jumping frog

MarkTwainandAmericanHumorIntroductionWhenMarkTwain's"TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty"firstappearedin1865,itwashailedbyJamesRussellLowell,theBoston-basedleaderoftheliteraryelite,as"thefinestpieceofhumorousliteratureyetproducedinAmerica."Thiswashighpraiseforatall-talefromahithertolittleknownSanFrancisconewspaperhumorist,butLowellaimedpreciselyatthemostdistinguishingfeatureofTwain'sfirstnationallyacclaimedworkoffiction:itstransformingrelationshiptothelongtraditionofAmericanhumor.Inthisbriefmasterpiece,Twaincombinesthevibrant,loquaciousstorytellingtraditionrootedinfolktale,fable,andgossipwiththemorecalculatedliterarytraditionofsatire,irony,andwit.Reading"TheJumpingFrog"ishelpfultounderstandingbothaspectsofAmericanhumorandtodeepeningappreciationofTwain'sachievement.GuidingQuestionsWhatplacedoesMarkTwainhaveinthehistoryofAmericanliteraryhumor?Howdoes"TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty"drawfromearlierworksofAmericanhumorinbothformandcontent?LearningObjectivesAttheendofthislesson,studentswillbeableto:AnalyzetheuseofliteraryconventionsanddevicestodevelopcharacterandpointofviewintheshortstoryDiscussthepurposesandsignificanceofliteraryhumorExamineMarkTwain'sstorytellingstyleinrelationtothatofotherAmericanhumoristsPreparingtoTeachthisLessonReviewthelessonplanandthewebsitesusedthroughout.Locateandbookmarksuggestedmaterialsandwebsites.Downloadandprintoutdocumentsyouwilluseandduplicatecopiesasnecessaryforstudentviewing.AdditionalbackgroundandpreparatoryinformationisavailableintheCurriculumUnitOverview.Evenifteachingthislessonplanasasinglelesson,themateriallistedintheOverviewcontainsvaluablecontextualmaterial.StudentscanaccesstheprimarysourcematerialsandsomeoftheactivitymaterialsviatheHYPERLINK"http://edsitement.neh.gov/LaunchPad/Launch-AmericanHumor.html"EDSITEmentLaunchPad.ThefulltextofHYPERLINK"http://etext.virginia.edu/railton/projects/price/frog.htm""TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty"isavailableviatheEDSITEment-reviewedHYPERLINK"http://etext.virginia.edu/railton/"MarkTwaininHisTimes.SuggestedActivities1.HYPERLINK"http://edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?id=327"\l"01"SamuelClemensandMarkTwain2.HYPERLINK"http://edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?id=327"\l"02"Staging"TheCelebratedJumpingFrog"3.HYPERLINK"http://edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?id=327"\l"03"TargetingHumor4.HYPERLINK"http://edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?id=327"\l"04"DialectinPerspective1.SamuelClemensandMarkTwainBeginbyintroducingstudentstoSamuelClemensandhowhedevelopedintotheliterarypersonaknownasMarkTwain.EmphasizeespeciallyhisformativeyearsasaWesternjournalist,astageinhiscareerthatcancomeasasurprisetothosewho"place"himasaMississippiRiverwriter.Askstudentstoconsiderhowbeingajournalistmightinfluencehisfictionalwritingstyle.Theymightsuggest,forexample,anattentiontodetail,contextualizinginformation,orspecificitytolocation(answerstotheclassic,"who,what,where,why"questions).TheHYPERLINK"http://etext.virginia.edu/railton/sc_as_mt/cathompg.html"SamuelClemensasMarkTwainwebsite,attheEDSITEment-reviewedHYPERLINK"http://xroads.virginia.edu/"AmericanStudiesatUVA,showcasesthemanywaysthat"MarkTwain'sgreatestfictionwas'MarkTwain.'"Showstudentshissignatureonthemainwebpage,inwhichhesigns"MarkTwain"diagonallyover"Yourstruly,SamuelClemens."Asthewebsiteargues:Hewasnotonlythenation'sfirstliterarycelebrity;"MarkTwain,"bornintheNevadaTerritoryin1863ofSamClemens'ambitions,nurturedbypublishers,editorsandotherpromoters,adoptedbyagratefulAmericanpublic,"MarkTwain"becameakindofmythichero.Partofthismythosinvolveshishumorousanecdotes,flowingmustache,andofcourse,thefamouswhitesuit.ThoughperhapsoneofMarkTwain'smostmemorabletrademarks,thewhitesuitwasarelativelylateadditiontohiswardrobe,addedin1906.ThefollowingHYPERLINK"http://etext.virginia.edu/railton/sc_as_mt/suitnyt.html"NewYorkTimesarticle,writtenin1906,detailsthefirsttimeMarkTwainworethesuitataCongressionalhearingoncopyright.Iftimeallows,havestudentsread(perhapsaloudinclass)thenewspaperarticle,bothasameasureofMarkTwain's"character,"aswellasapointofdiscussiontocomparetherelationshipbetweenjournalismandliterature.Therearethreeotherarticlesavailableshouldtheteacherwishtodividetheclassintogroups.TheHYPERLINK"http://etext.virginia.edu/railton/sc_as_mt/cathompg.html"ClemensasTwainwebsitehasagreatdealofadditionalbiographicalinformation,photographs,andothermaterialrelevanttothepersonaofMarkTwain,shouldstudentsdesirefurtherexploration.2.Staging"TheCelebratedJumpingFrog"Havestudentsread"TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty."AnHYPERLINK"http://etext.virginia.edu/railton/huckfinn/jumpfrog.html"electronictextofthestoryisavailableattheEDSITEment-reviewedwebsiteHYPERLINK"http://etext.virginia.edu/railton/"MarkTwaininHisTimes.Studentscaneitherreadthestoryinclass,sinceitisrelativelyshort,orinstructorsmightconsiderassigningthereadingthenightbefore.Begindiscussingthestorybyfocusinginitiallyonthestructure.Askasmallgroupofstudentstoperformitasaskit.Havestudentsassignpartsandconsidertherolesthatneedtobefilled.TheywillfindthatTwainhasdevisedastory-within-a-storyframingstructure(alsoknownasaframeor'envelope'narrative)bymakinghisnarratorthereluctantaudienceforhisstoryteller,SimonWheeler,andbydistinguishinghisstorytellerfromhisprotagonist,JimSmiley.Studentsmightstagetheperformanceinseparateareasoftheclassroomtorepresentthedifferentframedinteractionsfromthestory.StudentscanalsousetheHYPERLINK"http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson_images/lesson327/Jumping_Frog.pdf"“Structuring‘JumpingFrog’”PDFtomapouttheinteractions,whichoffersthefollowinginstructions:UsetheworksheettodiagramthestructureofMarkTwain’sstory.Beginningwiththenarrator,fillinthenamesoftheparticipantsinthestoryandtheaddresseeoftheletter.Drawlinestoindicatehowinformationabouttheseeventspassesfromonesetofcharacterstothenext.Drawaboxaroundthecharactersinvolvedinthe“envelopeorframenarrative”andaroundthoseinvolvedinthemainstory.Finally,usethelinespacetowriteoutdetailsaboutthecharacters–wheretheylive,whattheirpersonalityislike,whattheirbackgroundis,andhowtheyconnecttotheothers.Afterstudentshaveperformedthestory,discusshowitsstructurecontributestothecomiceffect.Askstudentstoconsiderthefollowingquestions,eitherasalargegrouporinseveralsmallgroups:HowdoesthisstructureinfluenceourperceptionofJimSmiley?Towhatextentdoesheseemjustacharacterinastory?Towhatextentdoesheseemrealistic,apicturesqueinhabitantoftheOldWest?Towhatextentdoesheseemafantasycreationofthestoryteller,SimonWheeler?HowdotheseperspectivescombineinourresponsetoSmileyasacomicprotagonist?Goontodiscussthestoryteller'scontributiontothestory'scomiceffect.HowdoesSimonWheeler'svoiceinfluenceourperceptionofSmiley?TowhatextentdoesWheeler'spicturesquespeakingstylehelpbringSmiley'sstorytolife?TowhatextentdoeshisdistinctivestylebringWheelerhimselftolifeasacomiccharacter?3.TargetingHumorHumoristsgenerallyhaveatarget;theymakejokesatsomeone'sexpense.Askstudents:Whoisthetargetinthe"JumpingFrog"story?Havethemlistpossibletargets.StudentswillnodoubteasilyseethatJimSmileyistheprimarytarget.Heisatricksterwhoturnsouttobetoocleverforhisowngood.Askstudentsforexamplesfromfableandfolkloreofsimilarcharacters(e.g.,AnanzithespiderinAfricanfolktales,CoyoteinNavajofolktales,thehareinAesop'sfableofthetortoiseandthehare).Aresimilarcharactersstillgettinglaughsinourhumortoday?Askstudentsforexamplesfromrecenttelevisionsitcomsandmovies.InadditiontoSmiley,studentsmightsuggestthatthenarratorisalsoatargetinTwain'sstory,avictimoftheanonymoustricksterwhosenthimtothegarrulousSimonWheeler.Infact,thenarrator'seagernesstoescapeWheelerattheendofthestorysuggeststhathemaybeWheeler'svictimaswell.AskstudentsforevidencefromthestorythatWheeler'staleofthejumpingfrogisadeliberatefiction,a"whopper"toldwithastraightfaceto"suckerin"acredulouslistener.Helpstudentsrecognizethatthestory'sstructureenablesTwain'shumortopuncturethepretensionsoftwocomicvictimsatthesametime,boththefast-talkingJimSmileyandtheliteratenarrator.Askstudentstoconsiderthefollowingquestions:WhataresomesimilaritiesbetweenSmileyandthenarrator?Howdotheyreflectononeanotherandontheirdifferentsocialcircumstances—thenarratorarepresentativeof"civilization"andSmileyarepresentativeofthe"frontier"?4.DialectinPerspectiveHavestudentsexperimentwithTwain'sstorytellingtechniquebytakingupthetalewhereSimonWheelerleftit,withthestoryofJimSmiley's"yallerone-eyedcowthatdidn'thavenotail,onlyjestashortstumplikeabannanner."Havestudentsworkinsmallgroupstobrainstormstoryideasaboutthismemorableanimalanditstricksterowner.ThenhaveeachstudentwriteastoryaboutJimSmileyandhiscow,imitatingthedialectstyleofSimonWheeler.Whentheyhavecompletedtheirstories,havestudentsreadthemaloud,thendiscusstheexperienceofwritingindialect.Isdialectahelporahindrance?Whatresourcesdoesitmakeavailableforscenesettingandcharacterization?Doesitenlargeorrestrictone'svocabulary?Howdoesdialectinfluenceplotdevelopmentandnarration?Doesitlimitonetothe"andthen,andthen"connectionofincidenttoincidenttypicaloforalstorytelling?Doesitopenopportunitiesforslidingeasilyoffonatangent?HavestudentscommentonTwain'suseofdialect,basedontheirownexperiencewiththisliterarydevice.Whatgoesintothedialecthecreates—misspellings?grammaticalmistakes?inventivepunctuation?loosesentencestructure?colloquialturnsofphrase?Havestudentspointoutexamplesofeachofthesestylistictricksanddescribethetrickstheyusedtocreateadialecteffect.Iftimeisshort,havestudentsusetheabovequestionsaspartoftheassessmentpiecethatfollows.Combiningthesetwoexercisesintoasingleactivitycanacceleratetheclassroomexperience.AssessmentAskstudentstousetheHYPERLINK"javascript:OpenInteractive('http://interactives.mped.org/ppress760.aspx',%20'The%20Jumping%20Frog%20Series')"MarcoPoloPrintingPressThisjavascriptopensupapop-upwindowwithaFlashinteractiveonthepagetowriteajournalisticversionofMarkTwain'shumorousstory.Havethemadopttheroleofareporterandcreateseveralshortarticlesabouttheeventsthatoccur.Askthemtofinishwithabrief"editorial"thatreflectsonthewaythatMarkTwain'sjournalistbackgroundcontributestothehumorofthestorythrough,forexample,attentiontodetail.Ontheotherhand,howdoesrewritingtheframeofthenarrativeasanewspaperarticleaffectthestory'spoweranditsoutcome?Studentscancreatethenewspaperasagroup,witheachstudentindividuallythencontributinganeditorial.IntroductionMarkTwain's"TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty"wasfirstpublishedintheNovember18,1865,editionofTheNewYorkSaturdayPress,underthetitle"JimSmileyandHisJumpingFrog."Thestory,whichhasalsobeenpublishedas"TheNotoriousJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty,"issetinagold-miningcampinCalaverasCounty,California,andhasitsoriginsinthefolkloreoftheGoldRushera.ItwasoneofTwain'searliestwritings,andhelpedestablishhisreputationasahumorist.Heeventuallyincludeditasthetitlestoryinhisfirstcollectionoftales."JumpingFrog"wasoriginallytoldinepistolaryform—thatis,asaletter—thoughsomereprintsofthetalehavesinceomittedthisletter-frameconvention.Inthestory,Twainrecountshisvisit,madeattherequestofafriendbackEast,toanoldmannamedSimonWheelerinaCaliforniaminingcamp.WheelertellsTwainacolorfulstoryaboutanotherminer,JimSmiley.AccordingtoWheeler,Smileylovedtomakebets;hewouldbetonnearlyanything.WheelerrelatessomeofSmiley'smorefamousgamblingescapades,oneofwhichconcernsapetfrog.CriticsfrequentlycitethisstoryasanexampleofatalltaleandnoteTwain'suseofhumorandexaggeration.Theyalsoemphasizethetale'ssatiricalfocusonstorytellingandexistingculturaldifferencesbetweenthewesternandeasternregionsoftheUnitedStates.Summary"TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty"hasan"as-told-to"framework.AtalkativemannamedSimonWheelerrelatestoMarkTwain(thenarrator)thestoryofagamblernamedJimSmileyandtheamazinganimalsSmileyusedinhisschemes.TwainhasgonetoseeWheelerattheurgingofafriendbackEastwhoisinsearchofinformationaboutaboyhoodcompanionnamedLeonidasW.Smiley.LeonidasW.SmileyhadsupposedlybecomeaministerandgonetoawesternminingsettlementcalledAngel'sCamp.ThenarratornoteshehascometobelievethereisnosuchpersonasLeonidasW.Smiley,...CharactersAndrewJacksonJimSmiley'sbull-pup,AndrewJackson,wasusedbyJiminvariousbets.Thedogisdescribedasagooddogthatdoesnotlooklikemuch,andotherdogsoftenseemedtogetthebetterofhiminfights.Thenarratornotes,however,thatAndrewJacksonneverseemedtobebotheredbythesetemporarysetbacksbecauseonceabetwasinvolved,hisbehaviorwouldchange.Asthestakesinthebetswereraised,AndrewJacksonwouldbitetheotherdoginthehindlegandstaythere,hangingon,untiltheownerofhisopponentwouldgiveinandforfeitthefight.Inthisway,...ThemesCultureClash"TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty,"highlightsvariousaspectsoflatenineteenth-centuryAmericansocietyandculturethroughtheretellingofatalltale.Centraltothestoryistheideaofconflictingcultures,particularlytheclashbetweenthesettled,easternportionoftheUnitedStatesandthestill-developingWest.AtthetimeTwainwrotethestory,theEastanditsinhabitantshadareputationforbeingcivilized,cultured,andadvanced.TheWest,ontheotherhand,wasstillbeingsettledandwasconsideredtobepopulatedbyaless-educated...StructureTheframetalestructureof"TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty"isoneofitsmostimportantparts.Inaframetale,onestoryappearsin—thatis,itisframedby—anotherstory.In"JumpingFrog"theoutertalefocusesonMarkTwainandhismeetingwiththetalkativeoldstoryteller,SimonWheeler.ThismeetingoccursattherequestofafriendofTwain's,identifiedinsomeversionsofthetaleasA.Ward,whosupposedlywantstofindoutaboutanoldacquaintancenamedLeonidasSmiley.Twainreveals,however,thathesuspectshisfriend'srequestwas...TheHistoricalcontextAmericaintheMid-toLate-NineteenthCentury"TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty"wasfirstpublishedin1865,whenMarkTwainwaslivingintheAmericanSouthwest,whichwasstillintheprocessofbeingsettled.TheIndustrialRevolutionhadbroughtmachineryandfactoriestotheeasternUnitedStates,butmostofthecountry,particularlyareaswestoftheMississippiRiver,stillreliedonthelandforeconomicdevelopment.MuchofthelandintheWestwasdevotedtocattle,andtheU.S.governmentwasinvolvedinbattlesandembroilmentswithvarious...CriticalOverview"TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty"wasapopularsuccessuponitsfirstpublicationinTheNewYorkSaturdayPressin1865.SomeofitssuccesscanbeattributedtoTwain'suseofpopularstorytellingconventionsandreferencestocontemporaryfigures.Forexample,TwainadoptedthehumoroustalltaleoftheAmericanSouthwest,apopulargenreatthetime,totellthisstory.Furthermore,thistalealreadywasanestablishedpieceofAmericanfolklorethatTwainmodifiedandenhanced;earlyversionsofthetalefocusedonajumpinggrasshopper,notafrog.Twainadded...EssaysMarkTwain's"JumpingFrog"hasbeenatthecenterofacriticalcontroversyinrecentyears.Thiscontroversyfocusesononemajorquestion.Isthestorysatiric,withSimonWheelerasadeadpantrickstermakingfunofthenarrator,orisitsimplyawildyarntoldbyamindlessyokel?Interpretationsandclaimsforthestoryhavevariedwidely.Somehavearguedthatthe"JumpingFrog"isthesummationofTwain'sfaithinfrontierdemocracy,whileothershaveheldthatitisnomorethananamusingstory,toldinan"exquisitelyabsurd"manner.Acloseexaminationofthestructureandthe...TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCountyQuizDIRECTIONS:AnswerthefollowingquestionsonyourOWNpaper.Twainwascalledthe“Lincolnofourliterature”byonecriticbecauselikeLincoln,hewasapilotonaMississippiriverboat.likeLincoln,hespokeinaveryformalstyletoeducatedaudiences.hetoospokeoutagainstslavery.Whichofthefollowingtermsrepresentsthestructureofstory,astorywithinastory,that“TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty”is?FableFramestoryFlashforwardstoryThefollowingwordwouldbestdescribethestyleofspeechusedbySimonWheeler.vernaculardistinguecontemptous"Youcanfoolsomeofthepeopleallofthetime,andallofthepeoplesomeofthetime,butyoucannotfoolallofthepeopleallofthetime."HYPERLINK"http://www.quoteland.com/tellafriend/index.asp?QUOTE_ID=1122"-HYPERLINK"http://www.quoteland.com/author.asp?AUTHOR_ID=1042"AbrahamLincolnThequotebyAbrahamLincolnbestdescribeswhichcharacterinthestory?theStrangerJimSmileySimonWheelerWhichofthefollowingispersonificationofthefrog?Why,I’veseenhimsetDan’lWebsterdownhereonthisfloor---Dan’lWebsterwasthenameofthefrog….Anwhenitcometofairandsquarejumpingonadeadlevel,hecouldgetovermoregroundatonestraddlethananyanimalofhisbreedyoueversee.Youneverseeafrogsomodestandstraightfor’ardashewas,forallhewassogifted.ThestorybeginswithanunnamednarratorrequestinginformationfromanoldmanaboutsomeonenamedLeonidasW.Smiley.Whatisthenameofthisoldmanwithaproclivityforstorytelling?A.SimonWheelerB.PhillipMarloweC.GoodmanBrownD.NedBlakely2.InsteadoftellingthenarratoraboutLeonidasW.Smiley,theoldmantellsstoriesaboutamannamedJimSmiley.WhataddictionorbadhabitdowelearnthatJimSmileyhas?A.BettingB.StealingC.SmokingD.Fighting3.JimSmileyhada"smallbull-pup"dogthathadaveryintimidatingname.Whatwasthisbattle-readydog'sname?A.GeorgeWashingtonB.AndrewJacksonC.JohnPaulJonesD.HermanMelville4.JimSmiley'sprizedpossessionwasobviouslyhis"jumpingfrog".WhatfamouspoliticalnamedidSmileybestowonthefrog?A.DanielWebsterB.JohnCalhounC.HenryClayD.WilliamHenryHarrison5.HowlongdidJimSmiley"educate"hisfroginordertomakehimachampionshipjumper?A.3MonthsB.1WeekC.1YearD.1Month6.AstrangertellsJimSmileythathe'dchallengeSmiley'scelebratedfroginajumpingcontest,buthecannotatthemomentbecausehedoesn'thaveafrog.WhatwagerdidSmileymakeforthisproposedcontest?A.Theloserbuysthewinnerdrinksforaweek.B.Thecontestwassimplyafriendlychallengewiththeprizebeingrespectandawell-earnedvictory.C.Thewinnergetstokeeptheloser'sfrog.D.$407.AsJimSmileyissearchingforafrogtogivetothestrangerforthecompetition,thestrangerengagesinsomefoulbusiness.Whatcheatingactdoesthestrangerdobeforethecompetition?A.HereleasesfireantsontoSmiley'sfrog.B.HeinjuresthebacklegsofSmiley'sfrog.C.Hepoursquail-shotintoSmiley'sfrog.D.HeputsaverystickyadhesiveonthefeetofSmiley'sfrog.8.ThestrangerendsupwinningthecompetitionbecauseJimSmiley'sfrogisunableabletojump.Whatdoesthestrangersayasheleavesthecompetition?A.I'lltakemeacoldoneonthehouseright'boutnow.B.Idon'tseenop'intsaboutthatfrogthat'sanybetter'nanyotherfrog.C.WellIguessthat'sI'llbegoin'now.D.Idon'tseewhyyourpriz'dfrogwouldn'jump.9.Afterthestrangerisgone,JimSmileytriestodiscernwhyhistalentedfrogwouldn'tjump.Howdoeshediscoverthathisfroghasbeentamperedwith?A.Hepicksthefrogupandrealizesthatheweighsaboutfivepounds.B.Thefroghasaveryfoulodor.C.Thefrogwon'tallowSmileytotouchhim.D.Hetriestofeedthefrogbuthewillnoteat.10.AstheoldmanisabouttofinishthestoryofJimSmiley'sjumpingfrog,heisinterruptedbyanotherindividual.Thenarratorattemptstoleavethelocale,buttheoldmancatchesupwithhim.Thestoryendswiththeoldmanbeginningtotellthenarratoraboutwhat?A.Aone-eyedcow.B.Aseven-toedsloth.C.Athree-eyedfishnamedBlinky.D.Asixfootlongotter.MarkTwain's“TheNotoriousJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty”     MarkTwain’s“TheNotoriousJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty”isashortstorywiththelessonthatwhatgoesaroundcomesaround.Inthisshortstory,whichfirstappearedin1856andhisfirstsuccessfulstory,Twainuseslocalcustomsofthetime,dialect,andexamplesofsocialstatusinhisstorytocreatearealisticviewoftheregioninwhichthestorytakesplace.Thewaythatthecharactersbehaveisverydistinctive.Dialectisalsousedtogivethereaderaconvincingimpressionofthesettingin“TheNotoriousJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty”.ThesocialstatusofthemaincharactersinthisstoryalsowassomethingthatTwaintookintoaccountinwritingthisstory.MarkTwainisarealistwhoconcentratesonthecustoms,dialect,andsocialstatusofspecificregionsofthecountry.Twaindescribeslocalcustomsandthewaysthatthecharactersbehavetocreateamorerealisticsettingforthestory.Inthestorythecharactersengageinbehaviororactivitiesthatwouldbeunusualforaregularpersontodo.Forexample,thenarratorsays:SimonWheelerbackedmeintoacornerandblockadedmetherewithhischair,andthensatdownandreeledoffthemonotonousnarrativewhichfollowsthisparagraph.Heneversmiled,heneverfrowned,heneverchangedhisvoicefromthegentle-flowingkeytowhichhetunedhisinitialsentence…(1190)TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCountyHYPERLINK"http://www.reference.com/go/http:/wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights"Wikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia-HYPERLINK"http://www.reference.com/cite.html?qh=The_Celebrated_Ju