Fw_哈工大博士研究生考试试题哈工大博士研究生考试试题

General English Admissions Test For Non-English Major Ph.D. Program Part I Reading comprehension (40%) Directions: Each of the following passages is followed by some questions. For each question four choices are given.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then put your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Questions 1-7 are based on the following passage: Much of the research on hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD has focused on the neurotransmitter serotonin, a chemical that when released from a presynaptic serotonin-secreting neuron causes the transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse to an adjacent postsynaptic,or target neuron. There are two major reasons for this emphasis. First.it was discovered early on that many of the major hallucinogens have a molecular structure similar to that of serotonin.In addition,animal studies of brain neurochemistry following administration of hallucinogens invariably reported changes in serotonin levels. Early investigators correcty reasoned that the structural similarity to the serotonin molecule might imply that LSD’s effects are brought about by an action on the neurotransmission of serotonin in the brian.Unfortunataly,the leveal of technical expertise in the field of brain research was such that this hypothesis had to be tested on peripheral tissue(tissue outside the brain).Two different groups of scientists reported that LSD powerfully blockaded serotonin’s action.Their conclusions were quickly challenged,however,We now know that the action of a drug at one side in the body does not necessarily correspond to the drug’ action at another side,especially when one site is in the brain and the other is not. By the 1960’s,technical advances permitted the direct testimg of the hypothesis that LSD and related hallucinogens act by directly suppressing the activity of serotonin-secreting neurons themselves-the so-called presynaptic hypothesis.Researchers reasoned that if the hllucinogenic drugs act by suppressing the activity of serotonin-secreting neurons,then drugs administered after these neurons had beem destroyed should have no effect on behavior,because the system would already be maximally suppressed. Contrary to their expectations,neuron destruction enhanced the effect of LSD and related hallucinogens on behavior.Thus, hallucinogenic drugs apparently do not act directly on serotonin-secreting neurons. However,these and other available date do support an alternative hypothesis,that LSD and related drugs act directly at receptor sites on serotonin target neurons(the postsynaptic hypothesis). The fact that LSD elicits“serotonin syndrome”-that is,causes the same kinds of behaviors as does the admission of serotonin-in animals whose brains are depleted of serotonin indicates that LSD acts directly on serotonin receptors,rather than indirectly through the release of stores of serotonin .The enhanced effect of LSD reported after serotonin depletion could be due to a proliferation of serotonin receptor sites on serotonin target neurons . This phenomenon often follows neuron destruction or neurotransmitter depletion; the increase in the number of receptor sites appears to be a compensatory response to decreased input. Significantly,this hypothesis is supported by date from a numeber of different laboratories. 1.Acoording to the passage,which of the following is one of the primary factors that led researchers studying hallucinogenic drugs to focus on serotonin ? A. The suppression of the activity of serotonin secreting neurons by the administration of hallucinogens B.The observed similarities in the chemical structures of serotonin and hallucinogens C.The effects the administration of hallucinogens has on serotonin production in the human brain D. Serotonin-induced changes in the effects of hallucinogens on behavior 2.It can be inferred that researchers abandoned the presynaptic hypothesis because-------------- A. a new and more attractive hypothesis was suggusted B. no research was reported that supported the hypothesis C.research results provided evidence to counter the hypothesis D. the hypothesis was supported only by studies of animals and not by studies of human beings 3.Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage ? A.Research has suggested that the neurotransmitter serotonin is responsible for the effects of hallucinogenic drugs on the brain and on behavior. B.Researchers have spent an inadequate amount of time developing theories concerning the way in which the effects of hallucinogenic drugs occur. C.Research results strongly suggest that hallucinogenic drugs creat their effects by acting on the serotonin receptor sites located on target neurons in the brain. D.Researchers have recently made valuable discoveries concerning the effects of depleting the amount of serotonin in the brain. 4.The research described in the passage is primarily concerned with answering which of the following questions ? A.How can researchers control the effects that LSD has on behavior? B.How are animals’reactions to LSD different from those of human being? C. What triggers the effects that LSD has on human behavior? D.What technical advances would permit researchers to predict more accurately the effects of LSD on behavior ? 5.Which of the following best defines “serotonin syndrome”(underlined) as the term is used in the passage? A.The series of behaviors,usually associated with the administration of serotonin,that also occurs when LSD is administered to animals whose brains are depleted of serotonin B.The series of behaviors,usually associated with the administration of LSD,that also occurs when the amount of serotonin in the brain is reduced. C.The maximal suppression of neuron activity that results from the destruction of serotonin-secreting neurons D.The release of stores of serotonin from serotonin-secreting neurons in the brain 6.Which of the following best describes the organization of the argument that the author of the passage presents in the last two paragraphs? A.Two approaches to testing a hypothesis are described ,and the greater merits of one approach are indicated. B.The assumptions underlying two hypotheses are outlined,and evidence for and againt each hypothesis is discussed. C.A phenomenon is described ,and hypotheses concerning its occurrence are considered and rejected D.The reasoning behind a hypothesis is summarised ,evidence supporting the hypothesis is presented, and research that counters the supporting evidence is described. 7.The author’s attitude toward early researchers’reasoning concerning the implication of similarities in the structures of serotonin and LSD molecules can best be described as one of ------------ A.complete agreement B.reluctant support C.subtle condescension D.irreverent dismissal Passage Two Questions 8-14 are based on the following passage: A recent history of the Chicago meat-packing industry and its workers examines how the indusry grew from its appearance in the 1830’s through the early 1890’s.Meat-packers,the author argues,had good wages,working conditions,and prospects for advancement within the packinghouses,and did not cooperate with labor agitators since labor relations were so hamonious .Because the history maintains that conditions were above standard for the era,the frequency of labor disputes,especially in the mid-1880’s,is not account for.The work ignores the fact that the 1880’s were crucial years in American labor history,and that the packinghouse workers’effects were part of the national movement for labor reform. In fact,other historical sources for the late nineteenth century record deteriorating housing and high disease and infant mortality rates in the industrial community ,due to low wages and unhealthy working conditions. Additional data from the University of Chicago suggest that the packinghouses were dangerous places to work. The government investigation commissioned by President Theodore Roosevelt which eventually led to the adoption of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act found the packinghouses unsanitary,while social workers observed that most of the workers were poorly paid and overworked. The history may be too optimistic because most of its data date from the 1880’s at the latest,and the information provided from that decade is insufficiently analyzed. Conditions actually declined in the 1880’s,and continued to decline after the 1880’s,due to a reorganization of the packing process and a massive influx of unskilled workers.The deterioration in worker status,partly a result of the new availability of unskilled and hence cheap labor,is not discussed.Though a detailed account of work in the packing-houses is attempted,the author fails to distinguish between the wages and conditions for skilled workers and for those unskilled laborers who comprised the majority of the industry’s workers from the 1880’s on .While conditons for the former were arguably tolerable due to the strategic importance of skilled workers in the complicated slaughtering,cutting,and packing process(though worker complaints about the rate and conditions of work were frequent),pay and conditions for the latter were wretched. The author’s misinterpretation of the origins of the feelings the meat-packers had for their industrial neighborhood may account for the history’s faulty generralizations. The pride and contentment the author remarks upon were,arguably,less the products of the industrial world of the packers-the giant yards and the intricate plants---than of the unity and vibrancy of the ethnic cultures that formed a viable community on Chicago’s South Side .Indeed,the strength of this community succeeded in generating a social movement that effectively confronted the problems of the industry that provided its livelihood.` 8. The passage is primarily concerned with discussing _____________________. A. how historians ought to explain the origins of the conditions in the Chicago meat-packing industry B.why it is difficult to determine the actual nature of the conditions in the Chicago meat-packing industry C.Why a particular account of the conditions in the Chicago meat-packing industry is inaccurate D.what ought to be included in any account of the Chicago meat-packers’role in the national labor movement 9.The auther of the passage mentions all of the following as describing negative conditions in the meat-packing industry EXCEPT_________________. A.data from the University of Chicago B.a recent history of the meat-packing industry C. social workers D. historical sources for the late nineteenth century 10.The author of the passage mentions the “social movement”(underlined)generated by Chicago’s South Side community primarily in order to ____________________. A. inform the reader of events that occurred in the meat-packing industry after the period of time covered by the history B.suggest the history’s limitations by pointing out a situation that the history failed to explain adequately C.salvage the history’s point of view by suggesting that there were positive developments in the meat-packing industry due to worker unity D. introduce a new issue designed to elaborate on the good relationship between the meat-packers and Chicago’s ethnic communities 11. According to the passage, the working conditions of skilled workers in the meat-packing industry during the 1880’s were influenced by ______________. A. the workers’determined complaints about the rate and conditions of their work B.the efforts of social workers to improve sanitation in the packinghouses C.the workers’ability to perform the industry’s complex tasks D.improvements in the industry’s packing process that occurred in the 1880’s 12. The author of the passage uses the second paragraph to ____________________. A.summarize the main point of the history discussed in the passage B.explain why the history discussed in the passage has been disparaged by critics C. evaluate the findings of recent studies that underline the premises of the history discussion in the passage D. present evidence that is intended to refute the argument of the history discussed in the paassage 13. The tone of the author of the passage in discussing the meat-packer community on Chicago’s South Side can best be described as one of ___________. A.appreciation of the community’s ability to cope with difficult conditions B. admiration for the community’s refusal to cooperate with labor agitators C.indignation at the kinds of social conditions the community faced D. annoyance at the community’s inability to abolish discrimination in the meat-packing industry 14. The information in the passage suggests that the author of the history discussed in the passage made which of the following errors? A.Failing to recognize the effect of the diversity of the South Side community on the meat-packers’ efforts to reform the industry B.Attributing good working conditions in the meat-packing industry to the efforts of labor agitators C.Overemphasizing the importance of the availability of unskilled labor as an influnce on conditions in the meat packing industry D.Interpreting the meat-packers’feelings for their community as appreciation of their industry Passage Three Questions 15-20 are based on the following passage ; Investigators of monkeys’ social behavior have always been struck by monkeys’ aggressive potential and the consequent need for social control of their aggressive behavior. Studies directed at describing aggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it,as well as the social mechanisms that control it,were therefore among the first investigations of monkys’social behavior. Investigators initially believed that monkeys would compete for any resource in the environment: hungry monkeys would fight over food,thirsty monkeys would fight over water,and in general,any time more than one monkey in a group sought the same incentive simultaneously, a dispute would result and would be resolved through some form of aggression.However, the motivating force of competition for incentives began to be doubted when experiments like Southwick’s on the reduction of space or the withholding of food failed to produce more than temporaty increases in intra-group aggression.Indeed, food deprivation not only failed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted in decreased frequencies of aggression. Studies of animals in the wild under conditions of extreme food deprivation likewise revealed that starving monkeys devoted almost all available energy to foraging ,with little energy remaining for aggressive interaction. Furthermore,accumulating evidence from later studies of a variety of primate groups,for example,the study conducted by Bernstein,indicates that one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the introduction of an intruder into an organized group.Such introductions result in far more serious aggression than that produced in any other types of experiments contrived to produce competition. These studies of in of intruders suggest that adult members of the same species introduced to one anther for the first time show considerable hostility because,in the absence of a social order,one must be established to control inter-animal relationships.When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization,the newcomer meets even more serious aggression.whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order in the second case resident animals mob the intruder,thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit.The simultaneous introduction of several animals lessens the effect,if only because the group divides its attention among the multiple targets .If, however, the several animals introduced to a group constitute their own social unit ,each group may fight the opposing group as a unit; but, again, no individual is subjected to mass attack,and the very cohesion of the groups precludes prolonged individual combat.The submission of the defeated group,rather than unleashing unchecked aggression on the part of the victorious group,reduces both the intensity and frequency of further atttack. Monkey groups therefore see to be organized primarily to maintanin their establishde social order rather than to engage in hostilities per se. 15.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with__________. A.advancing a new methodology for changing a monkey’s social behavior B.comparing the methods of several research studies on aggression among monkeys C.explaining the reasons for researchers’ interest in monkeys’social behavior D.discussing the development of investigators’theories about aggression among monkeys 16.Which of the following best summarizes the findings reported in the passage about the effects of food deprivation on monkeys’ behavior? A.Food deprivation has no effect on aggresssion among monkeys. B.Food deprivation increases aggression among monkeys because one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the competition for incentives. C.Food deprivation may increase long-time aggression among monkeys in a laboratory Setting,but it produces only temporary increases among monkeys in the wild. D.Food deprivation may temporarily increase aggression among monkeys, but it also leads to a decrease in conflict. 17. According to the author,studies such as Southwick’s had which of the following effects on investigators theories about monkeys’social behavior? A.They cast doubt on investigators’theories that could account for observed patterns of aggression among monkeys. B.They suggested that existing theories about the role of aggression among monkeys did not fully account for the monkeys’ability to maintain an established social order. C.They confirmed investigators’theories about monkeys’aggressive response to competition for food and water D.They confirmed investigators’beliefs about the motivation for continued aggression among monkeys in the same social group 18.The passage suggests that investigators of monkeys social behavior have been especially interested in aggressive behavior among monkeys because__________. A.aggression is the most common social behavior among monkeys B.sussessful competition for incentives determines the social order in a monkey group C.most monkeys are social ,yet they frequently respond to newcomers entering existing social units by attacking them D.situations that elicit aggressive behavior can be studied in a laboratory 19.It can be inferred from the passage that the establishment and preservation of social order among a group of monkeys is essential in order to __________. A.keep the monkeys from straying and joining other groups B.control aggressive behavior among group members C.prevent the domination of that group by anther D.protect individuals seeking to become members of that group from mass attack 20.The passage supplies information to answer which of the following questions? A.How does the reduction of space affect intra-group aggression among monkeys in an experimental setting? B.Do family units within a monkey social group compete with other family units for food? C. What are the mechanisms by which the social order of an established group of monkeys controls aggression within that group? D.How do monkeys engaged in aggression with other monkeys signal submission? Passage Four Questiom 21-25 are based on the following Passage: In the last 12 years total employment in the united states grew faster than at any time in the peacetime history of any country—form 82 to 110 million between 1973 and 1985—that is,by a full one third. The entire growth,however, was in muanfacturing, and especially no-blue-collar jobs. This trend is the same in all developed countries, and is , indeed, even more pronounced in japan. It is therefore highly probable that in 25 years developed countries such as the United States and japan will employ no larger a proportion of the larbor force in manufacturing than develoed countries now employ in farming—at most,10 percent. Today the United States employs around 18 million people in-collar jobs in manufacturing industries. By 2010,the number is likely to be no more than 12 million. In some major industries the drop will be even sharper. It is quite unrealistic, for instance, to expect that the American automobile industry will employ more one-third of its present blue-collar force 25 years hence, even thongh production might be 50 precent higher. If a company ,an industry or a country does not in the next quarter century sharply increase manufacturing production and at the same sharply reduce the blue-collar work force, it cannot hop to remain competitive or even to remain “developed”. The attempt to preserve such blue-collar jobs is actually a prescription for unemployment. This is not a conclusion that American politicians ,labor leaders or indeed the general public can easily understand or accept.What confuses the issue even more it that the United states is experiencing several separate and different shift in the manufacturing economy. One is the acceleration of the substitution of knowledge and capital for manual labor.When Henry Ford introduced the assembly line in 1909,he cut the number of man-hours required to required to produced a motor. This is not a conclusion that American politicians ,labor leaders the general public can easily understand or accept. What confuses the issue even more it that the United States is expericing several separate and different shifts in the manufacturing economy. One is the acceleration of the substition of knowledge and capital for manual labor. Where we spoke of mechanization a few decades ago,we now speak of “robotization” or “automation”.This is actually more a change in terminology than a change in reality.When Henry Ford motor introduced the assembly linn in 1909,he cut the number of man –hours required to produce a motor car by some 80 percent in two or three years--far more than anyone expects to result from even the most complete robotization. But there is no doubt that we are facing a new ,sharp acceleration in the replacement of manual workers by machines-that is ,by the products of knowledge. 21.According to the author,the shrinkage in the manufacturing labor force demonstrates___________. A. the degree to which a country’s production is robotized B. a reduction in a country’s manufacturing industries C. a worsening relationship between labor and management D.the different between a developed country and a developing country 22. According to the author,in coming 25 years, a developed country or industry ,in order to remain competitive,ought to___________. A. reduce the percentage of the blue-collar work force B. perserve blue-collar jobs for international competition C. accelerate motor-----can manufacturing in Henry Ford ‘s style D. solve the problem of unemployment 23.American politicians and labor leaders tend to dislike ____________. A. confusion in manufacturing economy B. an increase in blue-collar work force C. internal competition in manufacturing production D. a drop in the blue-collar job opportunities 24. The word “prescription”in “a prescription for unemployment”may be the equivalent to ___________. A. something recommended as medical treatment B. a way suggested to overcome somer difficulty C. some measures taken in advance D. a device to dire 25. This passage may have been excepted form_________. A. a magazine about capital investment B. an article on automation C. a motor-car magazine D. an article on global economy Passage Five Questions 26-30 are based on the following passage: What does the future hold for the problem of housing? A good deal depends, of course, on the meaning of “future ” .If one is thinking in terms of science fiction and the space age,it is at least possible to assume that man will have solved such trivial and earthly problems as housing. Writers of science fiction, from H.G wells onwards, have had little to say on the subject. They have conveyed the suggestion that men will live in great comfort , with every conceivable apparatus to make life smooth, healthy and easy, if not happy. But they have not said what his house will be made of . Perhaps some new building material, as yet unimagined ,will have been discovered or invented at least. One may be certain that bricks and mortar will long have gone out of fashion. But the problems of the next generation or two can more readily be imagined. Scientists have already pointed out that unless something is done either to restrict the world’s rapid growth in population or to discover and develop new sources of food (or both), millions of people will be dying of starvation or at the best suffering from underfeeding before this century is out. But nobody has yet worked out any plan for housing these growing populations. Admittedly the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world, where housing can be light structure or in backwards areas where standards are traditionlly low. But even the minimum shelter requires materials of some kind and in the teeming .bulging towns the low-stangard “housing” of flattened petrol cans and dirty canvas is far more wasteful of ground space than can be tolerated. since the war, Hong Kong has suffred the kind of crisis which is likely to arise in many other places during the next generation. Literally millions of refugees arrived to swell the already growing population and emergency steps had to be taken rapidly to prevent squalor and disease and the spread crime .The city is tackling the situation energetically and enormous blocks of tenements are rising at an astonishing aped. But Hong Kong is only one small parts of what will certainly become a vast problem and not merely a housing problem ,because when population grows at this rate there are accompanying problems of education, transport, hospital services,drainage,water supply and so on .Not every area may give the same resources as Hong Kong to draw upon and the search for quicker and cheaper methods of construction must never cease. 26. What is the ahthor’s opinion of housing problems in the first paragraph? A. They may be completely solved at sometime in the future B. They are unimportant and easily dealt with C. They will not be solved until a new building material has been discovered D. They have been dealt with in specific detail in books describing the future 27. The writer believes that in the distant future_________. A. bricks and mortar will be replaced by some other building material B. a new building material will have been invented C. bricks and mortar will not be used by people who want their house to be fashionable D. a new way of using bricks and mortar will have been discovered 28. The writer belives that the biggest problems likely to confront the world before the end of the century___________. A. is difficult to foresee B. will be how to feed the the ever growing population C. will be how to provide enough houses in the hottest parts of the world D. is the question of finding enough ground space 29. When the writer says that the worst situation will occur in the hottest parts of the world or in backward areas ,he is referring to the fact that in these parts____________. A. standards of building are low B. only minimum shetler will be possible C. there is not enough ground space D. the population growth will be the greatest 30. Which of the following sentences best summarizes Paragraph 3? A. Hong Kong has faced a serious crisis caused by millions of refugees B. Hong Konghas successfully dealt with the emergency caused by millions of refugees B. Hong Kong’s crisis was not only a matter of housing but included a number of other problems of population growth. C. Many parts of the world may have to face the kind of problems encountered by Hong Kong and many find it much harder to deal with them Passage Six Question 31-35 are base on the followong Passage: Every profession or trade ,every art,and every science has its technical vocabulary .Different occpations, however, differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies.In trades and handicrafts. and other vocations, like farming and fishery, that have occupied great numbers of men from remote times,the technical vocabulary ,is very old.It consists largely of native words ,or of borrowed words that have worked themseves into the very fiber of our familiar in sound ,and more generally understood,than most other technicalities.The special dialects of law ,medicine ,divinity ,and philosophy have also, in their older strata ,become every vocation still possesses a large body of technical terms that remain essentially foreige,even to educated speech. (校正到此)And the porprotion has been much increased in the last fifty years, particularly in the various departments of natural and political science and in the mechanic arts.Here new terms are coined with the greatest freedom and abandoned with indifference when they have served their turn. Most of the new coinages are confined to special discussions,and seldom get into general literature or conversation . Yet no profession is nowadays,as all profession once were,a close guild(行会).The lawers,the physician ,the man of science,the divine ,associated freely with his fellow-creatures,and does not meet them in a merely professional way.Furthermore ,what is called “popular science” makes everybody acquainted with modern views and recent discoveries. Any important experiment ,though made in a remote or provincial laboratory ,is at once reported in the newspapers,and everybody is soon talking about it as in the case of the Roentgen rays and wireless telegraphy . Thus our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace. 31. Speical words .A.never last long B. should be confined to scientific fields C. may become part of common speech D. are considered artificial language speech 32. It is true that __________. A. everyone is interested in scientific finding B. the average man often uses in his own vocabulary what was once technical language not meant for him C. an educated person would be expected to know most technical terms D. various professions and occupations often interchange their dialects and jargons 33. In recent years,these has been a marked increase in the numberof technical terms in the terminology of_____________. A. fishery B. farming C. government D.sports 34. The writer of the article was , undoubtely________________. A.a linguist B. an attoreny C.an scientist D.an essayist 35. The author’s main purpose in the passage is to _____________. A. describe a phenomenon B.propose a solution C. be entering D. argue a belief Passage Seven Question 36-40 are based on the following Passage: An important new industry ,oil refining ,grew after the Civil War.Crude oil, or petroleum ----a dark ,thick ooze( ) from the earth ----had been know for hundreds of years .But little use had ever been made of it .In the 1850’s Samuel M.Kier , a manufacture in western pennsylvania,began collecting the oil from local seepage and refining it into kerosene .Refining ,like smelting ,is a process of removing impurities from a raw material. Kerosene was used to light lamps .It was a cheap substitute for whale oil, which was becoming harder to get. soon there was a large demand for kerosene .people began to search for nes supplies of petroleum. The first oil well was drilled by E.L.Drake , a retried railrode conductor. In 1859 he began drilling in Titusville ,pennsylvaia .The whole venture seemed so impractical and foolish that onlookers called it “Drake’s Folly”.But when he had drilled down about 70 feet(21 meters )’Drake struck oil.His well began to yiald 20 barrels of crude oil a day. News of Drake’s success brought oil prospectors to the scene.By the early 1860’s these aldcatters were drilling for “black gold” all over western pennsylvania. The boom rivaled the California gold rush of 1848 in its excitement and Wild West atmosphere .And it brought far more wealth to the prospectors than any gold rush. Crude oil could be refined into many products .For some years kerosene continued to be the principal one. It was sold in grocery stores and door-to –door. In the 1880’s and 1890’s refiners leaarned how to make other products such as waxes and lubricating oils. Petroleum was not then used to make gasline or heating oil. 36. According to the passage ,many people initially thought that E.L.D Drake had made a mistake by___________. A. moving Pennsylvania B. retiring from his job C. searching for oil D. going on a whaling expedition 37.Accoring to the passage ,what is “black gold”? A. gold ora B.stolen money C. whale oil D. crude oil 38. Why does the author mention the Cailfornia gold rush? A. To indicate the extent of united states mineral wealth. B. To argue that gold gold was more when more valuable than oil C. To describe the mood when oil was first discovered D. To explain the need for an increased supply of gold 39. The author mentions all of the following as possible products of crude oil EXCEPT__________. A. gasoline B.kerosene C.wax D.plastic 40.What might be the best title for the passage? A. Oil Refining:A Historical Perspective. B.Kerosene Lamps:A light in the Tunnel. C.The California Gold Rush: Get Rich Quickly. D.Private Property :Trespassers will Be Prosecuted. Part II Translation (60%) Section One : Translate the following Passages into Chinese(40%) Directions: There are four Passages in this section.Translate them into Chinese .Write your translations neatly on the ANSER SHEET. Passage One You can’t buy happiness. But it looks like you can at least inherit it. British and Australian researchers said. A study of nearly 1000 pairs of identical and non-identical twins found genes control half the personality traits that make people happy while factors such as relationships, health and careers are responsible for the rest of our well-being. “We found that around half the differences in happiness were genetic,” said Tim Bates, a researcher at the University of Edinburgh who led the study.”It is really quite surprising.” The researchers asked the volunteers---ranging in age from 25 to 75 --- a series of questions about their personality , how nuch they worried and how satisfied and they were with their lives. Because identical twins share the same genes and fraternal twins do not, the reseaarchers reported in the journel Psychological Science. “what this study showed was that the identical twins in a family were very similar in personality and in well-being ,and by contrast ,the fraternal twins were only around half as similial ,”Bates said ,”That strongly implicates genes.” The finding are an important piece of the puzzle for researchers trying to better anderstand depression and what makes different people happy or unhappy, B ates said . People with positive inherited personality traits may,in efffect ,also have a reserve of happiness to draw on in stressful times ,he said. “An important implication is that personality traits of being outgoing, calm and reliable provide a resourse ,we called it ‘affective reserve,’that drives future happiness”Bates said. Passage Two Why did humans evolve to walk upright ?Perhaps because it’s jusst plain easier .Make that “energetically less costly,” in science-speak. Bipedalism-walking on two feet-is one of the defining characteristics of being human, and scientists have debated for years how it came about .In the latest attempt to find an explanation ,researchers trained five chimoanzees to walk on a treadmill while wearing masks that allowed measurement of their oxygen consumption. The chimps were measured both while walking upright and while moving on their legs and knuckles .That measurement of the energy needed to move around was compared with similar tests on humans and the results are published in this week’s online edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. It turns out that humans walking on two legs uses only one-quarter of the energy that chimpanzees use while knuckle-walking on four limbs .And the chimps ,on average ,use as much energy using two legs as they did when they used all four limbs. However ,there was variability among chimpanzees in how much energy they used,and this difference corresponded to their difference gaits and anatomy. We think about the evolution of bipedalism as one of first events that led hominids( ) down the path to being human. Passage Three The rising popularity of text messaging on mobile phones a threat to writing standards among Irish schoolchildren , an Irish education commission says. The frequency of errors in grammar and punctuation has become a serious concern ,the States Examination Commission said in a report after reviewing last year’s exam performance by 15-year-olds. “The emergence of the mobile phone and the rise of text messaging as a popular means of communication would appear to have impacted on standerds of writing as evidenced in the responses of candidates,”the reported said ,according to Wednesday’s Irish Times. “Text messageing ,with its use of phonetic spelling and little or no punctuation,seems to pose a threat to tradtional conventions in writing.” The report Iaments that,in many case ,candidates seemed “unduly reliant on short sentences,simple tense and a limited vocabularly.” In 2003,Irish 15-year-olds were among the top 10 performers in an international league table of literacy standards compiled by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Passage Four China’s prolonged silience about its destruction of the Feng Yun 1-C satellite ,which ist launched in 1999, has been almost as unnerving to its potential enemies (American ,Japan and Taiwan espically)as the experiment itself .It was only this week---12 days after the event---that China grudingly admitted that it had tested something in space.This has led to speculation that China still not describe openly what actually happened. A foreign-ministry sporksman insisted that china would not engage in an arms race in space .Yet it is hard to see the the test other than as a display of China’s ability to challenge Amercian space power .It has triggered a chorus of complaint from Western powerws ,as well as from neighboring Japan and Taiwan .China says it did brief American and Japanese officials ,among others, on what happened ---but not ,it appears ,until just just before it confirmed the test to the press. China will doubtless insist that the American can hardly complain ,American and the former soviet Union tested anti-satellite weapons ,albeit more than 20 years ago .George Bush has refused to talk to China about a proposal it raised in 2002, with Russia’s backing ,for a treaty outlawing the “weaoonisation “of space.Mr Bush authoriaed a new national space policy in August last years that irked the Chinese .It defended American’s right to use space for defense and intelligence gathering purposes as well as to stop “adversaries”from using space in ways that threaten American “national interests”. Section Two :Translate the following passage into English(20%) Direction :There are two passage in this section .Translations neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage O NE 研究人员称，远程办公等弹性工作模式有益于身体健康。 研究人员发现，如果人们有条件在家工作，压缩工作周的时间，那他们就可以选择更为健康的生活方式，锻炼身体的机会增多，睡眠也会更好。 可能弹性工作模式让人们能有更充裕的时间来实现健康的生活方式，或者是它让人们能更好的安排自己的时间。弹性工作制最初是为了帮助人们（尤其是女性）同时兼顾工作和家庭，但有关证据 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 明这显然不仅仅是女性的问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 。 研究人员对一家大型医药公司职员的“健康风险评估”进行了分析，职员涉及仓储，生产和管理等多个不同的岗位。 一名研究人员说：“这不仅仅针对管理层，而逝涉及到公司各个岗位的员工。”他说，改研究能让卫生部门和相关机构认识到，给员工更多的自由其实能带来很多益处。 但他也说，要评估弹性工作制的长期益处还需要开展进一步研究。 Passage Two 迈克尔是那种你真想恨一恨的家伙，她总是乐呵呵的，总是说些积极上进的话。如果有人问他近况如何，他会这样回答：“如果我还能再好，我就成双胞胎了”。他生来就会让人积极进取。 如果哪位雇员有天过得很糟糕，迈克尔会告诉他如何看待问题的积极一面。他的这种 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 着实让我好奇，所以有一天我找到迈克尔问：“我真弄不明白。你怎么能总是那样积极乐观？你是如何做到这一点的？” 迈克尔回答说，“每天早上醒来我对自己说，迈克，今天你有两种选择。你可以选择心情愉快，你也可以选择心情恶劣。”我选择心情愉悦。每次心情不愉快的事情发生时，我可以选择成为一个牺牲品，也可以选择从中吸取教训。我选择从中吸取教训。每次有什么人找我来抱怨，我可以选择接受他们的抱怨，也可以选择向他指出生活的积极面。我选择指出生活的积极面。 PAGE 1