始认为更多的公司应对其客户所遭受的不幸负责。 由于感到了威胁，公司方面做出了反应：写出越来越长的警示语，力图预先标明种种可能发生的事故。如今，活梯上贴着几英寸长的警告标签，除了其他警告事项外，还警告你可能会摔下来，简直是莫名其妙！贴在儿童的蝙蝠侠披风上的标签也告诫说，本玩具“无法让用户飞行”。 虽然警示语常常是合理而必要的（如警告药物有相互作用的危险），并且很多是州或联邦法规所要求的，但是当消费者受伤时，这些警示语能否真正保护制造商和销售商使之免于承担责任，却还很难说。（长难句）被受伤的消费者告上法庭的公司中，大约一半会败诉。 现在这种趋势似乎正在转变。（佳句①）尽管个人伤害索赔案件如以往一样不断发生，但有些法庭已开始站到被告一方，特别是在处理那些有警告标签也可能无法避免伤害的案件时。五月份,伊利诺斯州的Schutt体育公司总裁朱利·尼蒙斯就成功地打赢了这样一场官司。一名橄榄球队员戴着该公司的头盔在一场比赛中受伤瘫痪，遂将该公司告上法庭。尼蒙斯说：“他成了瘫痪，我们非常难过，但我们设计头盔不是为了预防这类伤害的。”陪审团也认为造成该运动员受伤的是这项运动本身的危险性，而不是头盔。与此同时，美国法学会——一群说话举足轻重的法官、律师、学者——发布了新的侵权法指导原则，宣布公司不必警示顾客那些显而易见的危险，或者给顾客列出一份冗长的可能遇到的危险的清单。（长难句③）康奈尔大学法学院一位参与起草新指导原则的教授说，“重要的信息会淹没在细枝末节的汪洋之中”。(佳句②)如果该法律团体的这一适中的目标能够实现，产品上提供的警示信息就不再是为回避法律责任而设，而是为保护消费者利益而提供了。 Passage 2 一、核心词汇注释 ①customize vt. 按顾客的要求制作，定制，用户化 ②intranet n. 局域网，企事业单位内部互联网；intra前缀，表示“在（……）里，在（……）内”，如：intradepartmental a. 部门内的 ③pathway （=path） n. ［C］ 1.小路，小径；（移动的）路线，道路 *2.a plan of action or a way of achieving sth行动计划，成功的途径 例：a career pathway 职业道路 ④plunge 1. ［一般用单数］ a sudden movement downward or away from sth突降，俯冲，突然分离 例：a plunge towards the Earth 向地面俯冲 2. （财产、股票等价值的）暴跌，骤降 例：a dramatic plunge in house prices房价的突然暴跌 3.跳水；快速短时间的游泳 vt.&vi.（使）突然前移或跌落 例：Her car plunged off the cliff.她的车突然跌下悬崖。 ［短语搭配］ *take the plunge（尤指经过拖延或长时间踌躇之后）最终决定决定冒险一试 ⑤proceed vi. 1.继续进行，继续做 例： He paused to consult his notes, then proceeded with his questions.他停下来看了看笔记，然后继续提问。*2.（向某一方向）前进，移动（后跟介词或副词） 例：Passengers should proceed to gate 25. 旅客请前往25号门登机。 3.to happen or exist as a result of sth源于，出自（后跟介词from） 例：diseases that proceed from poverty由贫困引起的疾病 4.起诉，对……提起诉讼（后跟介词against） ⑥revolve around sth ［不用被动态］ *1.以……为主题或目的，围绕 例：Her life revolves around her career.她的生活以她的事业为中心。 2.围绕……旋转 例：The moon revolves around the Earth.月球围绕地球旋转。 ⑦tap vi.&vt. 1.轻敲，轻拍，轻叩 例：Someone tapped at the door. 有人轻轻叩门。 *2.利用，开发，发掘（已有的资源、知识等）(后跟介词into) 例：We need to tap the expertise and skill of the people we already have. 我们需要利用我们现有人员的专业知识和技能。 n. ［C］ 1.龙头，塞子 2.轻叩，轻拍 3.利用，使用 例：on tap 可随时使用的，随时提供的 ⑧targeted a. 被定为目标的；target n. 目标，对象，靶子 v. 瞄准，以……为目标 ⑨transmit vt.&vi.发送，播送，播放（电子信号、信息等） 例：The World Cup final is being transmitted live to over fifty countries.世界杯决赛现正向五十多个国家作实况转播。 vt.*to send or pass sth from one person, place or thing to another传送，传递，传播，传染 例：The tension soon transmitted itself to all the members. 这种紧张情绪很快感染了所有人。 二、文章结构总体分析 这是一篇关于网络商务的文章，讲述了网络商务的两大变化，从意群上也分为两大部分：先指出商家之间网络商务活动的兴起，继而介绍了网络营销策略的变化。 第一至第二段：指出网络商务由单一的开拓消费者市场转向公司互相交易产品和服务，但商家对网上商业活动的可靠性存在怀疑。 第三段：指出网络商务的另外一个变化是营销策略由“拉”转为“推”。本段对两种营销策略进行了比较论证，并使用了例证法。 第四段：分析网上销售的可行性，给出了成功网络销售的例子和成本持续降低的事实，并指出这一事实对于建立了网上销售点的企业都是个好的征兆。 三、试题具体分析 15.We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business. 15.从文章开始部分我们了解到网络商务。 [A] has been striving to expand its market [A] 一直努力扩展市场 [B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion [B] 打算遵循一种奇异的时尚 [C] tried but in vain to control the market [C] 企图控制市场，但是徒劳无功 [D] has been booming for one year or so [D] 已经繁荣了大约一年的时间 [分析] 本题考核的知识点是：具体细节题。难度：0.62 文章首句指出：在网络商务的初期，大部分活动都围绕着开拓消费者市场（tap the consumer market）而进行。［A］选项是该句的改写，striving to expand对应原文中的efforts to tap。 ［B］选项与第一段第二句“网络被证实不仅是一种时尚，公司开始（在网上）相互交易产品和服务”不符。文中未提到网络商务是否控制了市场，排除［C］选项。［D］选项是利用首句中the first year or so设计的干扰项。作者只是指出在开始那年左右的时间里，大部分业务活动是围绕开发消费市场展开，并未提到繁荣与否一事。 16.Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that. 16.谈到可用于营销的在线技术时，作者暗示。 [A] the technology is popular with many Web users [A] 该技术受到很多网络用户的喜爱 [B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions [B] 企业对在线交易的可靠性有信心 [C] there is a radical change in strategy [C] 在策略上发生了根本变化 [D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners [D] 只限于固定商业伙伴可以使用 [分析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。难度：0.40 根据题干中online technology available for marketing，定位到第三段。该段首句明确指出，网络商业模式的另一个重大变化与可用于营销的技术有关；接着该段其他部分详细介绍了网上的营销策略由“拉”到“推”的变化。［C］选项是对整个段落的概括，为正确答案。 ［A］选项中只泛泛提及the technology，而没有明确说明是push（推）还是pull（拉）。若指的是前者，则与文中提到的“这种‘推’的技术遭到许多网上用户的鄙视”（第三段倒数第4句）不符；若指的是后者，文中没有对这种策略进行 评价 LEC评价法下载LEC评价法下载评价量规免费下载学院评价表文档下载学院评价表文档下载 。［B］选项与第二段首句提到的“由于怀疑网络的可靠性，许多公司仍对网络的使用犹豫不决”相左。第二段末句提到，一些公司只给予固定贸易伙伴进入本公司局域网的权利，而没有提到只有它们才能使用网上技术，因此［D］选项错误。 17.In the view of Net purists, . 17.在网络净化者看来，。 [A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture [A] 在线文化中不应该有营销信息 [B] money making should be given priority to on the Web [B] 网络上应该优先考虑赚钱 [C] the Web should be able to function as the television set [C] 网络在功能上应该和电视一样 [D] there should be no online commercial information without requests [D] 在没有要求的情况下，不应该有在线商业信息 [分析] 本题考核的知识点是：观点细节题。难度：0.53 根据Net purists定为到第三段末句。实际上该段以but转折开始的最后四句是一个意群。该部分提到，在线文化推崇这样一个理念：流动到屏幕上的信息应是在专门的请求（by specific request）之后才出现。该段最后一句中that具体指代的对象是上文“一旦商业促销不请自来地充斥电脑屏幕，那么网络和电视就没多大差别了”。既然这是让网络净化者害怕的，那么他们支持的就是这种情况的反面。因此可以推出［D］选项是网络净化者提倡的观点。 ［A］选项不对，因为Net purists反对的是网络上的信息传送方式，而不是信息本身。［B］选项出现了文中未有的内容“上网目的”。［C］选项与网络净化者的想法正好相反。 18.We learn from the last paragraph that. 18.从最后一段我们可以知道。 [A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce [A] 在网上推出信息对于网络商务是必不可少的 [B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers [B] 互动、友好、安全对于在线顾客是非常重要的 [C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago [C] 一些大公司几十年前就大胆尝试在线业务 [D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power [D] 建立网上销售点与计算机计算能力的成本无关 [分析] 本题考核的知识点是：综合细节题。难度：0.46 最后一段首句指出，公司在网上并不是非得依靠“推”的策略方能挣钱。接着该段以Virtual Vineyards、Amazon.com（网址名称）和其他一些开拓者为例，说明将交互性、热情服务和安全性合理结合的网站会吸引网民。可见，［B］选项符合文意。 ［A］选项强调“推”的必要性，与本段第一句话意思相左。［C］选项与该段末句提到的“人们惊讶为何很少有人尝试网上销售（took the online plunge原意指“冒险尝试”，这里强调在还没有多少人参与的时候，率先开展网上销售是要冒风险的）的事实不符。［D］选项与本段第三句提到的“计算机计算能力的成本不断下降（即计算机购买和上网价格变得便宜）有利于公司在网上设立销售点”意思不符。 四、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析 长难句分析： ① Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the companys private intranet. 该句的主干是Some companies are limiting the risk by... ，by引导的结构做谓语are limiting动作的方式状语，指“通过某种手段”，状语中有一个who引导的定语从句，修饰前面的business partners。 知识点补充：established意为“固定的，长期以来已确立的”；access在这是计算机用语，指“访问，上网”；intranet与internet(互联网)相应，指“内部局域网，内联网”。 ② But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. 该句it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句，hardly inevitable是双重否定，表示“并非必然趋势”。 知识点补充：resort to意为“求助于”。例如：People should resort to legal actions when their rights are offended.（当权利受到侵害时，人们应当诉诸于法律）。 ③ The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. 句子主干是The examples ... show that ...。谓语show后是that引导的宾语从句，从句的主干是a Web site... will attract online customers；其中，主语后跟了一个现在分词做定语，注意介词宾语mix后有一个of引导的三个并列名词的修饰。 ④ And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. Which引导定语从句，指的是上文“计算机计算能力成本持续下降”这件事。enterprise 后有一个现在分词做的定语。silicon原义是硅，这里指代的是互联网和计算机。 佳句赏析： ① People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge. 该句中的... looking back... years from now may well wonder...结构可以表达人们隔一段时间后看过去的事情发出的感叹。如：When you look back ten years from now, you may well wonder how stupid you are. 五、全文翻译 网上商务开始的第一年左右，大部分活动都围绕着开拓消费者市场而进行。最近，随着网络被证实不仅仅是一种时尚，公司便开始（在网上）相互交易产品和服务。公司之间的这种交易非常合理，因为商人都清楚地知道他们需要的是产品。 不过，由于怀疑网络的可靠性，许多公司仍对网络的使用犹豫不决。弗瑞斯特研究所的资深分析员布兰·欧文说，“商家需要感受到，他们可以信赖自己和供应商之间的这种沟通途径”。有些公司为了降低风险，只与固定的贸易伙伴进行在线贸易，给予这些伙伴进入本公司局域网的权利。（长难句①） 网络商业模式的另一个重大变化与可用于营销的技术有关。直到最近，因特网上的营销活动还集中在使用将用户“拉进”网站的策略上。然而去年，软件公司开发出新的技术，使公司可以将信息直接“推出”给消费者，直接把营销信息传送给特定的用户。最突出的例子是Pointcast网络，该网络使用一种屏幕保护系统，将最新的信息和广告不断地传送到用户的计算机显示器上。用户可以量身设定自己想要接收的信息，然后直接进入某个公司的网址。像Virtual Vineyards这样的公司业已开始采用类似的技术将有关特价销售、产品促销或其他活动的信息“推”向用户。但这种“推”的技术遭到许多网上用户的鄙视。在线文化推崇这样一个理念：流动到屏幕上的信息应是在专门的请求之后才出现。一旦商业促销不请自来地充斥着电脑屏幕，那么网络和电视就没多大差别了。这种前景让网络净化者感到不安。 公司在网上并不是非得依靠“推”的策略方能挣钱。（长难句②）像Virtual Vineyards 和Amazon.Com及其他开拓者的例子表明：一个销售适类商品的网站，如果将互动、热情服务、安全相结合，肯定会吸引网上用户的。（长难句③）计算机计算能力的成本持续下降，对任何建立了网上销售点的企业来说都是个好的征兆。（长难句④）回顾过去的5年或10年，人们或许会感到奇怪。为什么只有这么少的公司尝试网上销售呢？(佳句) Passage 3 一、核心词汇注释 ①acquaintance n. 1. ［U］ (often slight) knowledge of sth对某事物（常为略微的）了解(后跟介词of) 例：little acquaintance with the Japanese language 稍微会一点儿日语 2. ［C］ person whom one knows but who is not a close friend相识而非密友者，泛泛之交 例：He has a wide circle of acquaintances. 他交友甚广。 *3. ［U］ the fact or process of being acquainted认识的过程，相识，了解 例：Our acquaintance lasted a year.我们的相识持续了一年。acquaint v. 使认识，使了解（~ sb. with） ②betray vt.1. to stop supporting your old beliefs and principles（尤指为得到权势或免除麻烦而）背弃（信仰、原则等） 例：betray your beliefs/ideals背弃自己的信仰/理想 2.hand over or show sb/sth disloyally (to an enemy)（向敌人）出卖某人或泄漏某事（用~sb/sth to） 例：betraying state secrets 泄漏国家机密 3.to hurt sb who trusts you by not being loyal or faithful to them辜负，对……不忠 例：betray his trust 辜负他的信任 *4.show (sth) unintentionally; be a sign of 无意中显示出，显露出，表现出 例：His accent betrayed the fact that he was foreign. 他的口音显露出他是外国人。 ③campaign n. *1. ［C］ a series of actions intended to achieve a particular result（尤指政治性或商业性的）运动；宣传活动 例：a campaign against nuclear weapons 反对核武器运动 2.战役 例：He fought in the North African campaign during the last war. 在上次战争中他参加了北非战役。 vi. 发起或参加（旨在获得某一结果的）运动 例：She spent her life campaigning for womens rights. 她毕生致力于女权运动。 ④characteristic of sth/sb ［做后置定语或表语］ ……所特有的，典型的 例：Windy days are characteristic of March. 有风天气是三月的特点。 ⑤contradiction n. *1. ［C, U］ a difference between two statements, beliefs, or ideas about sth that means they cannot both be true对立，矛盾(的说法、信念、观点等) 例：in contradiction to 与……相矛盾 2. ［U］ the act of saying that someone elses opinion, statement etc is wrong or not true反驳，否认，驳斥 例：You can say what you like without fear of contradiction. 可以说你想说的，不用怕反驳。 contradict v. 反驳，抗辩，否认；与……相反或相矛盾 ⑥host of sb/sth 许多，大量 例：A host of musicians will perform at the festival. 音乐节上将有多位音乐家表演。 ⑦livelihood n. 赚钱谋生的手段，生计 例：Communities on the island depended on whaling for their livelihood.岛上的居民靠捕鲸为生。hood用以构成名词的后缀，表示1.“……的状态或性质”，如：childhood 儿童时期，falsehood 虚假；2.“（某类人的）集体”，如：the priesthood 司祭团 ⑧outlook n. ［C］ *1.your general attitude to life and the world（对生活、世界的）看法，观点，态度（后跟介词on） 例：a very positive outlook on life 一种非常积极的人生观 2.what is expected to happen in the future将来预期发生的事，前景，远景（后跟介词for） 例：The outlook for sufferers from this disease is not good.这种疾病的患者希望渺茫。 3.（从某处望见的）景色，风光 例：a very pleasing outlook from the bedroom window从卧室窗户看到的非常宜人的景色 ⑨presumptuous a. 专横的，自负的，放肆的 例：Would it be presumptuous of me to ask to borrow your car? 我想借用你的车，这会不会太冒昧？presume v. 推测，假定，假设；妄行，越权行事；ous构成形容词的后缀，表示“有……性质的”，如：mountainous 多山的 ⑩pursue vt. *1.to continue doing an activity or trying to achieve sth over a long period of time追求，继续进行 例：pursue an acting career追求表演事业 2.to continue trying to ask about, find out about a particular subject追究，追查，追踪 例：pursue the matter/argument 追究某件事/继续争论 3.（尤指为抓捕、袭击等而）紧随……之后，追击 超纲词汇： forsake (forsook, forsaken) v. 抛弃，遗弃，摒弃，离开（~ sb/sth for sb/sth） 二、文章结构分析 这是一篇关于推行计算机课堂教学的文章，主要讨论了关于将计算机引入课堂，人们所持有的两种截然不同的观点。 第一段：指出关于计算机教育目的的不同观点。 第二段：通过对职业教育和普及教育的比较，批评计算机教育倡导者忽视了学生的教育成就。 第三段至第四段：指出职业教育虽然有可取之处，但不适合美国国情。而且混淆教育目的对任何学校都无益处。 三、试题具体分析 19.The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is. 19.作者认为，目前存在的匆忙将计算机引入课堂的现象是。 ［A］ farreaching ［A］意义深远的 ［B］ dubiously oriented ［B］目标不明确 ［C］ selfcontradictory ［C］自相矛盾的 ［D］ radically reformatory ［D］具有彻底革命性的 [分析] 本题考核的知识点是：作者态度题。难度：0.3 第一段首句指出，人们主张将计算机引入课堂，存在两种不同的理由：一是学生的就业前景，一是彻底的教育改革。该句中作者也用了an invisible border这样的词汇来形容。接着作者就此发表评价：很少有人对两种理由的区别或矛盾进行探讨，但它是将计算机进入课堂活动的症结所在。作者在全文的最后一句进一步指出：“不管是职业学校、还是普通学校，混淆计算机教学的目的（confusion over its purpose），都不会受益。”因此，可以判定正确答案为［B］选项。 技巧：解答态度题一要注意作者使用的具有感情色彩的词汇；二要归纳文章各段大意，从整体上把握作者态度。 20.The belief that education is indispensable to all children. 20.“教育对于所有孩子是必不可少的”这种观点。 ［A］ is indicative of a pessimism in disguise ［A］表明了伪装下的悲观主义态度 ［B］ came into being along with the arrival of computers ［B］随着计算机的到来而产生 ［C］ is deeply rooted in the minds of computered advocates ［C］深深地根植于计算机教育倡导者的思想中 ［D］ originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries ［D］起源于工业化国家的乐观态度 [分析] 本题考核的知识点是：具体细节题。难度：0.61 题干中的这种观念反映在教育上就是第二段提到的普及教育。第二段第五句指出：工业化国家特有的乐观精神使我们开始接受这样一种观念：人人都适合受教育。可见，普及教育产生的根源应该是［D］选项。 紧接着该段第六句提到，倡导计算机教育的人抛弃了这一乐观理念，代之的是与他们乐观外表相悖的悲观论调。因此［A］选项是主张计算机教育的人的特点，与普及教育的态度相反。由此也排除［C］选项。［B］选项文中未提及。 技巧：考生关键要准确把握题干中education的所指，不要把它与计算机教育搞混。此题的三个干扰选项都错误地把它理解为计算机教育。 21.It could be inferred from the passage that in the authors country the European model of professional training is. 21.从文中可以推出，在作者所在的国家，欧洲职业培训模式。 ［A］ dependent upon the starting age of candidates ［A］取决于学员开始接受培训的年龄 ［B］ worth trying in various social sections ［B］值得在社会各界进行尝试 ［C］ of little practical value ［C］几乎不具有实际价值 ［D］ attractive to every kind of professional ［D］对各种专业人员来说都具有吸引力 [分析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。难度：0.43 根据European model of professional training定位到第三段第二句：欧洲的许多学校很早就引进职业培训的概念，以确保儿童具备将来从事的职业所需的技能。接着作者对这种模式做出评价：然而，在我们这么大的一个国家里，这种做法（欧洲式的职业教育）不大可能按照数量培养出所需要的各类专业人员。由文中however，presumptuous和unlikely等可推知，作者所在的国家对欧洲职业培训模式持否定态度，［C］选项正确。其他选项文中未提及。 22.According to the author, basic computer skills should be. 22.按照作者观点,基本的计算机技能应该。 ［A］ included as an auxiliary course in school ［A］作为学校的辅助课程 ［B］ highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications ［B］在获得专业素质的过程中加以强调 ［C］ mastered through a lifelong course ［C］要花毕生的时间去掌握 ［D］ equally emphasized by any school,vocational or otherwise ［D］无论是职业学校还是其他学校都强调的 [分析] 本题考核的知识点是：作者观点题。难度：0.39 最后一段倒数第二句指出，基本的计算机技能只是对成为专业技术人员所需的各种实际技能的补充（complementary）。所以［A］选项是作者对基础技能持有的观点。原文中的complementary与选项中的auxiliary（辅助的，补充的）是近义词。 ［B］选项与“目前使用计算机的基本操作非常简单（无须加强）”（第四段第2句）相悖；［C］选项与原文“不需要花毕生的时间去熟悉各种不同的软件程序的使用”（第四段第3句）不符。［D］选项文章未提及，文章结尾只提及无论是职业学校还是普通学校都要明确计算机教学的目的。 四、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析 长难句分析： ①An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. 该句的主干是An...border divides those... and those...；those后跟的都是arguing引导作为限定成分的现在分词短语。 知识点补充：argue for，意为“为…辩护，说理”；on the behalf of意为“代表某种利益”，注意区别on behalf of sb（做某人的代表或代言者）。 ②Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. 句子主干是we have a conception of the American citizen；a character为同位语，复指the American citizen，其后是who引导的定语从句，这个定语从句中又含有if引导的条件状语从句。 ③Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement. 句子主干是... computered advocates emphasize the job prospects...over ... their educational achievement。主语之前是现在分词Banking引导的状语。Bank on意思是“基于…”，“依赖于…” 佳句赏析： ①Computer education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. 句子主要是forsake sth for sth，forsake后的optimistic和for后面的a pessimism意思正好相反，形式上形成对仗。 ②It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose. 该句主干是It should be observed that...，真正的主语是that引导的一个主语从句，vocational or not是插入语，修饰从句主语school。这句话主要的特点是插入语使用比较灵活，of course 和vocational or not都是状语作插入语。 五、全文翻译 有人以学生的就业前景为理由主张将计算机引入课堂，有人则因彻底的教育改革这样更宽泛的原因主张将计算机引入课堂。(长难句①)在这两类人中存在着一条无形的界限。很少有人就这一差别—实际上是矛盾—撰文进行探讨，但它却是将计算机引入课堂这一活动的关键所在。 旨在使学生胜任某种工作的教育是职业教育，它存在的理由与法律所规定的普及教育之间有很大差别。根据法律要求，所有儿童都必须上学至十几岁，其目的并非单纯地为了扩大其就业前景。而是，我们对美国公民有这样一种概念：如果他不能准确地判断自身的生活及幸福如何受外界影响，他就是一个不完善的公民。（长难句②）但是情况并不总是如此；在法律要求所有儿童必须上学至一定年龄之前，人们普遍认为有些儿童天生就不适合接受这种教育。工业化国家特有的乐观精神使我们开始接受这样一种观念：人人都适合受教育。倡导计算机教育的人抛弃了这一乐观理念，代之的是与他们乐观外表相悖的悲观论调。（佳句①）基于将计算机引入学校的“教育理由”和“谋职理由”的混淆，计算机教育倡导者常常只强调毕业生的就业前景，而忽略了他们的教育成就。（长难句③） 对适当的学生实施职业教育也是合理的。欧洲的许多学校很早就引进职业培训的概念，以确保儿童具备欲从事的职业所需的技能。然而，去臆断会有这么多的工作给予这么多的科学家、商人、会计是武断的。此外，在我们这么大的一个国家里，经济拓展到这么多的州，涉及到这么多的国际公司，这种做法（欧洲式的职业教育）不大可能按照数量培养出所需要的各类专业人员。 但是对少数学生而言，职业培训也许是可取之路，因为在其他因素相同的情况下，熟练的技能是能否得到工作的关键。当然，目前使用计算机的基本操作非常简单。不需要花毕生的时间去熟悉各种不同的软件程序的使用。当然如果想成为一名计算机工程师，那就是另外一回事了。基本的计算机技能最长也只需一两个月即能学会。不管怎样，基本的计算机技能只是对成为专业技术人员所需的各种实际技能的补充。当然应该看到的是，职业学校也好，普通学校也罢，混淆计算机教学的目的，都不会有何益处。（佳句②） Passage 4 一、核心词汇注释 ①appeal n. 1. ［C］ 热切或急切的要求，请求，恳求（为得到金钱、帮助等，尤其是为了救人于危急之中）；呼吁（后跟介词for） 例：make/launch an appeal for the famine victims 发出了援助饥民的呼吁 2. ［U］ a quality or power of attracting or of arousing interest感染力，吸引力 例：a city with appeal for tourists对游客有吸引力的城市 3. ［C,U］ 上诉，申诉 例：an appeal to the European court of Human Rights向欧洲人权法庭提出的上诉 vi. *1.（热切或急迫地）恳请，恳求（得到帮助，钱，信息等）；呼吁（用~ to sb for/to do sth） 例：The police are appealing to the public for information about the crime.警方呼吁公众提供有关这宗罪案的信息。 2.吸引（某人）（后跟介词to） 例：Does the idea of working abroad appeal to you? 你对出国工作的主意感兴趣吗？ vt.&vi. (提出)上诉/申诉 ②chair n. 1. ［C］ 椅子 2. ［用单数］ (主持会议或委员会的)主席（席位），委员长（职位） 例：She takes the chair in all our meetings. 她主持我们所有的会议。 3.［C］ (大学的)系主任 ③consensus n. ［C, U］ 共同意见，一致看法，共识 例：reach a consensus达成共识；词根sens“感觉”，如：sense n. 感官，知觉，意义，判断力；con前缀，表示“共同”，如：concentric a. 同中心的，confederate a. 结盟的，同盟的 v.结盟，联合 n. 同盟者，同盟国 ④impose vt. 1.实施（禁令），征收（税款、罚款），推行（法令）等 例：The government imposed a ban on the sale of ivory. 政府禁止买卖象牙。 2.to force sb/sth to deal with sth unpleasant or difficult迫使，把……强加于 例：The system imposes additional financial burdens on many people. 这个制度给很多人增加了额外的经济负担。3.迫使（别人）接受自己的想法、信仰等 ⑤nuclei n.（nucleus的复数）1.（原子）核 2.细胞核 3.a small, important group at the centre of a larger group or organization核心，中心 例：the nucleus of an effective team 高效团队的核心；其他一些外来名词的复数变化：um/on→a，如：datum（数据，资料）→data，medium（媒介，媒体）→media，bacterium（细菌）→bacteria，curriculum（课程，大纲）→curricula，criterion（ 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 ）→criteria，phenomenon（现象）→phenomena；is→es，如：analysis（分析）→analyses, basis（基础，基本）→bases, crisis（危机）→crises, diagnosis（诊断）→diagnoses ⑥panel n.［C］1.（门、墙、栅栏等的）镶板，嵌板；窗玻璃片 *2.（由选定人员组成的）专门小组，专题讨论小组 例：a panel of experts 专家小组 3.（汽车、飞机、船等的）仪表盘/控制板 ⑦preface n. ［C］ *an introduction at the beginning of a book or speech（书的）序言，前言；（演讲的）开场白 vt. 1.为……写序言（用~ sth with sth） 2.作为……的开端，作为……的开场白 例：She prefaced her talk with an apology/by apologizing for being late. 她先为迟到表示歉意, 然后开始讲话。 ⑧stem n. ［C］ 1.（植物的）茎；梗 2.（葡萄酒杯、花瓶等的）颈，柄，脚 3.词干（如driving 和driven中的driv） vt.阻止（液体的流动），堵住，封堵，遏制 例：stem the tide/flow of阻止……的扩散，遏制……的发展 ［短语搭配］ *stem from sth ［不用进行式］ to develop as a result of sth else源于……，来自……；由……发生 例：Most of the difficulties stemmed from poor workmanship.困难大多是由于工艺差造成的。 超纲词汇： embryo n. 胚胎； husbandry n. 农牧业 二、文章结构总体分析 这是一篇涉及生物克隆问题的文章。主要介绍了苏格兰成功地克隆了羊以后，美国政府的反应——成立了专家小组进行研究并就该问题向总统提出建议。结构上是总—分结构，第一段总说，后面详细交待两个建议和一个呼吁。 第一段：主要交待事件的背景。克林顿政府对克隆羊消息的反应迅速强烈，成立了独立专家小组（NBAC），针对克隆人研究方面的国家政策提出建议。 第二段至第三段：指出专家组的第一个建议及原因——无限期延长联邦资金用于克隆人的禁令，因为专家组已取得广泛的共识，即认为克隆人是违背道德伦理的。但同时他们会避免给克隆人体DNA或细胞等研究带来更多的限制，而且就私人资金用于克隆人的行为是否违法还无一致意见。 第四段：专家小组可能向政府提出的另一项建议——禁止政府资助任何克隆人的研究。 第五段：专家小组呼吁禁止私人资助的研究者和诊所进行克隆人研究。 三、试题具体分析 23.We can learn from the first paragraph that. 23.从第一段我们可以知道 [A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans [A] 联邦基金已被用于一个克隆人的项目中 [B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning [B] 白宫对这一克隆方面的消息反应强烈 [C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique [C] NBAC被授权控制克隆技术的滥用 [D] the White House has got the panels recommendations on cloning [D] 白宫已经得到专家组有关克隆问题的建议 [分析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。难度：0.67 第一段主要谈及克林顿政府对克隆羊消息的反应。从该段中... President Clinton moved swiftly.（立刻采取行动）Declaring that he was opposed to（宣布反对）... he ordered that（下令禁止）... and asked ... to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations （要求90天内写出报告，提出建议），可以看出白宫对此消息反应强烈，［B］选项是正确答案。 ［A］选项和该段第二句中“尚未有人提议联邦资金用于克隆人的实验”不符。第二句也提到克林顿要求组成专家组的目的是“让他们提出有关克隆人的国家政策性建议”，［C］选项过度推断。该段只提到克林顿要求独立专家小组在九十天内拿出有关克隆人的国家政策的建议并未授权他们控制克隆技术的滥用。［D］选项无从得知。 24.The panel agreed on all of the following except that. 24.专家组能达成以下所有协议，除了。 [A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law [A] 联邦基金不得用于克隆人的禁令应该被制定成法律 [B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control [B] 克隆人体DNA不会受到更多的限制 [C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning [C] 使用私人基金克隆人是犯罪行为 [D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being [D] 克隆人将违背道德价值观 [分析] 本题考核的知识点是：具体细节题。难度：0.55 第二段最后一句明确指出，NBAC成员在是否建议立法机关将私人资金用于克隆人的行为法定为犯罪问题上尚未达成一致，因此［C］选项为正确答案。 ［A］选项是NBAC极力赞成的（二段首句）。［B］选项是NBAC计划涉及的（第二段第二句），注意原文中的avoid new restrictions on改写成了not put under more control。［D］选项仍是NBAC达成广泛共识的（a broad concensus），第三段首句提到，专家组一致认为用克隆技术创造婴儿是不道德的（morally unacceptable）。 技巧：解答三正一误题时可采取排除法。 25.NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because. 25.NBAC将不讨论胚胎研究问题是因为。 [A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning [A] 胚胎研究只是克隆当前的发展阶段 [B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research [B] 婴儿的健康状况不是胚胎研究主要关心的问题 [C] an embryos life will not be endangered in embryo research [C] 胚胎的生命在胚胎研究中不会受到威胁 [D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law [D] 这个问题在法律中已经得到了明确的陈述和规定 [分析] 本题考核的知识点是：因果细节题。难度：0.73 第四段第二句中because引导的原因状语从句直接给出了回答，即：因为现行的联邦法律已经禁止联邦基金用于克隆研究用的胚胎或有意识地危及胚胎的生命。［D］选项是对原文的恰当总结。［C］选项是该句部分内容的篡改。［A］选项内容文中根本未涉及。［B］选项中“婴儿的健康状况”出现在第三段第二句，它是道德上关注的方面。因此其他选项都不是相关原因。 26.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that. 26.从最后一段可以推知。 [A]some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely [A] 某些NBAC成员对完全禁止克隆人表示犹豫不决 [B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time [B] 禁止克隆人的一项法律将很快被通过 [C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBACs appeal [C] 私人资助的研究人员将会积极响应NBAC的呼吁 [D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settled [D] 克隆人的问题将很快得到解决 [分析]本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。难度：0.67 该段第二句指出，（NBAC的成员）在是否进一步要求联邦立法强令完全禁止克隆人这一问题上存在分歧（divided on）。［A］选项与此内容相符，为正确答案。［B］选项和［D］选项与该段最后提到的“问题悬而未决（up in the air）”的事实不符。该段第一句提到，NBAC的成员将呼吁受私人基金资助的研究人员不要尝试克隆人，但未提及研究人员的反应，排除［C］选项。 四、文章长难句分析和佳句赏析 长难句分析 ①Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment—although no one had proposed to do so—and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. 该句的主干是...he ordered that...and asked...to report...。第一个逗号前是declaring that...分词结构做伴随状语，其中that引导宾语从句；在第一个谓语ordered之后也是that引导的宾语从句，这个从句用了虚拟语气，在谓语动词not be used 前面省略了should；破折号之间是although引导的让步从句做插入语，是对主句前一个分句行为的补充说明；and后的一个分句是由动词短语ask sb to do sth构成的句式。其中chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro过去分词短语作定语修饰名词independent panel of experts。 知识点补充：be opposed to意为“反对”，其中的to是介词，后面的宾语只能是名词或动名词；animal husbandry意为“畜牧学；畜牧业”。 ②NBAC will ask that Clintons 90day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. 该句主干是NBAC...ask that...and that...。谓语ask后的两个并列宾语从句都用了虚拟语气的谓语形式，即谓语用动词原形be,省略了should。 ③The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning. 句子主干是the panel has not reached agreement...，宾语agreement后跟了一个on 引导的短语做定语，说明的是agreement的内容，即“在一个关键问题上达成一致（a crucial question）”；question后是whether引导的不定式短语，其中包含一个that引导的定语从句，在这个从句有一个形式宾语it，真正的宾语是后面的for...to...结构。 ④ In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning”. 句子主干是... Shapiro suggested that...。主语前是该句的状语，其中recommendations后的过去分词结构作定语，可译为“在5月17日会议上讨论的建议序言草案”。主句的宾语从句中又包含了一个that引导同位语从句，其中it做形式主语，真正的主语是 to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning。 佳句赏析 ①This issue was still “up in the air”. “这个问题悬而未决”。in the air有多种含义：当它表示“在流行中，在传播中”时，相当于in circulation; current。如：Theres a feeling of unrest in the air.四处充满不安的感觉。当它表示“未确定的；悬而未决”时，相当于uncertain; undecided。如：Our plans are still up in the air.我们的计划悬而未决。 五、全文翻译 三个月前，当一个苏格兰研究小组宣布他们克隆了一只成年绵羊时，世界为之震惊，克林顿总统迅速做出反应。他宣称反对利用这种非同寻常的畜牧业技术去克隆人，并下令禁止联邦资金用于此类实验——尽管还没有人提议要那样做——并要求一个由普林斯顿大学校长哈罗德·夏皮罗为首的独立专家小组，在九十天内拿出有关克隆人的国家政策的建议，向白宫汇报。（长难句①）这个名为“全国生物伦理道德顾问委员会”（NBAC）的小组一直在非常积极地工作，集思广益，并诉诸笔端；在5月17日的一次会议上，委员们就接近定稿的意见书取得了一致意见。 NBAC将要求克林顿总统禁止联邦资金用于克隆人的九十天禁令无限期地延长，并且还可能要求将之立法。（长难句②）但是，NBAC成员们正计划在建议的措辞上更为严谨，以避免给克隆人体DNA或细胞等研究带来更多的限制——（这属于）分子生物研究中的常规课题。然而，该小组尚未在一个关键问题上达成一致，即是否建议立法机关将私人资金用于克隆人的行为法定为犯罪。（长难句③） 在5月17日会议上讨论的建议序言草案中，夏皮罗表示，专家组已取得广泛的共识，认为“试图利用成人细胞核去克隆婴儿将是违背道德伦理的”。(长难句④)夏皮罗解释说在与会期间，道德上的怀疑主要源于对婴儿健康的担忧。随后，该小组非正式地接受了几项概括性的结论，尽管有些细节尚无定论。 NBAC计划呼吁继续禁止为任何企图利用人体细胞核去制造婴孩的做法提供联邦政府基金资助。因为现行的联邦法律已经禁止联邦基金用于制造研究用的胚胎(人类后代出生前的最早阶段)或有意识地危及胚胎的生命，所以NBAC在胚胎研究这一问题上将保持沉默。 NBAC的成员明确表示，他们将呼吁受私人基金资助的研究人员和诊所不要尝试通过人体细胞核转移来克隆人。但他们在是否进一步要求联邦立法强令完全禁止克隆人这一问题上存在分歧。夏皮罗和大多数委员赞成将此立法，但在电话采访中，他透露这一议题仍“悬而未决”。(佳句) Passage 5 一、核心词汇注释 ①advisability n. 可取性，适当，得当，明智；advisable a. 可取的，适当的 ②auditor n. *1.a person who officially examines a companys business financial records in order to check that they are correct审计员, 稽核者 2.（大学课程的）旁听生；audit v.查……的帐目，审计，稽查；旁听（大学课程）；词根aud意为to hear“听”,如：audible a. 可听见的 ③cash register 收银机，现金出纳机；register n. 名册，登记簿 v. 记录；登记 ④conformity n. ［U］ behaviour, etc conforming to established rules, customs, etc 符合, 依照（法规、习俗等）（的行为等） 例：in conformity to/ with和…相适应，和…一致、符合，遵照；conform v. 遵守，依照，符合，顺应 ⑤cut and dried 1.（观念等）单调乏味的，缺乏新意的，呆板的 2.已成定局的，不容更改的 例：The inquiry is by no means cut and dried.调查之事并未说死。 ⑥discriminate vt.&vi. to recognize or make a difference between things区别，辨别（用~ between/~ sth from sth） 例：discriminate fact from opinion 把事实和看法区分开来 vi. *to treat (one person or group) worse/better than others in an unfair way歧视/偏袒（某人或某些人）（后跟介词against /in favor of） 例：Society still discriminates in favor of men. 社会上仍然厚待男性。 ⑦gravity n. ［U］ *1. 重力，地心引力 例：Newtons law of gravity 牛顿的万有引力定律 2.the extreme importance and worrying seriousness of a situation（局势的）严重性 例：Carl did not seem to understand the gravity of this situation. 卡尔似乎不理解这种情况的严重性。 3.an extremely serious way of behaving, speaking etc (指举止、言谈等的)严肃，庄重 例：The Consul spoke slowly and with great gravity. 领事语速缓慢，而且十分严肃。 ⑧speculate vt.&vi. *to think or talk about the possible causes or effects of sth without knowing all the facts or details猜测，推测，思索（后跟介词on/about） 例：We can only speculate about why he did it.我们只能猜测他为什么那样做。 vi. to buy goods, property, shares in a company etc hoping that you will make a large profit when you sell them投机，做投机买卖（后跟介词in/on） 例：Ned had speculated in gold and lost heavily. 内德曾做过黄金投机买卖，损失惨重。 ⑨supposedly ad. according to what is generally thought or believed but not known for certain据信，据说，按照推测 例：The novel is supposedly based on a true story.据说这部小说是以一个真实的故事为依据的。supposed a.假定的，推测的；suppose v.假设，料想，推测 ⑩unpredictable a. 不可预测的，不可预知的；un“非，不”，如：undesirable不受欢迎的；pre “提前”；词根dict意为“说”，如：predict v. 预言，benediction n. 祝福（说好话） 11 unquestioned *1.显而易见的，无可争议的，公认的 例：His courage remains unquestioned. 他的勇敢仍然不容置疑。 2.不假思索而认可的，盲目接受的 例：an unquestioned assumption盲目接受的假设；unquestionable a. 不成为问题的，毫无疑问的；questionable a.可疑的，有（道德或品行方面）问题的 二、文章结构总体分析 这是一篇关于科学思维的文章，讲述了科学研究中不可预测性的重要性。 第一段：给出全文的主题，即科学的进步更依赖于科学家有所准备的头脑。进而用牛顿发现万有引力的例子加以说明。 第二段：承上启下，先通过分析牛顿发现万有引力定律的原因指出不可预测的重要性。接着引起下文，指出现在科研人员总是忽略不可预测性在科学研究中的地位。 第三段至第四段：作者使用自己亲身经历的事说明现在科研人员用“科学方法”替代创造性思维，并指出这一趋势的危害和错误。本段主要使用了假设论证。 三、试题具体分析 27.The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that. 27.作者引用牛顿的例子是想证明。 [A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments [A] 好奇的头脑比科学实验更重要 [B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted [B] 当进行富有成效的研究时，科学就会进步 [C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research [C] 科学家很少忘记研究的本质特征 [D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research [D] 在科学研究中，不可预测性不如预测性重要 [分析] 本题考核的知识点是：写作目的题。难度：0.77 第一段首句指出，“实际上，科学的进步依赖于做实验，但更依赖于实验的观察者（即做实验的人）有所准备的头脑”。之后，作者举出牛顿发现万有引力的例子来说明这一论点。［A］选项是首句的改写，其中inquiring minds对应原文中的preparedness of the minds。 ［B］选项文中未提及；［C］选项与第二段最后一句“科学家们在为学术刊物撰写呆板的例行报告时往往会忘记这一点（科学研究的重要特征）”相反。从第一段首句和第二段五句“不可预测性是科学研究本质内容的一部分”可以看出，作者重在强调不可预测性的重要性，因此［D］选项错误。 技巧：第一段首句为中心句，其他各句用牛顿的例子阐述此观点。因此问例子就是问首段的观点。 28.The author asserts that scientists. 28.作者认为科学家。 [A] shouldnt replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought [A]不应该用想像思维代替“科学方法” [B] shouldnt neglect to speculate on unpredictable things [B]不应该忽视对不可预测现象的推测 [C] should write more concise reports for technical journals [C]应该为学术杂志撰写更简明的报告 [D] should be confident about their research findings [D]应该对自己的研究发现有信心 [分析] 本题考核的知识点是：作者观点题。难度：0.71 第二段着重指出，不可预测性是科学研究的本质内容（第二段五句）。如果没有不可预测现象的产生就无所谓科学研究了。然而科学家们在为学术刊物撰写呆板的例行报告时往往会忘记这一点。但是历史上充满了（像牛顿一样通过做好不可预测性的准备而获得重大发现的）例子。因而［B］选项正是作者呼吁科学家做的事情。 第三段作者通过举例说明，希望科学家不要用“科学方法”代替创造性思维，［A］选项与之相矛盾；第二段末提到科学家们写的报告只是说明它们忽视不可预见因素，与简明不简明无关，因此［C］选项不正确；［D］选项在文章未提及。 29.It seems that some young scientists. 29.一些年轻的科学家们似乎。 [A] have a keen interest in prediction [A] 对预测很感兴趣 [B] often speculate on the future [B] 经常预测未来 [C] think highly of creative thinking [C] 崇尚创造性思维 [D] stick to “scientific method” [D] 坚持“科学方法” [分析] 本题考核的知识点是：具体细节题。难度：0.63 第三段第一句指出，年轻科学家认为“科学方法”可以代替创造性思维。［D］选项正合题意。其他选项都是作者认为他们缺乏的品质。 30.The author implies that the results of scientific research. 30.作者暗示科学研究的结果。 [A] may not be as profitable as they are expected [A] 可能不像预料的那样有利可图 [B] can be measured in dollars and cents [B] 可以用美元和美分测量 [C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern [C] 依赖于与标准模式的一致性 [D] are mostly underestimated by management [D] 大都被商界人士低估了 [分析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。难度：0.49 本题考查考生对假设条件句的理解。根据题干关键词the results定位到第四段第三句。该句是个假设条件句，指出“假如科学实验像科学杂志登载的科学报告显示的那样完全按事先的计划去规划和实施，那么，对管理层来说，期待研究能够产生可以用美元和美分衡量的结果是完全合理的”。此处正话反说，言外之意是，科学实验总有不可预测的现象，产生的结果也难以预测，因此不能肯定有效益。［A］选项才是作者真正想要表达的含义。 ［B］选项是第四段第三句中得出的假设性结果，而事实上条件是不成立的。［C］选项只是第四段最后一句（如果像他们的论文所反映的那样，科学家也想看到规律性和与某种标准模式的一致性）中的假设条件的一部分，也并非事实；［D］选项文中未提及，都应该排除。 四、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析 长难句分析 ①Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments... 该句主干是Science depends far less on...than on...，其中far less...than表明要强调后者；此外两个定语从句（that）it prepares和who watch the experiments分别修饰先行词experiments和men。 ②The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets. 句子的主干是The fact...answered the question...。主语fact之后跟了一个that引导的同位语从句，解释fact的内容；宾语question带了一个定语从句：（which）he had been asking himself about those larger fruits。those larger fruits of the heavens指的就是后面的the moon and the planets，这里作者之所以称之为fruits，是因为它们和牛顿发现的苹果一样，都是在不可预测的情况下发现的。 ③In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought. 句子主干是...you gather the impression...。宾语impression后是同位语从句，该从句中的find+宾语（n.）+宾补（n.）结构意为“觉得…是…”。句首的介词短语充当状语成分。 ④ He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. 该句用了so...that和not only...but (also)...两个结构，convince sb of sth/that...意为“使某人相信”；management这里不是“管理”，而是指管理者。 ⑤ If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. 句子主干是... it is logical for management to expect...，其中it是形式主语，代替真实主语for... to...结构。句首是if引导的条件从句，从句中的状语结构含有比较成分：as faithfully as the reports indicate。 ⑥ It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. 该句主干是It is reasonable for sb to believe that...，其中it是形式主语，代替真实主语to believe that... 。that引导的从句做believe宾语，其主干是：scientists should not be distracted by the necessity... ，scientists后接who引导的从句做定语；necessity后是较长的定语成分：keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope是一种很形象的说法，指科学家在做实验时还要担心研究经费问题。 ⑦ Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team”. 该句主句是一个否定词提前的倒装句nor is management to be blamed（商界人士不应被责备），否定词nor和is间插入了一个if引导的条件从句；主句中含有who引导的定语从句修饰conventional thinkers。discriminate against歧视；in favor of支持、赞同、喜欢；odd ball意为（在面貌、行为、习惯等方面）古怪的人；conventional惯例的，常规的。 佳句赏析 ① What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. 此句简短有力。amount to在这是引申义，表示“相当于，意味着，实际上是”。这种句式可作为总结性的句子使用。 五、全文翻译 实际上，科学的进步依赖于做实验，但更依赖于实验的观察者（即做实验的人）有所准备的头脑。(长难句①)据说艾萨克·牛顿爵士是从苹果落地现象中发现了万有引力。多少个世纪以来，许多地方一直都有苹果落到地面，成千上万的人也都看过苹果落地。但多年来只有牛顿一直对月球和行星沿轨道运行的起因感到好奇。是什么使它们保持在现在的位置？它们为什么不从天上掉下来？苹果向下落到地面而不向上飞到树上，这一事实回答了他长期以来一直对天空中更大的“果实”——月球和行星所存有的疑问。（长难句②） 多少人会考虑过苹果向上飞到树上的可能性呢？牛顿这样做了，因为他不想对任何事情进行预测。他只是怀有好奇心。他的头脑在准备思考不可预测的事。不可预测性是科学研究的一个基本特征。如果没有不可预测现象的产生就无所谓科学研究了。科学家们在为学术刊物撰写呆板的例行报告时往往会忘记这一点，而历史上这样的例子却比比皆是。 在和一些科学家，特别是年轻科学家交谈时，你可能会有这样一种印象：他们认为“科学方法”可以代替创造性思维。(长难句③)我出席过一些科研会议，会上有人问一位科学家继续某项实验是否是明智之举。那位科学家皱了皱眉，又看了看图表，然后说：“数据还是不够确定。”预算部门的人说：“这点我们知道，但你的意见如何？你觉得值得做下去吗？你觉得我们可以期待什么呢？”这位科学家感到很震惊，他没有料到人们会让他做出预测。 当然，这几乎等于说：这位科学家成了自己所写报告的受害者。（佳句）他所提出的种种论断是如此不容置疑、如此一致，以至于不仅他自己相信了，而且也说服了工商界的管理者相信其正确性。（长难句④）假如科学实验像科学杂志报告显示的那样完全按事先的计划去规划和实施，那么，对管理层来说，期待研究能够产生可用美元、美分衡量的结果是完全合理的。(长难句⑤)审计人员也完全有理由相信，确切知道自己的目标并知道如何实现这一目标的科学家们根本没必要分心：用一只眼盯着现金计数器的同时，用另一只眼睛盯着显微镜。（长难句⑥）如果像他们的论文所反映的那样，科学家渴望规律性和与某种标准模式的一致性，那么管理人员歧视研究人员中的“标新立异者”，而赞赏“善于合作”的具有传统思维模式的人，也就是无可指摘的。（长难句⑦） Part Ⅲ EnglishChinese Translation 一、核心词汇注释 ①adapt vt. *1.修改某事物(使其适合新的用途, 目的，情况等) 例：The materials can be adapted for use with older children.这些材料改一下可以给大一点的孩子用。 2.（为电视、舞台等）改编或改写（稿本） vt.&vi. (使)适应，（使）适合（后跟介词to） 例：Our eyes slowly adapted to the dark. 我们的眼睛慢慢地适应了黑暗的环境。 ②afford vt. 1.买得起 2.担负得起（损失、费用、后果等），足以 例：He can hardly afford to miss another day at school. 他几乎再也缺不得一天课了。/afford the time 抽出时间 *3.提供，给予 例：Music affords her pleasure. 音乐给她带来愉快。 ③but prep. apart from, except除……以外 例：I could come any day but Thursday. 除了星期四，我哪天都能来。 ④fall victim/prey to sth 得（重病），受伤，受损，被害 例：Many plants have fallen victim to the sudden frost. 许多植物因突如其来的霜降冻伤了。 ⑤implementation n. 实施，贯彻，执行 例：implementation of the peace plan 和平计划的实施；implement v. （正式地）使生效，执行，履行 ⑥imperative n. ［C］ *1. something that is essential and must be done urgently需要，紧急的事 例：Survival is our first imperative. 我们当务之急是设法生存下来。 2.祈使语气（的动词形式） 3.强烈的欲望，冲动 a. 1.紧急的，极为重要而必须立即处理的 例：It is absolutely imperative that these safety measures are implemented immediately. 这些安全措施必须立刻执行。 2.命令式的，必须服从的；权威的 3.（动词）祈使的 ⑦methodology n. 方法学，方法论；method n. 方法 ⑧partial a. *1.not complete部分的，不完全的 例：a partial success 部分成功 2.特别喜欢、偏爱…….的（后跟介词to） 例：Hes partial to a glass of brandy after dinner. 他很喜欢饭后喝一杯白兰地。 3.偏向一方的，偏袒的，不公平的（后跟介词to） 超纲词汇：affinity n. 类同，密切关系；anew ad. 重新，再；fallacy n. 错误的推理，推论；partisan a. 党派性的，帮派性的；revere v. 敬畏，崇敬 二、试题总体分析 本文主要讨论的是历史学研究方法的问题。现代历史学认为历史学是重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释的行为。每一代历史学家对史实都有不同的解释，历史学家内部对历史研究方法各执己见，传统派和社科派对历史的看法也不尽相同。 1999 年度翻译试题难度属于中等，但是除了往年常考的词义选择、代词复指等项之外，1999年比较突出的一个特点是考查了较多的固定句型结构，例如：there be句型，while引导状语从句，as... as...结构，比较句等等。考生在平时的学习过程中，需要不断积累这些固定句型结构，这样不但有助于翻译，也有助于理解。 三、试题具体解析 （31）［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：while句型、as...as...结构的译法。难度：0.52 该句为简单的复合句，主干是：While..., modern practice... conform to one that...。理解的关键在于while从句，这里的while不是“当…时候”，而是“一方面…，另一方面…”或“…，但是”。这种用法的while表示轻微的转折，其要求是while必须用在句首。很多考生错误的认为这里while引导的是一个时间状语从句，但是这样翻译之后，也应该意识到整个句子逻辑上讲不通。 as...as...是同级比较，进行抽象意义上的比较，需要灵活翻译（可参照以前翻译题中出现的more...than..., less...more...）。在这个句子中没有必要译成“象…一样多的…”，可以直译为“有多少历史学家就有多少对历史下的定义”，或者更符合汉语习惯：“每个历史学家对历史下的定义各有不同”。 主句中，one是承接上文的definitions，表示one definition；that sees...as...past是one的定语从句；attempt后面的不定式to recreate and explain做定语修饰attempt。 词汇：modern practice在这里的意思实际是the practice of modern historians（现代史学家的实践）；conform to意为“符合、遵守一般的规则、准则”；see...as...意为“把…看作”；significant events在这篇具体讨论关于历史学的文章中应该译成“史实”。 译文:几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但是现代史学家的实践最趋于认为历史学试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。 （32）［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：less...more...结构的译法。难度：0.41 该句的主干是：Interest...has arisen less through...and more from... 。less...和more...可以与more...than...等词组联系起来理解。它们大都表示抽象意义上的比较并且肯定more后的成分，否定less后的成分。在本句中，less...more...是两个事物重要程度的比较，可以译成“主要是…其次是…”,“与其说…不如…”,“主要不是…，而是…”等等。 词汇：词汇翻译时根据上下文适当使用增词法，如：Interest in historical methods应译成“对历史研究方法的兴趣”。challenge to...意为“对…的挑战”。 技巧：此外，本题的主语是interest，这是一个抽象的物的概念。英文中这样的句子很多，在翻译时最好转换成人做主语的句子方符合中文习惯，即，人们对…有兴趣。 译文:人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。 （33）［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：代词的指代、词义确定、被动语态、过去分词作后置定语。难度：0.45 该句为简单句，其主干是...methods were argumented by...methodologies designed to...，翻译时可以将被动语态译成主动形式：by后面带的介词宾语additional methodologies...做译文中的主语，原来的主语traditional historical methods 则做译文中的宾语。this transfer指的是上文中提到的转变的内容，此处可译为“在这种转变当中”。designed to...study是过去分词短语做定语修饰 additional methodologies。 词汇：additional本义是“附加的”，但在这里是与traditional对应，而且从methodologies的修饰语来看，它是用来解释新史料的，此处宜译为“新的”；augment的译法也与搭配有关，因为接的是历史研究方法，因此应该译为“充实，补充，完善”。 译文:在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。 （34）［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：there be句型的译法。难度：0.45 该句子的主干是There is no agreement whether...or...。there be句型比较特殊，当它表示人们普遍的看法时，经常要根据中文习惯加上人称，我们这里使用泛指人称代词“人们”。whether...or...意为“是…还是…”，在这个句子中做agreement的同位语；or后的部分可看作是省略了主语和谓语结构methodology refers。the concepts和research techniques并列做refer to的宾语，peculiar to...general修饰the concepts, 而appropriate to...inquiry修饰research techniques，都做后置定语，翻译的时候根据汉语习惯前置。 词汇：agreement本义指“意见一致，相同意见”，由于前面有否定词no，根据上下文，可以译为“人们对…看法不一”或“在…方面，人们有不同的看法”。 译文:所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。 （35） ［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：代词指代、定语从句、view... as...结构、意译和补词。难度：33 该句子的主干是：It applies equally to traditional historians who... and to social science historians who... 。It 的指代同样需要到上文去寻找，指fallacy，即上文指的...identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation（把整个学科与学科研究的某些操作方法等同起来），所以it最好译成“这种谬误”。 applies to意为“应用到”，它有两个并列宾语：traditional historians, social science historians。equally是指应用到这两方面的程度相同。第一个定语从句中，包含view... as...结构，译为“认为…是…”。最后一个定语从句中equate their activity with specific techniques如果直译为“把活动等同于具体的技巧”，则令人不知所云，因此可以译成“认为研究活动就是对具体方法的研究”。 词汇：external and internal criticism of sources直译是“对史料的内部和外部的评论”，然而实际上应理解为“史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论”，此处，应增补行为的发出者“人士”。 译文:这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者则认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。 四、参考译文 （31）几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但是现代史学家的实践最趋于认为历史学试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。由于受其所处时间和地点的限制，每一代史学家都要重新判断过去哪些史料对他们具有重要价值。在这种探索中，所发现的证据总是不完全的、零散的，而且常常是不全面的或带有派别色彩的。历史研究这个行当的讽刺意味在于，从事研究的人一直知道，他们的努力只不过是为永无止境的过程添砖加瓦而已。 （32）人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。尽管历史学一度崇尚它与文学和哲学的相似之处，但新兴的社会科学似乎提供了更多机会，以便人们能够提出新问题，有了解过去的有效途径。社会科学研究的方法论必须进行改变以适应这样一个学科，其基础是史料，而不是当代社会的需要。（33）在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。 在历史学界，方法论这个词从来都是模棱两可的。（34）所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。史学家，尤其是那些单纯局限于他们研究兴趣的史学家，被指责为使用“单方向研究法”，他们常常成为“纯技术方法论”的牺牲品。纯技术方法论错误地把整个学科与学科研究的某些操作方法等同起来，这种情况在自然科学领域里也屡见不鲜。（35）这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者则认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。 Section ⅣWriting(15 points) 一、审题谋篇 本题命题形式为图表加提纲式写作。首先考生需要就两幅图各自描写，并且更重要的是，得出两幅图之间的联系，也就是美国人口增加和野生动物灭绝之间的联系，得出的结论应该是美国人口的快速增长是动物灭绝的原因之一，文章结尾应该落在保护野生动物这一论调上。 由提纲可以看出，文章应该分为三段。第一段应该描写两幅图并得出结论，即，美国人口增加和动物灭绝之间的联系。段落主题句可以放在段落第一句也可以放在段落末尾处。 第二段主要讨论的问题是人口增长导致野生动物灭绝的原因，这一段需要避免的缺点是就事论事，换句话说，也就是不能停留在人口增长导致动物物种灭绝这一现象上，而是要讨论这个现象背后的问题，为什么人口的增长会导致野生动物灭绝。考生需要分析现象背后隐藏的原因，如人类占据了动物生存的空间、破坏了动物赖以生存的自然环境等等。 第三段考生可就以上问题提出建议，在该段在写作过程中，考生应注意两点：其一，条理清楚；其二，减少语言错误。 二、参考范文 It is clear from the first graph that the two hundred years from 1800 to 2000 saw a continuous increase in American population. In the second graph we can see that about 70 wild life species had become extinct in a span of three hundred years and the situation was especially serious from 1800 to 1900, with about 50 to 60 species disappearing from the planet. With these two graphs, we can conclude that the growth of population in the United States is closely related to the drop in the number of wild species. In other words, the population explosion has given rise to the mass destructive effect on the wild life. As we all know, the problem of the extinction of wild life results from several factors. In the first place, the everincreasing population has taken up a large area of space, which used to be the home of many kinds of wild life. Besides, the process of urbanization and industrialization has driven many kinds of wild life away from their shelter to other places where they cannot survive due to the harsh environment. Concerning the extinction of the wild life, some actions should be taken to tackle this problem. First of all, population should be controlled within a reasonable range with effective measures. Moreover, efforts should be made to protect our environment. In a word, it is not easy to find a solution to this frustrating problem. 三、范文点评 文章结构： 该范文从结构上说，首先紧扣提纲，分为三段。第一段采用了先分后总的写作方法，先描写两幅图，进而做出比较，在段末得出两幅图之间的联系，这也是第一段的主题句。主题句出现在段落末尾还有一个好处，就是可以达到承上启下的作用，为第二段进一步深入论述这一现象的原因做准备。第二段段首承接上段，开段点明主题：这一现象的产生有几个原因。第三段段首为主体句，段落中提出两个建议，段尾进行总结，与段首形成呼应。 语言亮点： 1. saw：这是在描写在某段时间发生某种变化时，经常使用的一个表达形式，构成为：时间+experience /see /witness +变化+在哪方面。例如：The 25 years of reforming and opening up see a continuous development in Chinas economy and society.（改革开放25年来，中国经济和社会都不断发展）。 2. a span of three hundred years：300年的时间内。Span表“延续的一段时间”，一般时间较长。如：life span（寿命），the whole span of English history（英国历史的全程）。 3. is closely related to：与…密切相关，同义表达为is closely associated with。 4. drop：表示数量的降低，还可以用decline或decrease。 5. give rise to：导致，引起，同义词为cause, bring about, result in。 6. result from：由…引起；urbanization：城市化；industrialization：工业化。 7. concerning：涉及到…,同义词是：about和regarding。 8. tackle：处理（问题等），同义词有：deal with, resolve, solve。这句话还可以写成：... , some approaches may be adopted in solving this problem。 9. within a reasonable range：在一个合理的范围内。 四、写作误区 篇章结构误区： 1999年的作文中，考生很容易犯两个错误：跑题和论证不深刻。第一个错误主要是因为考生审题不清所致，有些考生看到了“The Ups and Downs of Population Growth”就误认为这是一篇关于人口增长与控制的作文，最后甚至联想到了计划生育政策，这都是审题不清的结果。考生犯的第二个比较明显的错误就是论证深度不够，这个问题尤其在第二段较为明显。文章第二段主要要求“论证这一结果的原因”，这一结果指的是第一段中分析的人口增长与野生动物灭绝之间的联系，那么考生分析的重点应该是为什么人口的不断增加会导致野生动物的持续减少。结果有些考生根本没有考虑到人口增加会占用野生动物的生存空间、破坏环境等，而是一味地反复说“人口增长使得野生动物的数量减少”。这一现象也反映出考生平时在知识和思考的广度和深度上都有待进一步提高。 语言表达错误： ①谓语动词错误： Concerning myself, I think that people should paid much attention to the protection of wildlife.（As far as I am concerned, I think that people should pay much attention to the protection of wildlife.） ②近形词混淆： The increasing population effects on its wildlife.（The increasing population affects / have effects on its wildlife.） ③词的数用错： So some of the wildlives become homeless and extinction.（So some of the wildlife become homeless and extinct.） ④不间断句子： More and more people came to live some wild animals place, these animals moved to other places.（More and more people came to occupy some wild animals home, so these animals had to move to other places.） ⑤不知所云： This measure should be a protection of education.（By this way, we can educate the public about the protection of wild animals.） ⑥时态语态不一致： If the law said that the man who destroy the wildlifes environment will be fined 10,000 dollars, there will be fewer people to do that.（If the law says that the man who destroys the wildlifes environment will be fined 10,000 dollars, there will be fewer offenders.） ⑦中式英语： With the increase of population, the grain needed by people grow too.（With the increase of population, peoples need for grain also grows / increases.） ⑧从句结构不完整： It is the reason that the number of wild animals decreasing.（It is the reason why the number of wild animals is decreasing.） ⑨综合性错误： The first step is that take the thought of environment up in everyones heart.（The first step is to raise the publics consciousness of environment.) PAGE 34