首页 美国medhelp论坛专家答复锦集

美国medhelp论坛专家答复锦集

举报
开通vip

美国medhelp论坛专家答复锦集精选文档精选文档精选文档美国MEDHELP为美国权威论坛,里面集中了所有美国在艾滋病预防,治疗,检测,等一线的医生专家,本着敬业,讲科学,讲事实,论道理热心解答美国包括其他国家的艾滋病恐惧症患者的各种问题,从这些问题中我们也可以看出,不仅仅国内的人会这么恐惧艾滋病,全世界有无数的恐友在跟你们一起恐惧,所以希望你们并不要感到孤独,事情发生了,就要去面对和解决。PersonswhohaveHIVandareabletotransmitittootherstypicallyhavepositivetestsortheir...

美国medhelp论坛专家答复锦集
精选文档精选文档精选文档美国MEDHELP为美国权威论坛,里面集中了所有美国在艾滋病预防,治疗,检测,等一线的医生专家,本着敬业,讲科学,讲事实,论道理热心解答美国包括其他国家的艾滋病恐惧症患者的各种问题,从这些问题中我们也可以看出,不仅仅国内的人会这么恐惧艾滋病,全世界有无数的恐友在跟你们一起恐惧,所以希望你们并不要感到孤独,事情发生了,就要去面对和解决。PersonswhohaveHIVandareabletotransmitittootherstypicallyhavepositivetestsortheirtestsbecomepositivewithinaweekortwofollowingtheencounter.有HIV的人并且能够传播它的,典型为有阳性结果的或者在接触后1-2周变阳的人。IdobelievethereisnoappreciableriskofHIVfromoralsex.DespitethefactthatsomeoverlyconservativeexpertssaythatHIVcouldbetransmittedbygivingorreceivingoralsex,asyoupointout,therearenocasesiswhichthathasbeenproventobethecase.Myadvicewouldbetonotworry.WedonotrecommendHIVtestingfollowingoralsexbecauseweconsideritanoriskact.我相信KJ对于HIV无风险。尽管事实是一些过度保守的专家说HIV可以通过给予和接受KJ传播,你也指出了,并没有因KJ感染的例子。我的建议是不要担心。我们不推荐KJ后进行HIV测试因为我们认为它无风险行为。PleaseeducateyourselfaboutSTD/HIVtransmission,whichrequiresabarepenis(nocondom)insideanotherperson'svagina,rectumor,rarely,mouth.请教育你自己关于性病和HIV的传播,需要无安全套的JJ插入另一个人的YINDAO,直肠或者,很少的通过嘴巴。Itisprobablethatintheentireworld,nobodyinthepast10-15years(maybelonger)hasbeeninfectedwithHIVthroughamedicalprocedureinadoctor'soffice.很可能的就是在全世界,没有人在过去的10-15年内(可能更长)通过在医生办公室的医疗程序感染HIV。Theriskoftransmissionfromanysinglevaginalsexevent,femaletomaleifthewomanhasHIV,hasbeenestimatedtoaverage1in2,000.单一YINDAO交的风险,女方有HIV,女传男的几率被估计为平均2000分之1。(WTXJ)AcuteHIVinfection,whenitcausessymptomsatall,typicallycausesfever(usuallyquitehigh),sorethroat(usuallysevere),andabody-wideskinrash,allstarting10-15daysafterexposureandlasting2-4weeks.急性HIV感染期,当它引起症状,典型的为发烧(通常很高),咽喉痛(通常很严重),和全身的皮疹,在接触后10-15天开始持续2-4周。buttheconsensusisthat80-90%ofpeoplewithnewHIVinfectionshavesymptoms.但是一致认为的是80-90%的新HIV感染者有症状。Mostpertinenttoyourconcerns,lymphnodeinflammationandenlargement(lymphadenopathy)arerarelyifevertheonlysymptom.Whenlymphadenopathyoccurrs,itusuallyisaccompaniedbyfever(over101degrees),sorethroat(oftensevere),andanon-itchyskinrash,mostlyonthetrunk;70%ofsymptomaticpersonshaveall3,withorwithoutlymphadenopathy.你考虑的大多数人,淋巴节的发炎和肿大是很少的作为唯一症状。当淋巴结病发生,通常伴随着发生(超过101华氏度),咽喉痛(经常严重),不痒的全身皮疹,大多数在躯干上;70%有症状的人这3中都有,淋巴病有或者没有。HIVistransmittedbyunprotectedvaginaloranalsex;maybeveryrarelybyoralsex;orbyovertbloodstreamexposuretoinfectedbloodorsecretions,ofthesortthatoccursbybloodtransfusionorsharingdruginjectionequipment.Thevirusdoesnotsurviveintheenvironment.IfHIVcouldbetransmittedbythekindofsuperficialskinpricksandinjuriesyoudescribehereorinyourotherquestions,itwouldbemanytimesmorecommonthanitisandwouldnotbeclassifiedasasexuallytransmittedorblood-borneinfection.HIV通过无保护的YINDAO交或者肛门交传播;可能非常少数的通过KJ;或者通过明显的血流暴露给别的血或者分泌物感染,这种情况发生在输血或者共用duping注射装备。病毒在一般环境下不能生存。如果HIV可能通过你在这描述的或者在其他问题中说的 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 皮皮肤的刺破破损传播的话,HIV会更普遍,就不会分类为性传播或血液感染。theriskofgettingHIVintheunlikelycircumstancethatyourpartnerhadHIVislowwaswell-HIVistransmitted,onaverage,onlyonceinevery1000-2000actsofsexualintercourse.获得HIV的风险在你的同伴有HIV的情况下也低-----HIV传播平均1000-2000次XJ有一次。(WTXJ)AttwoweeksastandardHIVantibodytestwilldetectover50%ofrecentlyacquiredinfectionandacombinedHIVp24antigen/HIVantibody("DUO")testwilldetectmore,closerto80%.At4weekstheDUOtestresultsaredefinitiveandstandardantibodytestsdetectover90%ofinfection.At8weeksstandardantibodytestresultswillbedefinitive.在两周的标准HIV抗体测试会发现超过50%的最近获得感染的人,联合检查P24抗原和HIV抗体的测试(双重测试)会发现更多,80%。在四周的双重测试结果是决定性的,标准抗体测试超过90%。8周的标准抗体测试是绝对性的。Thenotionthatimmunedeficiencydelaystestresultsismostlytheoretical,withveryfewifanyprovedcasesinwhichitactuallyhappened免疫缺陷延迟测试结果这个概念更多的是理论上的,很少 证明 住所证明下载场所使用证明下载诊断证明下载住所证明下载爱问住所证明下载爱问 这个情况实际上会发生。Ifthereisanyeffectatall,itisonlywithpotentcancerchemotherapyandverypowerfulimmunosuppressivedrugsinhighdose.如果有影响(指的是免疫缺陷推迟检测),它只是在有效地肝化疗和非常强大的抑制免疫力的药物duping上。IsitpossibletoacquireHIVthroughvaginalsecretionsontoopen/freshcuts/nicksfromshaving?可能通过刚挂完胡子的开放新鲜的伤口裂痕获得HIV么?"Possible"toacquireHIVthatway?Perhaps.Butifso,itwouldbeexceedinglyunlikley,asdiscussedabove.“可能”获得HIV?或许吧。但是如果这样会感染,是极度不可能的,我们上面提到过的。PreciselywhatproportionofDUOtestsarepositiveamonginfectedpersonsat3weeksisnotwellknownhoweversinceover50%ofpersonswithHIVhavepositiveantibodies(1partoftheDUOtest)at2weeks,evenmoreat3.Asfortheotherpartofthetest,thep24antigentest,thisaddstothesensitivity.Itissafetosaythatyour3weektestwouldhavedetectedwellover80%ofHIVinfections,hadyougottenHIV.在3周的双重测试的精准性大家不是很清楚,超过50%的人有阳性抗体在2周,甚至3周。对于P24抗原测试,更加加强了敏感度。你3周的测试很安全,可以查出超过80%的HIV感染。HIVisNOTspreadthroughoralsexanditisuncommonforotherSTDstobespreadinthiswaytoo.HIV不会通过KJ传播并且其他得性病也一般不会用这种方式传播。Yourriskofinfectiontostartwith,beforeanytestingwastinyandat3weekstheHIVantibodytestswouldbeexpectedtodetectthemajority(probablyover75%)ofrecentlyacquiredinfection.你的风险在一开始,检测之前就很微小,在3周HIV抗体测试会发现大部分(超过75%)最近感染的。First,salivaisnotinfectiousforHIV,oronlyminimallyso;salivakillsHIV(onereasonoralsexandkissingcarrylittleornoriskoftransmission).Second,eyeexposuretoHIV-infectedbloodorsecretionsisoneofthosethereticaltransmissionmodesoftenlistedasrisky,butforwhcih,tomyknowlege,noactualtransmissionshavebeenreported.首先,唾液不是传染性的对于HIV,或者仅仅是最低限度的;唾液杀死HIV(这是口交和接吻有很少或者无风险的一个原因)。第二,眼睛暴露给有HIV的血液和分泌物是一个被罗列出来的理论上的传播模式,但是这样在我的知识中,没有真实的这种传播的 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 。Yoursexualexposureswerecondomprotectedandcondomprotectedsexissafesex.Asforyourunprotectedoralsex,thequotedfigureforHIVrisk,ifonehasoralsex(givingorreceiving)withaninfectedpartnerislessthan1in10,000and,inmyestimationthatistoohigh.Someexpertsstatethereisnoriskatallfromoralsex.NeitherofusonthissitehaveeverseenorreadingthemedicalliteratureofaconvincinginstanceinwhichHIVwaspassedbyoralsex.你的性交接触有安全套的,有安全套保护的是安全性交。你的无保护的口交,可以证实的数据是,如果一个口交(主动或被动)和一个感染者,他被感染的概率少于10000分之1,在我的估计中这个数学还很高。一些专家说口交完全无风险。我们都没见过或者读到过医学文献上说被证实的HIV通过口交得情况。HereisEVERYTHINGyouneedtoknowaboutnsecuLtransmissionofHIV:ifabarepenis(nocondom)doesntgetinsideanotherperson'svagina,rectumor(veryrarely)mouth,thereisnochanceoftransmission.这些是所有你需要知道的关于性传播HIV的情况:如果无安全套的JJ不插入另一个人的阴道,直肠或者(非常之少的情况)嘴巴,那是无传播的机会的。Anegativecombotxestanytimeafter4weeksalwaysoverrulesexposurehistoryandsymptoms(Buttheexposurewaszeroriskanyway,andHIVisnotapossiblecauseforasingleinflamedlymphnode.)1个在4周后的联合测试的阴总是否决了之前的接触和症状(无论如何你的接触0风险,并且HIV不可能引起单一的淋巴结发炎红肿)HIVisdifficulttotransmit.Evenwithunprotectedvaginalsexwithaninfectedpartner,thevirusispassedanaverageofonceforevery1,000-2,000exposures.Thereisnoriskfromkissing,hand-genitalcontact,fingering,orsuperficialbitesthatdonotevenbreaktheskin.Cutsandnicksonthefingersetcmakelittleornodifference:stillnorisk.Receivingoralsexmaycarryaslightrisk,butverylow;someexpertsbelieveitisnoriskatall.HIV很难传播。甚至是无保护和一个感染者阴道交,病毒在1000-2000次中传播1次。接吻无风险。手与生殖器接触,手淫,表面的舔咬没弄破皮肤,都没风险。在手上或别处的切口缺口有一点点或者跟前几个一样:无风险。收到口交有轻微的风险,但是极低,一些专家认为这完全没有风险。Bottomline:selectyourpartnerswithcareandcommonsense,andalwaysusecondomsforvaginaloranalsex.ThenstopworryingaboutHIV.结果是:小心的用常识选择你的同伴,总是选择使用安全套阴道交或者肛交。然后不用担心HIV。Inaddition,HIVisnotspreadininanimatematerialssuchasatowelorinliquidssuchaswater,massageoil(thisisageneralstatement,Iunderstandthatyoubroughtyourown).thusthiswasanentirelynoriskencounter.另外,HIV不通过无生命的材质像毛巾,液体水,按摩油传播。因此这是一个完全的无风险接触。Thedifferencebetweena7and8weektestissmall.Remember,wellover95%ofpersonswhoacquireHIVwillhaveapositivetestat6weeks-at7weeksthefigureisevenhighermakingtheoddsverymuchinyourfavor.7周8周检测的差异很小。记住,超过95%的人获得HIV后在6周-7周获得阳结果,这个比率甚至更高使你不用担心。Further,evenifhedid,theriskofHIVtransmission,onaverageisonly1perevery1000actsofintercourse,thusifhehadHIVyourriskwouldbe6in1000or0.6%.进一步来说,如果他有,HIV传播的风险是1000次有1次,因此他有HIV你的风险是1000分之6.(WTXJ男传女)HIVisONLYtransmittedtoadultsthroughpenetrativegenitalorano-genitalsexorthroughinjectionofmaterialcontainingthevirusdeepintotissue.HIV只有通过成人的渗透进生殖器XJ或者GJ或者注射材料包含病毒深入到组织里传播。Thelikelihoodthatyourpartner,asaheterosexualmanhadHIVisverylowandevenintheveryunlikelysituationthathedidhaveHIV,thereisnoriskofgettingHIVfromoralsex,thusyouronlypossibleexposurewouldbetheverybriefvaginalpenetration.你的同伴,那个男人有HIV几率非常低,甚至来说不可能有,KJ是无风险的,因此你仅有的可能性是非常简短的YINDAO渗透进病毒。Nobodyneedstestingmorethan3monthsafterexposure,andgenerally6-8weeksissufficient.Longerthanthatisanurbanmyth--mayberarelyfortheearliestHIVantibodytests,butnotforthoseinusethepast10-15years.没有人需要超过3个月的检查,通常6-8周足够。更长的是城市的神话,可能极少的最初HIV抗体测试需要,但是在过去的10-15年已经不使用了。HIVistransmittedonlyonceinevery1000sexualencounterswhenacondomisnotused.HIV只是在不使用安全套的情况下每1000次有1次。ItisimpossibletohaveHIVandstillhaveanegativeantibody/p24antigen(duo,combo)testbeyondabout4weeks.有了HIV并且在4周的时候做抗体、P24抗原测试(双重,联合测试)的结果还是阴这是不可能的。Aslongastestingisdonesufficientlylongafterexposure--4+weeksforduo/combo--theresultsalwaysoverruleexposurehistoryandsymptoms.4周以上的双重、联合测试是足够的,它的结果总是否决了之前的接触和症状。CanigetHIVfromthefrenchKissesfromthesetwogirlsiftheyhadopensoreswithbloodandtheywereHIVpositive?我会不会从和2个女孩的法式深吻中获得HIV,如果他们有溃疡有血并且HIV阳?No,norisk.不,无风险。Iamnotsurewhichcountryyouarefrombutworldwide,anegativeHIVp24antigenandnegativeHIVantibodytestat4weeksisproofthatyoudonothaveHIV.我不确定你是哪个国家的,但是在全世界各地,1个在4周的检查P24抗原和抗体的测试阴证明你没有HIV。4-6weekslongerthanthe6-8weeksittakesvirtuallyeveryonetodevelopHIVantibodies.WhentheHIVp24antigenisaddedtotheantibodytests,definitiveanswersareavailableevensooner-at4weeks.4-6周甚至更长的6-8周,事实上每个人都会产生HIV抗体。当P24抗原加入到抗体的测试中,决定性的结果在4周可用。ThereisnoriskforacquisitionofHIVfrommasturbatingapartner,evenifshedidhappentohaveHIV.Thatyoumayhavepeelingskinandanopensoreatthetimeyoudidmakesnodifference.NoonehasevergottenHIVfrommasturbationofaninfectedpartner,never.从被同伴的shouyin中获得HIV是不会的,甚至她有HIV。或许你有脱皮或者开放的溃疡在那个时候,不过结果都一样。没有人从被感染者shouyin获得HIV,永远不会。ThesymptomsofHIVtypicallyoccur2-4weeksfollowingexposure,notwithindays.典型的HIV症状发生在感染后2-4周,不会再几天内。Yourantibodytestat5weekswouldhavedetectedabout95%ofrecentlyacquiredHIVinfectionsandyourpartnerwasunlikelytohaveHIV.你在5周的抗体测试可以侦查到95%的最近获得HIV的,并且你的同伴不太可能有HIV。AcombinationofanegativeantibodytestandanegativePCRatanytimemorethan4weeksfollowingexposureisdefinitiveevidencethatyoudidnotgetHIV.一个联合的抗体测试和PCR测试在超过4周的时候是决定性的证据,你没有HIV。Eveniftheriskislow,testingisthebestwaytoknowforcertain,andanegativetestresultusuallyismorereassuringthananythingIoranyotherexpertcansay.就算风险很低,测试是最好的方法在某种意义上,一个阴的结果比我或者其他的专家都让你安心。Hsvinghadcondom-protectedsex,therewasnosignificantriskofHIV,evenifyourpartnerwasinfected.有安全套的XJ,是没有有意义的HIV风险,甚至你的同伴是感染者。EarlyHIVinfectionsdoesnotcausenasalcongestion,doesnotcausesorethroatwithoutfever,anddoesnotlast2months.SleepingtoomuchandweaknessarealsonotlikelyHIVsymptoms.早期HIV感染不会引起鼻塞,不会引起没有发烧的咽喉痛,不会持续2个月。睡的太多和虚弱也不像是HIV症状。AndcatchingHIVbymouthitselfisrare;swallowinginfectedbloodwouldbeafairlylowriskexposure.从嘴巴获得HIV很少;吞咽被感染的血液是相当低的风险接触。YourresultsaredefinitiveascombinationHIVantigen/HIVantibodytestsprovideconclusiveresultsat4weeks(28days)followingexposure.你的结果是确定的,因为在4周(28天)的联合查HIV抗原和抗体的测试可以提供决定性的结果。thustryingtodetermineriskforHIVusingsymptomsofanysortreallyisnon-productiveandanexerciseinanxietyproduction.因此试图用任何症状确定HIV是无效的,并且会导致焦虑的产生。DiagnosticX-raysdonotharmtheimmunesysteminanyway诊断用的X射线不会以任何方式伤害免疫系统Anegativeduo(combo,or"4thgeneration")testremains100%reliable4weeksormoreafterthelastpossibleexposure.1个双重测试(联合测试,又名“第四代”)在4周或者更久的结果是100%可靠地。Atthetimeyouweretested(21days),thefigureisclosetothisbutnotpreciselyknown.Itwouldlikelydetectmorethan90%ofrecentlyacquiredHIVinfectionshowever.你已经测了21天,这个结果相当准确但还不是最精准的。它会发现超过90%最近感染HIV的人。(指的是第四代21天的结果90%)andevenifyourpartnerhadHIV,yourriskfromasingleexposureison1infectionin1000exposures.并且就算是你的同伴有HIV,你的风险是1000次XJ中有1次。youreallydonotneedtoworryaboutwhichgenerationoftestsyouweretestedwith,atthistimevirtuallyalltestsarefarmoresensitivethattheywereeven2-3yearsagowhenthe3monthrecommendationwasmade你真的不需要担心你的测试是第几代试剂,在3个月的时候甚至是2-3年前的测试方法都是极度敏感的。(专给3个月后还恐的翻的)Eightweeksissufficienttimeforthestand-aloneHIVantibodytests,andyoudon'tneedanyadditionaltesting--eventhoughmanyagenciesrecommendtestingat3months.八周的单纯抗体测试足够了,你不需要任何别的测试了,虽然许多机构推荐3个月。Inaddition,otherstudieshaveconclusivelyshownthattakingacyclovirhasNOeffectindelayingdevelopmentofpositivetestresultsinpersonwithHIV.另外,别的研究决定性的指出服用治疗疱疹的药物不会影响延迟HIV的阳性结果的出现。Theduotest,i.e.forbothHIVantibodyandp24antigen,is100%reliableat4weeksormoreafterexposure.Commonadviceaboutneedingtotestat3monthsappliestothestand-aloneantibodytests(andevenwiththosetests,6weeksisgenerallysufficient).双重测试,也就是HIV抗体和P24抗原测试,在4周或更久是100%可靠的。普遍建议的3个月是应用于标准的抗体测试(就算是这些,6周通常足够了)。HepatitisChasnoeffectonHIVtestresults.Infact,therearenomedicinesorillnessthatmakeHIVtestingunreliable,withthepossibleexceptionofadvanced(terminal)illnessesandcancerchemotherapy--andeventhesearetheoretical,withfewifanyactuallyprovedcasesofdelayedorunreliableHIVtesting.丙型肝炎不会影响HIV测试结果。实际上,没有药物和疾病使HIV测试不可信,可能的话就是先前的重病末期和肝化疗,其实这些也是理论上的,只有很小的例子中使HIV测试不可靠。thesymptomsofwhichcannotstartsoonerthan~10daysafterexposure.症状不会在接触后10天内出现。ANYtestcarriedoutmorethan8weeksfollowingexposureisreliableandshouldbebelieved.任何测试超过8周的结果是可靠的应该被信任。InpersonswithsymptomsduetoearlyHIV,standardHIVbloodtestsaretypicallypositivewithinaweekoftheonsetofsymptoms.一个人早期的症状是由HIV引起的话,标准的抽血检查会在症状出现开始的一周内阳。TheDUOtestsareconclusiveat4weeks.双重测试在四周是决定性的。TheDUOtestsareentirelyreliableanytimemorethan4weeksafterexposure.Believethetestresults.双重检测在四周或更久时间的结果是完全可信的。相信他吧。Afinalpointofclarification.InreviewingtheadviceyoureceivedontheHIVcommunitysite,Inotethatyouhavebeentoldthattestresultsarenotcompletelyreliableuntil3monthsfollowingexposure.PleaseunderstandthattheadviceontheCommunitysitemaydifferfromtheadvicewegive.ThecommunitysiteprovidestherecommendationsbasedoninformationfromtheCDCandotherofficial,governmentalorganizations.Sometimesthisinformationisoverlyconservativeandoutofdate.Dr.HandsfieldandIprovideourinformationbasedonthelatestscientificinformationandoninformationwegetfromscientificmeetings.Thustheremaysometimebeadifferencebetweenthetwosites.Webelievethatourdataismoreuptodateandisareflectionofhavingworkedinthefieldforover30yearseach.Atthesametime,wefeelitisappropriatefortheinformationprovidedonthecommunitysitetoreflectnationalrecommendationsandguidelines.Ihopethisexplanationishelpfultoyou.最后要澄清一点。关于你在HIV社区收到的建议,我注意到有人告诉你3个月的结果才是完全可靠的。请理解这个建议与我们给你的不同。社区提供的建议是建立在CDC和其他政府官方组织上的。这些建议过度的保守并且过时。Handsfield博士与我提供的建议建立在最新的科学信息上并且是我们在科学会议上得到的。因此,这就有些不同。我们相信我们的数据领先并且是我们在这个领域上超过30年的工作经验。同时,我觉得把这些消息提供给社区并反映给国家,修改推荐信息与指导信息。我希望这个解释对你有帮助。Unlessyouhavefrequent,seriousinfectiousillnessesorarereceivingcancerchemotherapy,yourimmunesystemisfunctioningwell.除非频繁严重的传染病或者症状接受肝化疗,你的免疫系统功能正常。Inyourowncase,havingreadotherpostsonthissite,Isuspectyoualsoknowthatreceiptoforalsex,evenifyourpartnerhadHIV,isanoriskexposure.在你的例子中,你已经在这个网站了解过其他的东西,我猜测你也知道BDKJ的情况,就是她有HIV,你也没事。PleaserealizethatagenciessuchastheCDCcannotprovidethesortsofpersonalizedmessagesthatwedoand,perhapsmoreimportantly,feelthatbecauseofgovernmentalaffiliations,cannot"afford"toeverbewrong.请明白像CDC一样的机构不能像我们一样提供个人化的建议信息,可能对他们来说更重要的是,政府的机构不能“承担”错误。问:1.Anyriskforsuckingtheballs?舔蛋有风险么?2.Anyriskifhergenitaltouchedmypenisandherfluidtouchedme?她的外阴碰了我的JJ并且液体接触了我,这样有风险么?3.Iknowsalivaissafe,buthowaboutifshehasacutorcutsinhermouthortonguesothebloodcanmakemeindangerbecauseshelickedmyanus?Andhowaboutifihavecutonmyanus(imnotsureifthere'ssmallcut)我知道唾液安全,但是如果她得嘴或者舌头有伤口,这样有血的话使我危险了吧,因为她舔过我的肛门?又或者是我的肛门上有伤口(我不确定有没有)?4.AnyriskthatIdontknow?还有我不知道的危险么?5.DoIneedatest?我要检测么?答:Inanswertoyourspecificquestions:我来回答你具体的几个问题:1.Noriskfromsuckingyourscrotum.舔蛋没危险。2.Noriskfromtouchingorcontactwithgenitalfluid.接触生殖器液体没危险。3.Norisk,evenifshehadcutsand/orbloodinhermouth.没危险,就是她嘴里有伤口或者血。4.No,norisk.没了,没危险。5.No,thereisnomedicalreasontotestrelatetotheexposureyoudescribe.不,你描述的接触没有理由去检查。HIVisnotspreadbyoralsex,incondomprotectedsexoroninanimateobjectssuchastoiletpaper.HIV不通过嘴传播,不通过有安全套的XJ传播,也不通过像厕所卫生纸那样的无生命的静物传播。HIVhasneverbeenreportedtobetransmittedbycunnilingus(oralcontactwithfemalegenitals)从来没有因为舔阴(嘴巴接触女性生殖器)传播HIV的。EvenifshehasHIV,withunprotectedvaginalsex,oneestimateofthetransmissionriskfemaletomale(ifthewomanhasHIV)isonceforever2,000exposures.SoevenifshehasHIV,itisunlikelyyouwereinfected.就算她有HIV,女传男的几率在一次无保护的XJ中是2000分之1.所以就算她有,你也不可能感染。IhaveneverheardofanyonecatchingHIVbecausetheyhadapenileabrasionortearatthetimeofexposure.Thisisoneofthosetheoreticalrisksthatprobablydoesn'tmeanverymuchintherealworld.WoundshavebeenknowntoresultinHIVonlywhenthewoundwasdirectlycausedbyanHIVcontaminatedsharpinstrument.Withinminutes,bloodclottingetcstartstoformabarrierthatHIVisunlikelytocross,soonlyfresh,bleedingwoundsarelikelytobeariskfactor.我从没听说过任何人感染HIV是因为他的JJ在XJ的时候有破损。这在理论上会感染但不意味着在现实中会发生。伤口会感染HIV只会在这个情况下发生:这个伤口是被有HIV污染的尖锐利器引起的。正常的伤口在几分钟内,血液就开始凝结形成阻止HIV的通过的伤疤,所以只有新鲜流血的伤口才会是危险因素。IdonotbelieveIhaveeverseensomeonewithHIVinanyonewhohadonlyasinglevaginalexposurewithaninfectedwoman.我不相信我有见过某人在一次和有hiv的女人WTXJ就会得。AnHIVantibodytestisaround95%reliableat4weeks.Acombotest,forbothantibodyandp24antigen,is100%reliableatthattime.HIV抗体测试在四周是95%可靠。P24抗原和抗体同测的测试,就是100%了。Nomedicalconditionsaffectseroconversiontime,andpregnancycertainlydoesn'tdoso.没有医学情况可以影响血清转化的时间,怀孕肯定不会。AndwhenawomanhasHIV,theaveragetransmissionrisktoamalepartnerhasbeenestimatedtobeonceforevery2,000events--whichisequivalenttohavingunprotectedsexwithinfectedwomenoncedailyfor5yearsbeforetransmissionwouldbelikely.当一个女人有HIV,在WTXJ中传染给男人的几率为2000分之1.这相当于和一个被感染女做5年爱,每天一次并且WT,才有可能会得。Andfinally,yournegativeClearviewHIVtestat3+weeksishighlyreassuring.Around90%ofnewlyinfectedpeoplewouldhavepositiveresultsbythen.ThemedicationsyouhavetakenhaveabsolutelynoeffectonHIVtestreliabilityorthetimeittakesforantibodiestodeveloporteststobecomepositive.最后,你在3周以上的阴是高度可信的。大概90%的新感染者都会在这个时候阳,你吃的药也不会影响HIV的测试,也不会推迟抗体的产生。Andoralsexisnorisk,oratleastsolowitcanbeignored.KJ无危险,或者有一点可以被忽略掉的危险。Allavailableantibodytestsarearound90%reliableat3.5weeks.IfyouhadacombotestforbothHIVantibodyandp24antigen,that'sprobablyaround95-98%reliableat3+weeks.Arepeatcombotestat4+weeks,orastand-aloneantibodytestat6-8weeks,willconfirmthenegativeresult.所有抗体测试在3周半90%可靠。如果你有同测P24抗原和抗体的测试,在3周半95-98%可靠。在4周来一个联合测试,或者在6-8周来一个抗体测试,这会确定你的阴结果。Andbloodcontactonintactskinisalsoriskfree.血液接触完整的皮肤是无风险的。AndwhenawomanhasHIV,theaveragetransmissionrisktoamalepartnerhasbeenestimatedtobeonceforevery2,000events--whichisequivalenttohavingunprotectedsexwithinfectedwomenoncedailyfor5yearsbeforetransmissionwouldbelikely.一个女人有HIV,通过无保护的XJ传给男性是2000分之1,这相当于和一个女性感染者做爱5年,一天一次。Yourriskforanyinfectionfromreceiptofmasturbationinvirtuallynon-existent.IwouldurgeyounottoworryaboutHIVorotherSTDs.Thereisnomedicalreasonfortesting.Ontheotherhand,ifyouneedthepeaceofmind,Iamconfidentthattestingwouldre-enforcethemessageIjustgiveyou.通过被shouyin感染任何病的风险实际上是不存在的。我强烈建议你不要担心HIV和其他性病。这样连测试的理由都没有。另一方面,如果你需要平静下来,我相信测试是最好的途径。InyourhistoryhasanyoneevergottenHIVfromahandjob?No.在您的病例中有人通过shouyin感染么?没有。PersonswhohaveHIVandareabletotransmitittootherstypicallyhavepositivetestsortheirtestsbecomepositivewithinaweekortwofollowingtheencounter.Thequickestandmostdirectwaytoaddressyourquestion,ifshe'lldoit,isforyourco-workertogettestedagainatabout2weeksfollowingtheencounter.Ifsheisnegativeatthattime,thenthereisnorisk.一个可以传染HIV的携带者是检测为阳的或者在感染后1-2周为阳的人。我直接回答你,如果她有HIV,并和你在2周的时候检测了HIV,在那个时候结果为阴,你就没危险。Mostofthestatementsyouhavequotedcamefrommeormycolleague,Dr.Handsfieldandyes,IdobelievethereisnoappreciableriskofHIVfromoralsex.DespitethefactthatsomeoverlyconservativeexpertssaythatHIVcouldbetransmittedbygivingorreceivingoralsex,asyoupointout,therearenocasesiswhichthathasbeenproventobethecase.Myadvicewouldbetonotworry.WedonotrecommendHIVtestingfollowingoralsexbecauseweconsideritanoriskact.我和我的同事Handsfield博士曾经证实了很多的案例,我们相信KJ是无风险的。虽然一些过度保守的专家说BDKJ和主动KJ可以传播HIV。但是你也知道,没有被证实这样会感染的例子。我的建议是不要担心,我们不推荐在KJ后进行HIV测试因为我们认为这样无风险。Theriskoftransmissionfromanysinglevaginalsexevent,femaletomaleifthewomanhasHIV,hasbeenestimatedtoaverage1in2,000.女传男,WTXJ几率2000分之1.However,thesymptomsreallyarenotsuggestiveofanewHIVinfection,whichdoesnotgenerallycausediarrheaasthemainorinitialsymptom;anddoesnotcauseanysymptomsatallearlierthan10daysafterexposure.但是,这些症状不考虑是HIV引起的,HIV通常不会在最初引起腹泻,也不会早于10天出现症状。HIVisnottransmittedbymasturbationHIV不通过shouyin传播。Mostpertinenttoyourconcerns,lymphnodeinflammationandenlargement(lymphadenopathy)arerarelyifevertheonlysymptom.Whenlymphadenopathyoccurrs,itusuallyisaccompaniedbyfever(over101degrees),sorethroat(oftensevere),andanon-itchyskinrash,mostlyonthetrunk;70%ofsymptomaticpersonshaveall3,withorwithoutlymphadenopathy.就你关心的事情说吧,淋巴肿大很少是单一的症状。当淋巴结病发生,通常伴随着高于101华氏度的高烧,很严重的喉咙痛,还有不痒的多发生躯干上的皮疹,70%的人会有后3个症状,淋巴可能也可能没反应。Self-diagnosisoflymphadenopathyisveryunreliable.Withoutprofessionalevaluationandconfirmation,Iaminclinedtobelievethatyourlymphnodesareenlarged.Buteveniftheyare,thetimingisinconsistentwithARS;onsetisgenerally7-14daysand3daysismuchtoosoon.通过淋巴结自我判断有无HIV是很不可靠的。没有专业的评估和确定,我更倾向于你的淋巴肿大无HIV无关,症状在7-14天开始,你3天太短了。Thevirusdoesnotsurviveintheenvironment.IfHIVcouldbetransmittedbythekindofsuperficialskinpricksandinjuriesyoudescribehereorinyourotherquestions,itwouldbemanytimesmorecommonthanitisandwouldnotbeclassifiedasasexuallytransmittedorblood-borneinfection.病毒不会在外界存活。如果HIV可以通过表皮破碎传播,那这个病就更加普遍了,也不会被定义为以血液为载体的传播性病了。currentlyapprovedRapidHIVtestsdetectbetween50%(thefigurefortestingat2weeks)and90%(thefigurefortestingat4weeks)ofrecentlyacquiredHIVtests.在2周时,快速HIV测试会发现50%,在四周,这个结果会是90%。AttwoweeksastandardHIVantibodytestwilldetectover50%ofrecentlyacquiredinfectionandacombinedHIVp24antigen/HIVantibody("DUO")testwilldetectmore,closerto80%.At4weekstheDUOtestresultsaredefinitiveandstandardantibodytestsdetectover90%ofinfection.At8weeksstandardantibodytestresultswillbedefinitive.2周时,hiv抗体测试会发现超过50%,第四代会发现接近80%的。在四周,抗体测试超过90%,第四代可以确诊。8周抗体测试可以确诊。HIVisNOTspreadthroughoralsexanditisuncommonforotherSTDstobespreadinthiswaytoo.Hiv不通过KJ传播,别的性病也通常不会通过这样传播的。First,salivaisnotinfectiousforHIV,oronlyminimallyso;salivakillsHIV(onereasonoralsexandkissingcarrylittleornoriskoftransmission).Second,eyeexposuretoHIV-infectedbloodorsecretionsisoneofthosethereticaltransmissionmodesoftenlistedasrisky,butforwhcih,tomyknowlege,noactualtransmissionshavebeenreported.第一点,唾液不会传染hiv,或者说有最低限度的可能性在里面。唾液可以杀死hiv病毒,这是口交和亲吻不会或者风险很低的原因。第二点,眼睛接触含有hiv病毒的血液和分泌物在理论上可以被感染,但是,在我的经历中,没有发生这样的例子。Yoursexualexposureswerecondomprotectedandcondomprotectedsexissafesex.Asforyourunprotectedoralsex,thequotedfigureforHIVrisk,ifonehasoralsex(givingorreceiving)withaninfectedpartnerislessthan1in10,000and,inmyestimationthatistoohigh.Someexpertsstatethereisnoriskatallfromoralsex.NeitherofusonthissitehaveeverseenorreadingthemedicalliteratureofaconvincinginstanceinwhichHIVwaspassedbyoralsex.你带套了,带套是安全的性行为。其次,你无套的口交,被证实的风险数据是这样的:和感染者口交被感染几率低于一万分之一,并且在我的估计中,这个万分之一还是很高。一些专家声称口交完全没有风险。无论是我们哪方,我们都没在医学文献上看到被证实的口交感染例子。Equallyimportant,asyouweretoldonthecommunityforum,HIVisnottranamittedbyfingering,evenwithfingersthathavesexualfluidsmonthem.HIVismuchharsdertotransmitthanthat.HereisEVERYTHINGyouneedtoknowaboutnsecuLtransmissionofHIV:ifabarepenis(nocondom)doesntgetinsideanotherperson'svagina,rectumor(veryrarely)mouth,thereisnochanceoftransmission.同样重要的是,你曾经在社区论坛被告知过,hiv不通过手指传播,哪怕手指上有分泌物。Hiv想要通过那样传播很困难的。这里有关于异性之间的情况:无套但不插入阴道,直肠或嘴巴(几率极其的低),是不会有机会传播的。AcuteHIVinfectionsdonotcause"scratchythroat"ornasalcongestion急性期症状不会引起喉咙痒痒或者鼻子堵塞。Anegativecombotxestanytimeafter4weeksalwaysoverrulesexposurehistoryandsymptoms.(Buttheexposurewaszeroriskanyway,andHIVisnotapossiblecauseforasingleinflamedlymphnode.)在四周的双重测试结果总是可以否决之前的症状和感染可能。(你提过的接触式0风险的,hiv不可能单一的引起淋巴肿大。)Evenwithunprotectedvaginalsexwithaninfectedpartner,thevirusispassedanaverageofonceforevery1,000-2,000exposures.Thereisnoriskfromkissing,hand-genitalcontact,fingering,orsuperficialbitesthatdonotevenbreaktheskin.Cutsandnicksonthefingersetcmakelittleornodifference:stillnorisk.Receivingoralsexmaycarryaslightrisk,butverylow;someexpertsbelieveitisnoriskatall.就是和感染者无套性交,被传播几率是一千分之一到两千分之一。接吻,手淫,轻微的咬伤都不会有风险。在手指上的切口与裂痕等等也没有区别:仍然是无风险的。被动口交风险极其低,一些专家相信这样完全没风险。Bottomline:selectyourpartnerswithcareandcommonsense,andalwaysusecondomsforvaginaloranalsex.ThenstopworryingaboutHIV.概括下:仔细的选择伴侣,在阴道交或肛交中使用安全套,这样就不用考虑hiv。Inaddition,HIVisnotspreadininanimatematerialssuchasatowelorinliquidssuchaswater,massageoil此外,hiv不会通过静物传播,例如毛巾,液体(水),按摩用的油。HIVisONLYtransmittedtoadultsthroughpenetrativegenitalorano-genitalsexorthroughinjectionofmaterialcontainingthevirusdeepintotissue.Hiv在成人中的传播方式只有被病毒渗透进生殖器或者肛交或者通过包含病毒的注射器材把病毒代人到组织内。Nobodyneedstestingmorethan3monthsafterexposure,andgenerally6-8weeksissufficient.Longerthanthatisanurbanmyth--mayberarelyfortheearliestHIVantibodytests,butnotforthoseinusethepast10-15years.没有人需要多于3个月的测试,通常6-8周就足够了。更长的时间实在是不可能。或许一些早期的hiv抗体测试需要那么多时间,但是那些方法早在10-15年前就不用了。ItisimpossibletohaveHIVandstillhaveanegativeantibody/p24antigen(duo,combo)testbeyondabout4weeks.在四周时,被感染但是没有被抗体抗原测试查出来,这样是不可能的。ItisNOTtransmittedthroughmasturbation,yourmasseuserubbingherbreastsonyourpenis,touchingofanysortormassageofanysort.手淫不会传播,包括你找的女按摩师给你乳交,各种给你按摩,都不会传播。YoucorrectlyunderstandthatoralsexcarrieslittleornoriskofHIVtransmisison.SomeexpertsbelieveHIVhasneverbeentransmittedfromanoraltogenitalpartner;otherscitedatafromCDCsuggestionariskof1in20,000.That'sequivalenttoreceivingoralsexbyHIVinfectedpartnersoncedailyfor55yearsbeforetransmissionmightbeexpected.你很正确的意识到口交无风险或很小的风险。一些专家从来没见过口交传播的。来自CDC的数据表明几率是20000分之1。这个数字相当于你被感染者口交55年,每天一次,才有可能。acuteHIVinfecitondoesnotcausecoughornasalcongestion.急性期症状没有咳嗽或者鼻子堵塞。Andinanycase,itisimpossibletocatchHIVoranyotherSTDfromahandjob在任何情况中,手淫不可能传播hiv或者其他性病。AsfarasHIVisconcerned,thereisnoknownriskofgettingHIVfromperformingoralsexonaninfectedpartner,evenifthatperson'sgenitalsecretionsgetintoyoureyesorifyouswallow.从hiv的角度看,和感染者口交无风险,即使那个人的分泌物接触你的眼睛或者你吞掉了分泌物。Doesthefactthatshehadanorgasmhaveaninfluenceinthetransmissionoftheinfection?No,therearenodatatotelluswhetherorgasm(onthepartoftheinfectedoruninfectedperson)modifiesriskforHIV.她高潮了会影响传播几率的?不,没有数据表明高潮(在感染者或者正常人身上)会改变hiv的风险。Doesthelengthofintercourseplayaroleintransmissionofinfection?Goodquestion.Logically,themoreprolongedtheexposurethehighertherisk.Asyoumightimaginehowever,therearenostudiesonthismatterandthusitcannotevenbeguessedwhateffecttheremightbe.性交时间的长度会影响传播几率么?问得好。从逻辑上看,延长时间会导致风险增加。但是你也可以想到,没有人研究这个,所以不能去猜测实际的影响。HIVistransmittedbygenitalorano-genitalpenetrativesex.Ithasneverbeenconvincinglyshowntobetransmittedbykissing,mutualmasturbationororalsex,evenwhenparticipantsgeteachothers’genitalsecretionsononeanother-never.Hiv通过渗透进生殖器或肛门传播。它不会通过接吻,互相手淫或口交传播,既然接触到了别人的分泌物。Whenyougettheresultsofyourcombitest(whichIanticipatewillbenegative)youwillhaveadefinitiveanswer.At4weekstheresultsofcombitestswhichtestforboththeHIVp24antigenandHIVantibodiesisdefinitiveandthereisnoneedforfurther,futuretesting,at9orat12weeks.当你拿到双重测试的结果时,你要相信这是一个确定的结果(我认为你肯定阴)。四周的双重测试P24抗原和抗体,这个结果是很明确的,并且不需要在9或者12周再去测了。GettingHIVinfectedblood(orHCVorHBVinfectedblood)onintactskincarrieszeroriskfortransmission,regardlessofarecentpapercut.Youreallyshouldn'tbeatallworredaboutthisevent.(Mostlikelythemainresponseoftheinfectioncontrolteamwillalsobethattherewasnorisk.)Iseenoneedfortesting,andifIwereinyoursituation,Iwouldcontinueunprotectedsexwtihmywifewithnoworries.皮肤完整的话,接触有被hiv感染的血液(或者有乙肝丙肝的血液)是0风险的,就算最近皮肤有小切口也是安全的。你真的不需要担心这样的事情会发生。(大多数感染控制中心的团队认为这没有风险)。我看你真的不需要测试,如果我是你的话,我会继续和我老婆WTXJ的。AndyouarecorrectinyourcommentsbelowaboutabsenceoffeverbeingstrongevidenceagainstHIVasthecause.你在下面的评论中说的没错:不发烧是你没得hiv的强烈证据。Commercialsexworkerswhousecondomsdosotoprotectthemselvesfromclients,nottoprotecttheclients.TheseCSWsaretypicallynotinfected.性工作者使用避孕套是为了保护自己而不是你,这样的工作者是没有病的。Condomprotectedsexissafesex.Whenacondomisuseproperlyandoesnotbreak,thereisvirtuallynoriskofHIV.使用安全套是安全的。正确的使用安全套并且无破损,这样hiv无风险。ThesymptomsofHIV,inpersonswhodevelopthem,developbetween2an4weeksfollowingexposure.Hiv的症状,是在感染后2-4周出现。Asforhissymptoms,diarrheaisnotthemainsymptomofARS.Andofcoursenon-sexuallytransmittedintestinalinfectionsareverycommonintravelerstoAfrica;AndfeverduetoARSnevergoesawayinonly2-3days;ittakesaweekormore.对于他的症状来说,腹泻不是主要症状。并且,去非洲旅游的话,是很容易得腹泻的,这并不是通过性传播的。并且急性期的发烧从来不会仅仅2-3天,是持续1周或更久的Withoutunprotectedvaginaloranalsex,youaresimplynotatriskofcatchingHIVbysexualexposure.Havingpimplesorotherskinlesionsmakesnodifference.如果你不是不带安全套的去YINDAO交或者GJ,是没有风险的。就是皮肤上有丘疹或者有皮肤损害也一样。Injurywithblood-contaminatedsharpinstrumentsetc,intheenvironment,isoneofthosetheoreticalrisksofHIVthatisalwayslistedaspossiblesourcesofnewinfection--butonethathasactuallyhappenedveryrarely,ifever.Evenwhentalkingaboutcontaminateddruginjectionneedles,Iamunawareofanyactualcasesthateveroccurred.被带有污染血液的尖锐器具扎伤,是理论上可能被感染的。但是实际上这种事情发生的几率极其低。甚至于当谈到使用duping针具感染的时候,我都不是很明白这是怎么发生的。Therearemanycausesoflymphnodeinflammation,andHIVisoneoftheleastcommon.很多原因会引起淋巴结炎,hiv很少会引起。Intheabsenceoflesions,yourriskofgettinggenitalHSVfromreceiptoforalsexfromanunknownpartnerislow,probablylessthan1in10,000.皮肤没有损害的话,与一个你不知道她到底有没有病的人BDKJ,感染疱疹HSV病毒的几率会很低,少于万分之一。You'llknowifyougotHSV-2baseonwhetherornotyoudeveloplesionsinthe14daysfollowingyourexposure.你会在14天里就知道有没有感染HSV-2病毒,从皮肤有没有损伤判断。(作者话:HSV-2是主要引起生殖器疱疹的病毒,90%以上)STDslikegonorrhea,chlamydiaandHIVallrequirepenetrativesexualcontacttobetransmittedandarenottransmittedbymasturbation(handjobs).SeveralSTDslikesyphilisorherpescantheoreticallybetransmittedbydirectcontactwithinfectedsiteswithoutpenetrationbutforyoutogetthesesortsofinfectionsthroughreceiptofmasturbationisvirtuallyunheardof-thepersonwouldhavetohaveasoreonthehandtheyusedtomasturbateyou.Inover30yearsofpractice,IhaveneverseenanSTDtransmittedbyreceiptofmasturbation.淋病,衣原体,艾滋这些通过渗透式的接触传播,而不会通过shouyin。一些性病像梅毒疱疹在理论上通过与被感染处接触就可以传播,但是你通过shouyin得到这些根本没听说过,一个人手上有溃疡还会给你shouyin。在30年的临床中,我没有看见过通过shouyin得性病的。thereisnoevidencethatoralexposuretourine,orswallowingit,carriesanyriskforanySTD.嘴巴接触尿,吞了尿也好,都不会有得任何性病的风险。Breastmilkalsoissterile.Afterall,babiesswallowitformonthsonend,andnobabygetsSTDsfromit.TheonlyknownexceptionisHIV,buteventheretheriskislow母乳是无菌的。婴儿吞食母乳,却没有得性病。唯一知道的就是HIV病毒例外,但是几率很低。Thereasonisthatmilkcontainsanti-HIVantibodiesandothersubstancesthatinactivatethevirus.AndIhaveneverheardofsexualtransmissionofHIVbynippleorbreastmilkcontact,withorwithout"crackednipples".原因就是奶包含有反hiv病毒的抗体和其他物质使hiv病毒失活。另外老子从没听说过在性传播途径中有人舔乳头或者接触母乳传播的,即使乳头破损。Intheory,theinfectionstransmittedskin-to-skin(herpes,HPV,syphilis)couldbetransmittedinthisway,butinpracticeitdoesnotoccur.Inover30years,tomyknowledgemySTDclinichasnevercaredforapatientwithanSTDacquiredbyhand-genitalcontact.在理论上,皮肤接触可以传播疱疹,尖锐还有梅毒,但是临床上从来没发生过。在过去的30年里,在我的性病诊所里的病人从没有通过手与生殖器接触得病的。HIVisnotspreadthrougheithergivingorreceivingoralsex.OfthebacterialSTDsonlygonorrheaandnongonococcalurethritis(NGU)aretransmittedthroughoralsex;chlamydiaisnotandwithoutanobvioussoreorlesiononyourpartner’smouth,thechancesofsyphilisandherpesislikewisetiny.Hiv不通过主动BDKJ传播。一些细菌引起得性病,淋病非淋会传播。衣原体不会传播。另外,如果没有明显的破损在嘴里,传播梅毒和疱疹的几率很微小。AndoralsexcarrieslittleornoriskofHIVtransmission;someexpertsbelievethevirusisnevertransmittedthatway.Otherscitedatathatsuggest1chancein10,000orless--whichisequivalenttohavingoralsexwithHIVinfectedpeopleonceadayfor27yearsbeforetransmissionmighthappen.KJ传播hiv的风险少或者很低。一些专家认为病毒不通过这种途径传播,另外一些引用了一些数据,几率小于万分之一。这相当于和hiv患者KJ27年,一天一次。HadyoursymptomsbeenduetoHIV,yourantibodytestwouldhavebeenexpectedtobepositivewithinjustafewdaysofyourexposure.如果hiv引起你的症状,你的抗体测试会在几天内阳性反应。SalivararelyifevertransmitsHIV;infact,thevirusisinactivatedbysaliva.ThisisoneofthereasonsthatoralsexcarrieslittleornoriskforHIVtransmission,andforthesamereason,hand-genitalcontactwithsalivaaslubricationcarriesnorisk唾液几乎从不传播hiv。实际上,唾液是病毒失活。这是KJ风险小或者没有风险的一个原因。同理,在手和生殖器接触时候使用唾液做润滑剂也是无风险的。HIVtransmissionthroughfingering-insertingafingerintoavaginaseemstocausealotofanxietyworldwide.HIV通过手指接触传播?把你的手指放入YINDAO这个行为在全球普遍的发生着,并且这个行为引起了好多人的恐慌。Fingeringisazeroriskactivityasfarasweareaware.TherearenoreportedcasesworldwideofpeoplebecomingHIVpositiveafterfingeringawomanwithHIV.我们认为手指接触是零风险的。全世界根本就没有通过手指接触被感染女性的YINDAO而传播的例子。Peoplearegenerallyveryconcerrnedaboutthepresenceoftinycutsontheirfingersoraroundtheirfinger-nailswhichtheyfearmayposeanextrariskbybeingsocalledopenwounds.Anopenwoundisacutwhichisfreshlymadeandfreshlyactivelybleeding.Thisdoesnotmeananoldhealedpapercutforexample.Itdoeshavetobe1)freshand2)openandbleeding.Eveninthisscenario,thereisnoevidencethatitposesariskwithnoreportedcasesworldwide.通常,人们总是非常关心手上会不会有微小的切口和他们所谓的开放性伤口。事实上,开放性伤口是最近被切开的并且有新鲜血液流出的。像那种已经开始愈合的小切口根本不是,这种伤口不具备,第一新鲜,第二开口并且出血。退一万步说,就算是新鲜出血的伤口,也没有证据说明这样会传播。ThevastlymostcommonroutesfortransferofHIVarebyunprotectedvaginaloranalsexandthenbysharingneedlesforinjectingdrugsandmothertochildtransmissionduringbirthorbreastfeeding.Hiv传播的途径普遍都是无保护的YINDAO交,GJ,或者与吸毒者共用注射器,还有母婴之间的分娩传播母乳传播。HIVtransmissionbyfingeringisnotarisk.手指是无风险的。However,itwouldbepoliteandverymuchmorecomfortableforthepersontobefingered(the"fingeree")ifthefingerercuthisorhernailsandalsousedsomelubricatingfluidtomaketheentireexcericseenjoyableforallconcernedandlesslikelytoinjurethefingeree.在手指接触过程中,把指甲剪了,使用润滑剂,这些使整个过程更加的舒适享受,并且这样不会伤害别人。RememberthatifyouthinkyoumighthaveexposedyourselftoHIVthenthebestapproachistotestassoonasyouareable.WeknowthattestingandidentifyingnewHIVpositivepeopleisveryimportantintermsoftheirownhealthbutalsoinreducingthechancesofHIVspreadtoothers.ThebiggestriskofHIVinfectionisthroughhavingunprotectedsexwithsomeonewhohasjustbecomeHIVpositive.谨记如果你认为与hiv病毒接触过,最好的方法就是在可以的时候去测试。我们认为通过测试去确定新近感染者是很重要的,但更重要的是减少他们去传播给更多人的机会。最大的风险是与新近感染者进行无保护的XJ。IfyoudothinkyouhavebeenexposedthenyoushouldobtainmedicaladviceregardingtheuseofPostExposureProphylaxistoreduceyourchancesofacquiringtheinfection.Theearlieryoudothisthebetter.如果你认为需要一些医学上的建议,那么请多多参考群共享里面学院翻译BF上传的更多资料。越早这么做越好。(专业文档是经验性极强的领域,无法思考和涵盖全面,素材和资料部分来自网络,供参考。可复制、编制,期待你的好评与关注)
本文档为【美国medhelp论坛专家答复锦集】,请使用软件OFFICE或WPS软件打开。作品中的文字与图均可以修改和编辑, 图片更改请在作品中右键图片并更换,文字修改请直接点击文字进行修改,也可以新增和删除文档中的内容。
该文档来自用户分享,如有侵权行为请发邮件ishare@vip.sina.com联系网站客服,我们会及时删除。
[版权声明] 本站所有资料为用户分享产生,若发现您的权利被侵害,请联系客服邮件isharekefu@iask.cn,我们尽快处理。
本作品所展示的图片、画像、字体、音乐的版权可能需版权方额外授权,请谨慎使用。
网站提供的党政主题相关内容(国旗、国徽、党徽..)目的在于配合国家政策宣传,仅限个人学习分享使用,禁止用于任何广告和商用目的。
下载需要: ¥12.0 已有0 人下载
最新资料
资料动态
专题动态
机构认证用户
精品文库a
海霄科技有卓越的服务品质,为满足不同群体的用户需求,提供制作PPT材料、演讲幻灯片、图文设计制作等PPT及文档优质服务。
格式:doc
大小:97KB
软件:Word
页数:0
分类:医药卫生
上传时间:2020-11-17
浏览量:378