《新编英语语法》Lectureppt课件

Lecture8&9Pronouns.Pronounsareclosed-classwordswithnominalfunction.Englishhasadevelopedpronounsystem,comprisingpersonalpronouns(人称代词),possessivepronouns(物主代词),reflexivepronouns(反身代词),reciprocalpronouns(相互代词),demonstrativepronouns(指示代词),interrogativepronouns(疑问代词),relativepronouns(关系代词),andindefinitepronouns(不定代词).Thepresentlecturewilldealwiththeconcordofpronouns(andcorrespondingdeterminers)withtheirantecedentsinnumber,genderandperson..Ex.8ASelectanappropriateitemfromthetwogiveninbrackets(bothmaybeacceptable):Thecastisgiving(its,their)bestperformancetonight.Somebodyleft(his,their)raincoatonthisrack;(he,they)willhavetocometogetit.Mostmysterystoriesdon’tendthewayyouexpect(it,them)to.Hawaiiisalsoknownforthemanybeautifulislands(ithas,theyhave).BecausetheUnitedStatesusesmoreoilthan(it,they)canproduce,(ithasto,theyhaveto)importgreatquantitiesfromothercountries..6.Thecommitteewillinsiston(its,their)rights.Thecommitteewishestoreconsider(its,their)decision.Ifanybodycalls,tell(him,them)I’mout.9.Everyonethinks(heis,theyare)thecenteroftheuniverse.10.Wehavereceivedyourestimateforthealterationsyouproposebuthavedecidedthat(it,they)wouldbetoohigh..11.Somethingstrangehappened,didn’t(it,they)?12.Everypassengerhastocarry(his,their)ownluggage.13.Everythingisready,(isn’tit,aren’tthey)?14.Wellsisoneoftheeditorswhoalways(takes,take)aleadingrolein(his,their)community.15.OnetheBoyScouthikeeverybodywastoldbythescoutmastertobring(his,their)owndrinkingwater..16.Neitherofthewomen(has,have)brought(her,their)certificate.17.NeitherthemembersofthecabinetnorthePresidentwillreveal(his,their)plans.18.EitherJohnorJames,whoaretwins,(has,have)left(his,their)sweater.19.Nomanagershoulddoforhisstaffwhat(he,they)coulddofor(himself,themselves).20.Dictatorshipistheoneofmanyevilswhich(tends,tend)toperpetuate(itself,themselves)..8.2PronounconcordingenderGenderisagrammaticalcategory.UnlikesomeEuropeanlanguagesuchasGerman,FrenchandRussianthathaveacomplicatedgendersystem,theEnglishlanguageisnotmarkedwithanygenderdistinctionsexceptforsomepronouns.Thesegenderdistinctionsarelargelyrestrictedtothethirdpersonsingularofpersonal,possessive,andreflexivepronounsandcorrespondingdeterminers.Englishnounshavefourgenders:themasculine,feminine,neuter,andcommongender..Ex.8BChoosebetweenHE(HIM,HIS,HIMSELF),SHE(HER,HERSELF,HERS)andIT(ITS,ITSELF)tofillintheblanksandsupplytwoalternativeswhereverpossible:1.After________weighedanchor,theshipslippedoutoftheharbour.2.Atallfigurewasmovingstealthilyabouttheroom._____wastheburglar.3.Gettingoutofthecar,hesaidtothemaninoveralls:“Fill_____up,please.”4.FrancinewassokindtomethatIshallneverforget______.5.Onemustnotlose_________temperwhen_______isbeingcriticizedfor_________conduct.she/itItit/herherhis/one’she/onehis/one’s.6.Onceuponatimetherewasawolfinsheep’sclothing,hiding______amongaflockofsheep.7.Themoonglitteredas_____rolledthroughthedeepvaultofacloudlesssky.8.Francehasmadeitplainthat______willrejecttheproject.9.Apoliticianmaytrytobecompletelyhonest,but_____alwaysfinds__________hastocompromise.10.Assoonastheplanehadhoppedoff,_____pickedupspeed.himselfsheit/shehe(orshe)he(orshe)it/she.11.Theworkersputshoulderstotheboatandhad_____launched.12.Theaveragehomeownerhastospend________freemomentsstrugglingtokeep________privatecastlefromdecayinguntilitisoffensiveto________neighbours.13.Whenbathingababy,alwayshold__________securely.14.Thatfoxhadgotawayfourtimethisyear,butwe’llget_______before_______ismucholder.15.MexicoisacountryinNorthAmerica.__hasanareaof760,373squaremileswithapopulationof81,140.920.(1990)it/herhis(orher)his(orher)his(orher)it/him(orher)it/himit/heIt.16.Mrs.Lewispasseseveryoneinherclasswhether______hasgoodgradesornot.17.Mybabyhasgot__________firsttooth.18.Atfirsttheearthwaslargeandshoneintheheavensfillingagreatpartofthem,buteverymoment______grewsmallerandmoredistant.19.Ifastudentneedsadviceaboutcareers,_________shouldconsultthecareerofficers.20.Whenapersoncastsaballot,__________hastoconsiderverycarefullywho___________shouldvotefor.he(orshe)his(orher)it/shehe(orshe)he(orshe)he(orshe).8.3PronounconcordinpersonPersonisagrammaticalcategory.InEnglish,personal,possessive,andreflexivepronounsandcorrespondingdeterminershavethreespecialformsthattellofreferencetothespeaker(firstperson),totheonespokento(secondperson),andtothehumanbeingorthingspokenabout(thirdperson).Thesethreepersonshavetheirsingularandpluralformsandcasedistinctions:thesubjectiveandtheobjectivecase.Bypronounconcordinperson,wemeantwothings:first,apronounmustagreewithitsantecedentinpersononthesententiallevel;secondly,inabroadercontext,thatis,intextsorconnecteddiscourses,thespeakerorwritermustkeepaconsistentpersonintheuseofpronouns..Onsententiallevel*Whenonegoestoseeher,youshouldplanonspendingthewholedaytherebecauseshealwayshastobakesomethingforyoutoeat.Whenyougotoseeher,youshouldplan…Whenonegoestoseeher,he/oneshouldplanonspendingthewholedaytherebecauseshealwayshastobakesomethingforhimtoeat..OntextuallevelWeareallbornintothisworldasequals,butforvariousreasons,notallpeoplearetreatedasequals.Thisinequalitybeginswhenyoureachtheageoffive,forthatiswhenyouwillenterelementaryschool.Inschool,thechildisnolonger“Mommy’sdarling.”Younowhavetoproveyourselftotheotherchildrenandalsoyourteacher.Ifoneseemsdifferentfromtheotherstudents,theyaretreateddifferently,andthesedifferencescouldbeanything:pants,shoes,speech,religion,andsoforth.Itreallydoesn’tmatter.Yetrightfromthestart,youthinkthataslongasyouaredifferent,thereissomethingwrongwithyou.ofusweweWeweweweweusourselvesweourTheychildren.9.1ChoiceofpronouncaseformsSubjectiveCaseI,we,you,he,she,it,they,whoObjectiveCaseme,us,you,him,her,it,them,whomGenitiveCaseDeterminativegenitivepronounsmy,your,his,her,its,our,your,theirNominalgenitivepronounsmine,yours,his,hers,ours,yours,theirs,its.Ex.9AJustbetweenyouand(I,me)thatmaniscrazy.ThepetitionwasdraftedbyNelson,Wright,Mansfield,and(I,me).Iwas(she,her)whofinallyspokeup.Everybody,including(I,me),failedthetest.MarkwasveryhurtandbeganspreadingmanyliesaboutTroyand(she,her)..6.Noonewillberesponsibleforit,neitheryounor(she,her).7.To(who,whom)shouldIaddressthisletter.8.Thechild(who,whom)wethoughtaslostwasfoundinthenextblock.9.Stanleyhadnodoubtabout(who,whom)wouldbeelectedministerofdefense.10.Hepromisedtosupport(whoever,whomever)oftheRepublicanprospectswaschosen..11.Ifound(his,him)lyingbytheroadside.12.Thebushisdying;(it’s,its)leavesarecoveredwithmildew.13.Iwouldn’ttrust(anyone’selse,anyoneelse’s)judgement.14.Icannotunderstand(him,his)refusingtodothatforme.15.Theyouth(who,whom)theysaidwasthemostadvancedinthegroupdidprovetobetheleader..16.Theywillarrest(whoever,whomever)istheorganizeroftheriot.17.Idon’tmind(him,his)criticizingmesoseverely.18.Thefamilyresistedtheideaof(she,her)leavinghome.19.Thewoman(who,whom)wethoughttobe(she,her)turnedouttobehersister.20.Itisdifficulttopredict(who,whom)theelectoratewillvotefor..9.3PronounReferenceAnaphoricReferenceBobtoldLucythatRuthwasleaving,butshedidn’tbelievehim.CataphoricReferenceWhenhewasatcollege,Alexwasagreatfriendofmine.Itshouldneverhavehappened.Shewentoutandleftthebabyunattended.SituationalReference(PointingtoRudywhoisrushingtothegoal)Look,heisapproachingthegoal..2)PersonalReferencePersonalreferenceisgenerallyanaphoric,anditmayoccurwithinthesentenceboundaryoracrosssentences.Itcanalsobecataphoric,butunderlimitedconditions.Generallyspeaking,cataphoricpersonalpronounsusuallyoccurinsubordinateconstructions,andwherecataphoricreferenceoccurs,anaphoricreferencecanbeusedinstead,butnotconversely.Aftersheweighedanchor,theshipsailedoutoftheharbour.=Aftertheshipweighedanchor,shesailed…Maryboughtanewdress,butshedidn’tlikeit.≠Sheboughtanewdress,butMarydidn’tlikeit..3)DemonstrativeReferenceDemonstrativereferenceisestablishedbydemonstrativepronounsanddemonstrativedeterminers.Theycanbefreelyusedinanaphoricreference,e.g.:Theplatformsextendtothedepthof100feetunderthesea.Thesealonetook16monthstobuild.I’mgoingtobuythehouse.Thatwillcostmealotofmoney.Necessityisthemotherofinvention.This/Thatisremarkablytrue.BoxingmatcheswereverypopularinEngland200yearsago.Inthoseyears,boxersfoughtwithbarefistsforprizemoney..Thisandthesecanbeusedcataphoricallytorefertoaclauseorsentenceoragroupofsentencesthatfollow,e.g.:Listentothis.Thereshouldbenoerror,nodelay,andnowaste.ThisiswhatImean:Youshouldhavechanged,notdeleted,thatparagraph.Thesearesomeofthethingsthatmustbedone:Newhospitalsmustbebuilt.Moreparkingspacemustbeprovided.Theairportsmustbeexpanded.Newschoolsmustbebuilt.Publictransportationmustbeimproved.Theselanguageoptionsareopentoourstudents:Spanish,FrenchandGerman..Thatandthosearerarelyusedcataphorically.Whenoccasionallysoused,thatandthoseoftentakeonsarcasticmeanings,e.g.:Ilikethat!Hedamagedmycarandthenblamedmeforlettinghimuseit.Howdoyoulikethat?Hestabsyouinthebackandthenprofessestobeyourfriend..