Chinese-traditional-arts

ChinesetraditionalartschinesepapercutBeijingoperaRootCarving（根雕）RootcarvingisatraditionalartinChina.Integratingingenuityandcraftiness,rootcarvingnotonlyemployswaysofexpressionssimilartowoodcarvings,sculpturesandstonecarvings,butalsodemonstratestheuniquefeaturesofrootcarvingbyabsorbingthetechniquesexhibitedinthecreationofothercarvingarts.HistoryChinahasalonghistoryofrootcarving:Primitivepeoplebegantomakeeffigiesoutofwoodforornaments.In1982,whencleaningtheNo1tomboftheChustateexcavatedinMashan,alocalmuseumemployeeinJingzhouCounty,HubeiProvincediscoveredarootcarvingbelievedtohavebeenmadebetween340and270BCinthelateWarringStatesPeriod-2,300yearsago.Itfeaturedafour-leggedanimalwithatiger'shead,adragon'sbodyandarabbit'stail;itsmannerwasfullofverveandsimpleandelegantinhue.BytheSuiandTangdynasties,rootartwasveryprosperous.RecordsfromTheBiographyofLiMipresentarootcarvingentitled"Dragon-shapedClaw"madefromacrudetreerootfortheemperor.RootcarvingartworkfromtheQingDynasty(1644-1911),suchasthe"Phoenix"and"JadeDragon"havebeenondisplayinYuyuaninShanghaiuntiltoday.Theseworksthoroughlyexhibitthevervesofrootcarving.Types 1.Appliedrootcarving.Rootcarvingsofthistypehaveapracticalutilityaswellasornamentalvalue.Somecommonexamplesincludehomeaccessories,suchaschairs,stools,teatables,sofas,screens,flowershelves,andsomestationeries,includingbrushshelves,inkslabs,etc. 2.Ornamentalrootcarving.Thiskindofcarvingisprimarilyfordecorationpurposesandaccountsforalargeproportionofrootcarvings.Basedontheirrespectiveshapes,theycanbefurtherclassifiedintomanytypes,suchasrootcarvingsfeaturingcharacters,animals,flowers,etc. 3.Aestheticrootcarving.Thisreferstorootcarvingsthatcannotbenamedeasily;theyarealsocalled"nameless"rootcarvings.Chineseceramics（陶瓷）Chineseceramicwareisanartformthathasbeendevelopingsincethedynasticperiods.Chinaisrichlyendowedwiththerawmaterialsneededformakingceramics.Thefirsttypesofceramicsweremadeabout11,000yearsago,duringthePalaeolithicera.ChineseCeramicsrangefromconstructionmaterialssuchasbricksandtiles,tohand-builtpotteryvesselsfiredinbonfiresorkilns,tothesophisticatedporcelainwaresmadefortheimperialcourt.TerminologyandcategoriesPorcelain"itisacollectivetermcomprisingallceramicwarethatiswhiteandtranslucent,nomatterwhatingredientsareusedtomakeitortowhatuseitisput."[1]TheChinesetraditionrecognizestwoprimarycategoriesofceramics,high-fired[clarificationneeded][cí瓷]andlow-fired[clarificationneeded][táo陶].[2]TheoldestChinesedictionariesdefineporcelain[cí瓷]as"fine,compactpottery"[táo陶].[3]Chineseceramicwarescanalsoclassifiedasbeingeithernorthernorsouthern.Present-dayChinacomprisestwoseparateandgeologicallydifferentlandmasses,broughttogetherbytheactionofcontinentaldriftandformingajunctionthatliesbetweentheYellowriverandtheYangtzeriver.Thecontrastinggeologyofthenorthandsouthledtodifferencesintherawmaterialsavailableformakingceramics.TechnicalDevelopmentsInthecontextofChineseceramicsthetermporcelainlacksauniversallyaccepteddefinition.ThisinturnhasledtoconfusionaboutwhenthefirstChineseporcelainwasmade.ClaimshavebeenmadeforthelateEasternHanperiod(100to200AD),theThreeKingdomsperiod(220to280AD),theSixDynastiesperiod(220to589AD),andtheTangDynasty(618to906AD).Blueandwhiteporcelain（青花瓷）"Blueandwhitewares"(inChinese青花qīng-huā,literally"Blueflowers")designatewhitepotteryandporcelaindecoratedundertheglazewithabluepigment,generallycobaltoxide.Thedecorationiscommonlyappliedbyhand,bystencillingorbytransfer-printing,thoughothermethodsofapplicationhavealsobeenused. Origin TheverytechniqueofcobaltbluedecorationsonwhitebackgroundseemstohavebeeninventedintheMiddle-Eastinthe9thcenturythroughdecorativeexperimentationonwhiteware.CobaltbluepigmentswereexcavatedfromlocalminesincentralIranfromthe9thcentury,andthenwereexportedasarawmaterialtoChina.Theblue-and-whitetechniquewasfullydevelopedinChinawithporcelaintechnologyinthe14thcentury。Onsomeoccasions,ChineseblueandwhitewearsalsoincorporatedIslamicdesigns,asinthecaseofsomeMamlukbrassworkswhichwereconvertedintoblueandwhiteChineseporcelaindesigns. ThefirstChineseblueandwhitewareswereasearlyastheninthcenturyinHenanprovince,China;althoughonlyshardshavebeendiscovered.Tangperiodblue-and-whiteisevenrarerthanSongblue-and-whiteandwasunknownbefore1985.TheTangpiecesarenotporcelainhowever,butratherearthenwareswithgreenishwhiteslip,usingcobaltbluepigmentswhichprobablyoriginatedintheMiddle-East InfluencesonEuropeanporcelains Mingdynastyblue-and-whiteplate,16thcentury(TopkapiMuseum,Istanbul) Bythebeginningofthe17thcenturyChineseblueandwhiteporcelainwasbeingexporteddirectlytoEurope.Inthe17thand18thcenturies,OrientalblueandwhiteporcelainwashighlyprizedinEuropeandAmericaandsometimesenhancedbyfinesilverandgoldmounts,itwascollectedbykingsandprinces. DutchDelftwaredepictingChinesescenes,18thcentury.MuseeErnestCognacq. TheEuropeanmanufactureofporcelainstartedatMeisseninGermanyin1707.TheearlywareswerestronglyinfluencedbyChineseandotherOrientalporcelainsandanearlypatternwasblueonion,whichisstillinproductionattheMeissenfactorytoday.EarlyEnglishporcelainwareswerealsoinfluencedbyChinesewaresandwhen,forexample,theproductionofporcelainstartedatWorcester,nearlyfortyyearsafterMeissen,Orientalblueandwhitewaresprovidedtheinspirationformuchofthedecorationused.Hand-paintedandtransfer-printedwaresweremadeatWorcesterandatotherearlyEnglishfactoriesinastyleknownasChinoiserie.ManyotherEuropeanfactoriesfollowedthistrend.AtDelft,inTheNetherlands,blueandwhiteceramicstakingtheirdesignsfromChineseexportporcelainsmadefortheDutchmarketweremadeinlargenumbersthroughoutthe17thCentury.BlueandwhiteDelftwarewasitselfextensivelycopiedbyfactoriesinotherEuropeancountries,includingEngland,whereitisknownasEnglishDelftwareOtherchinesetraditionalarts　FragranceBag(香包)Powderman（面人）SugerartsEmbroidery（刺绣）Thankyou~