化学与化工专业英语2-化学基础知识

化学基础知识 三.参考 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 1.化学信息学教程，Gasteiger,J and Engel,T编著（德文） （梁逸曾，徐峻，姚建华等译）， 化工出版社，2005年 2.化学专业英语， 马永祥等编， 兰大出版社， 1997年 3.化学信息学， 邵学广和蔡文生编 科学出版社，2002年 Part 1 Physical Properties Part 2 Chemical Equations Part 3 Chemical Calculation Part 4 Nomenclature Of Inorganic Chemicals Part 5 Nomenclature Of Organic Chemicals Part 1 Physical Properties 物 理 性 质 1）Colour 〖颜色〗 colourless red-brown violet-black purple-black pale yellow dark brown 2）state solid liquid gas gaseous oily crystalline uncrystalline molten fused 3）smell odourless pungent penetrating choking offensive sour sweet bitter 4）solubility soluble insoluble slightly soluble very soluble 5）observations brisk effervescence precipitate milky aqueous solution 6）density heavy light less dense denser greatly denser slightly denser about the same dense 7）hardness hard soft ductile malleable 8）toxicity toxic poisonous 9）melting point boiling point High low 10）conductivity electronic conductivity thermal conductivity conductor semiconductor insulator Exercise 试用英语描述氧气、氮气和金属铁的物理性质。 disproportionation neutralization; hydrolysis exothermic reaction endothermic reaction reversible reaction forward reaction reverse reaction spontaneous reaction nonspontaneous reaction 1.反应名称： 化 学 方 程 式 Part 2 Chemical Equations 2、反应条件 heat ; burn ignite/ignition electrolyze/electrolysis under/at ambient/room temperature under standard pressure with/in the prescence of catalyst 3、 读 法 3.1 Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst. N2 + 3H2 ↔ 2NH3 高温、高压 催化剂 1 mol nitrogen reacts with 3 mol hydrogen to form 2 mol ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst. 3.2 Nitrogen combines with hydrogen to form ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst. Ammonia decomposes to nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst. 3.3 Reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst gives ammonia. At high temperature and pressure, reaction of nitrogen with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst takes place. Zinc treated with hydrochloric acid forms hydrogen and zinc chloride Zn + 2HCl = ZnCl2 + H2 ↑ 3.4 Calcium carbonate when heated produces calcium oxide and carbon dioxide Calcium carbonate is heated to yield calcium oxide and carbon dioxide Calcium carbonate decomposes to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide when it is heated 3.1 化 学 术 语 atomic mass/weight ； molecular weight amount (of substance)； mole number of moles ； molar mass molar volume ； concentration molarity ； excess agent limiting agent ； reactant product ； yield Part 3 Chemical Calculation（化学计算 ） 3.2 数学术语： ＋ － × ÷ 运算名称 addition substraction mulplication division 动词读法 add substract(ed)·from multiply(ied)·by divide(d)·by 介词读法 plus minus times over 运算结果 sum difference product quotient 0.001 o/zero point o o one 2/3 two thirds ＝ equals/is equal to ≈ is approximately equal to ＜ less than ＞ greater than x2 x squared x3 x cubed x-10 x to the minus tenth power 100oc one hundred degrees centigrade 5% five percent (by mass, volume) （） round brackets/parentheses [ ] square/angular brackets {} braces Exercise 试用英语描述下面化学反应？ H2和O2在点燃的条件下生成H2O。 CaCO3在加热条件下分解。 Cu在O2中氧化。 Chapter 4. Nomenclature of compounds Section I. Inorganic compounds 一. NAME OF THE ELEMENTS S-block Element IA H Hydrogen Li Lithium Na Sodium K Potassium Rb Rubidium Cs Cesium Fr Francium IIA   Be Beryllium Mg Magnesium Ca Calcium Sr Strontium Ba Barium Ra Radium IIIA   IV A V A B Boron   C Carbon N Nitrogen Al Aluminium Si Silicon P Phosphorus Ga Gallium Ge Germanium As Arsenic In Indium Sn Tin Sb Antimony Tl Thallium Pb Lead Bi Bismuth P-block Element (I) VIA VIIA 0 He Helium O Oxygen F Fluorine Ne Neon S Sulfur Cl Chlorine Ar Argon Se Selenium Br Bromine Kr Krypton Te Tellurium I Iodine Xe Xenon Po Polonium At Astatine Rn Radon P-block Element (II) Common Transition Elememt Ti: titanium Sc: scandium V: vanadium Cr: chromium Mn : manganese Fe : iron Co: cobalt Ni: nickel Cu: copper Zn: zinc Hg: mercury Ag: silver Au: gold Pd: Palladium Pt: platinum W: tungsten 固态 液态 气态 人造元素 1 H 元素周期表 2 He 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 55 Cs 56 Ba 57 La 72 Hf 73 Ta 74 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra 89 Ac 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Uun 111 Uuu 112 Uub 113 Uut 114 Uuq Lanthanon 镧系元素 58 Ce 59 Pr 60 Nd 61 Pm 62 Sm 53 Eu 64 Gd 65 Tb 66 Dy 67 Ho 68 Er 69 Tm 70 Yb 71 Lu Actinons 锕系元素 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U 93 Np 94 Pu 95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Cf 99 Es 100 Fm 101 Md 102 No 103 Lr 二. Naming metal ions (cations) for metal oxides, bases and salts 1. Single valence ions Cation’s name = Element for example: Na+ Sodium Al3+ Aluminum K+ Potassium Ca2+ Calcium 2.Multivalence ions Cation’s name = Element(V) For example: Fe2+ Iron(II) or Ferrous Fe3+ Iron(III) or Ferric Cr2+ Chromium(II) Cr3+ Chromium(III) Mn4+ Manganese(IV) Mn2+ Manganese(II) 三. Naming nonmetal ions (anions) 1. Monatomic anions Anion’s name = Element’s root -ide For example: Cl- Chloride (chlorine) O2- Oxide (oxygen) Br- Bromide OH- Hydroxide I- Iodide CN- Cyanide S2- Sulfide H- Hydride 2. Polyatomic oxyanions (1). Acid radicals for normal salt Anion’s name = Central Element’s root -ate for example: ClO3- Chlorate IO3- Iodate PO43- Phosphate NO3- Nitrate SO42- Sulfate CO32- Carbonate (2). Acid radicals for meta-salts Anion’s name = Central element’s root -ite for example: ClO2- Chlorite IO2- Iodite PO33- Phosphite NO2- Nitrite SO32- Sulfite (3). Acid radicals for hypo-salts Anion’s name = Hypo- Central element’s root -ite for example: ClO- Hypochlorite IO- Hypoiodite PO23- Hypophosphite (4). Acid radicals for persalts Anion’s name = Per-central Element’s root -ate for example: ClO4- Perchlorate IO4- Periodate MnO4- Permanganate 四. Naming compounds 1. Metal oxide Metal oxide = Cation + oxide for example: FeO Iron(II) oxide (Ferrous oxide) Fe2O3 Iron(III) oxide (Ferric oxide) Fe3O4 Ferroferric oxide Pb3O4 Trilead tetraoxide Na2O2 Sodium peroxide 2. Nonmetal oxide Nonmetal oxide = n-Nonmetal element + n-oxide for example: CO Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide SO3 Sulfur trioxide N2O3 Dinitrogen trioxide P2O5 Diphosphorus pentoxide Numeral prefix English Latin 一 mono- uni- 二 di- bi- 三 tri- ter- 四 tetra- quadri- 五 penta- quinque- 六 hexa- sexi- 七 hepta- sept- 八 octa- 九 nona- 十 deca- 3. Bases Base = Metal cation + hydroxide for example: Al(OH)3 Aluminum hydroxide NaOH Sodium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 Barium hydroxide Co(OH)2 Cobalt(II) hydroxide 4. Salts (1) CaC2 　calcium carbide NaCl sodium chloride (2).Normal salt : Normal salt = Cation + anion for example HgSO4 Mercury(II) sulfate KNO3 Potassium nitrate Na2CO3 Sodium carbonate NaClO Sodium hypochlorite (3). Acidic salts Acidic salt = Cation + hydrogen + anion for example: NaHSO4 Sodium hydrogen sulfate Na2HPO4 Disodium hydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate NaHCO3 Sodium bicarbonate Ca(HSO4)2 Calcium bisulfate (4).Basic salts Basic salt = Cation + hydroxy-anion for example: Cu2(OH)2CO3 Dicopper(II) dihydroxycarbonate Bi(OH)2NO3 Bismuth(III) dihydroxynitrate Ca(OH)Cl Calcium hydroxychloride Mg(OH)PO4 Magnesium hydroxyphosphate (4).Mixed salts Mixed salt = Cation + cation’ + anion for example: NaKSO3 Sodium potassium sulfite CaNH4PO4 Calcium ammonium phosphate AgLiCO3 Silver lithium carbonate NaNH4SO4 Sodium ammonium sulfate 5. Acids (1). Meta- and hypo-acid ( its salt-ite) Acid = Central element’s root -ous + acid for example: H2SO3 Sulfurous acid H3PO3 Phosphorous acid HNO2 Nitrous acid HClO Hypochlorous acid HClO2 Chlorous acid (2). Per-, hydro-,normal acid (its salt-ate,-ide) Acid = Central element’s root -ic + acid for example: H2CO3 Carbonic acid H2SO4 Sulfuric acid H3PO4 Phosphoric acid HNO3 Nitric acid HClO4 Perchloric acid (3)Hydrogen halogen acids Hydro- Central element’s root-ic + acid For example: HCl: Hydrochloric acid HF: Hydrofluoric acid HBr: Hydrobromic acid HI: Hydroiodic acid 除了水和氨气使用俗称water(H2O)，ammonia(NH3)以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称。对于卤族和氧族氢化物另一种 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 是按盐命名。 For example： HF Hydrogen fluoride HCl Hydrogen chloride HBr Hydrogen bromide HI Hydrogen iodide H2S Hydrogen sulfide H2Se Hydrogen selenide H2Te Hydrogen telluride (4）Other nonmatel hydride name=element’s root + ane (氮族还可加-ine) For example： PH3: Phosphine or phosphane AsH3: Arsine or arsane SbH3: Stibine or stibane BiH3: Bismuthane CH4: Methane SiH4: Silane B2H6: Diborane 6.含氧酸根的命名补充 Formula Salt Acid AsO43- Arsenate (-ic) Arsenic acid AsO33- Arsenite Arsenous acid PO43- Phosphate (-orus) Phosphoric acid PO43- Phosphite Phosphorous acid SiO44- Silicate (-on) Silicic acid MnO4- Permanganate (-ese) Permanganic acid CO32- Carbonate (0) Carbonic acid CrO42- Chromate (-ium) Chromic acid Cr2O72- Dichromate Dichromic acid C2O42- Oxalate Oxalic acid Formula Salt Acid WO42- Tungstate (-en) Tungstic acid MoO42- Molybdate (-enum) Molybdic acid VO43- Vanadate (inm) Vanadic acid H2BO3- Borate (-on) Boric acid BiO43- Bismate (-uth) Bismic acid SbO43- Antimonate (-y) (Stibate) (-onium) Antimonic acid [PtCl6]2- Hexchloroplatinate(IV) (-um) [AlF6]3- Hexfluoroaluminate(III) (-um) ZnO22- Zincate (0) Formula Salt Acid NiO22- Nickelate (0) SeO42- Selenate (-ium) Selenic acid PbO22- Plumbite (-ery) GeO42- Germanate (-ium) Germanic acid SnO42- Stannate Stannic acid TiO32- Titanate (-ium) Titanic acid 五.Naming coordination complex 1. Ligands (1). Negative ions as ligands Ligand = Element’s root -o for example: CN- Cyano NO2- Nitro F- Fluoro NO3- Nitrato Cl- Chloro CO32- Carbonato Br- Bromo CH3COO- Acetato O= Oxo H- Hydrido OH- Hydroxo -O2CCO2- Oxalato (2). Neutral molecules as ligand Ligand = Radical name for example: NH3 Ammine CO Carbonyl H2O Aqua CH3NH2 Methylamine H2NCCNH2 Ethylenediamine 2. Complex ions (1). Neutral complex or complex ions with positive charge Complex ion = n-Ligand-metal ion(N) for example: Ag(NH3)2+ Diamminesilver(I) Cu(NH3)42+ Tetraamminecopper(II) [Co(NH3)3(NO2)3] Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III) (2).Complex ions with negative charge Complex ion =n-Ligand-metal’s root-ate(N) for example: [Fe(CN)6]4- Hexacyanoferrate(II) [BF4]- Tetrafluoroborate(III) [AlF6]3- Hexafluoroaluminate(III) [AuCl4]- Tetrachloroaurate(III) 3.Naming complex Complex = Cation + anion for example: Li[AlH4] Lithium tetrahydridoaluminate(III) [Ag(NH3)2]Cl Diamminesilver(I) chloride K4[Fe(CN)6] Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate Ni(CO)4 Tetracarbonylnickel(0) Exercise H2SO4 HCl HNO3 HNO2 HCN Na2S CuSO4 Fe(NO3)3 HClO4 KCN NH4Cl NaClO NaOH Mn(OH)2 Fe2O3 P2O5 H2O2 K2Cr2O7 Cu2(OH)2CO3 CaHPO4 PtCl42- [Ag(NH3)2]Cl K4[Fe(CN)6] Answer H2SO4 sulfuric acid HCl hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid HCN hydrogen cyanide or hydrocyanic acid Na2S sodium sulfide CuSO4 copper (II) sulfate or cupric sulfate Fe(NO3)3 iron (III) nitrate or ferric nitrate HClO4 perchloric acid KCN potassium cyanide NH4Cl ammonium chloride Answer NaClO sodium hypochlorite NaOH sodium hydroxide Mn(OH)2 Manganese(II) hydroxide Fe2O3 iron(III) oxide or ferric oxide P2O5 Diphosphorus pentoxide H2O2 hydrogen peroxide K2Cr2O7 potassium dichromate Cu2(OH)2CO3 Dicopper(II) dihydroxycarbonate CaHPO4 calcium hydrogen phosphate PtCl42- tetrachloroplatinum(II) [Ag(NH3)2]Cl Diamminesilver(I) chloride K4[Fe(CN)6] Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) Section 5. Nomenclature of organic compounds 一. Naming alkanes 1.1 Saturated unbranched hydrocarbons Alkane = Number prefix-ane for example: CH4 Methane CH3CH2CH3 Propane CH3CH3 Ethane CH3(CH2)2CH3 Butane CH3(CH2)3CH3 Pentane CH3(CH2)4CH3 Hexane CH3(CH2)5CH3 Heptane CH3(CH2)6CH3 Octane CH3(CH2)7CH3 Nonane CH3(CH2)8CH3 Decane 11~19Alkane = Number prefix-decane for example: 11-alkane Undecane 12-alkane Dodecane 13-alkane Tridecane 14-alkane Tetradecane 15-alkane Pentadecane 16-alkane Hexadecane 17-alkane Heptadecane 18-alkane Octadecane 19-alkane Nonadecane 20-alkane Icosane 21~29 Alkane = Number prefix-cosane for example: 21-alkane Henicosane 22-alkane Docosane 23-alkane Tricosane 24-alkane Tetracosane 25-alkane Pentacosane 30-Alkane Triacontane 31~39Alkane = Number prefix-triacontane for example: 31-Alkane Hentriacontane 32-Alkane Dotriacontane 33-Alkane Tritriacontane 34-Alkane Tetratriacontane 35-Alkane pentatriacontane 36-Alkane Hexatriacontane 40~90Alkane = Number prefix-contane for example: 40 Alkane Tetracontane 50 Alkane Pentacontane 60 Alkane Hexacontane 70 Alkane Heptacontane 80 Alkane Octacontane 90 Alkane Nonacontane 100-199=(10-99) number prefix-hectane for example: 100 Alkane Hectane 110 Alkane Decahectane 125 Alkane Pentacosahectane 143 Alkane Tritetracontahectane 133 Alkane Tritriacontahectane 168 Alkane Octahexacontahectane 1.2 Univalent radicals Radical = Alk -yl for example: CH3- Methyl CH3CH2- Ethyl CH3CH2CH2- Propyl CH3(CH2)2CH2- Butyl 1.3 Saturated branched-chain hydrocarbon (1) branched-chain hydrocarbon = n-Radical+alkane for example: (2) Other traditional name 加iso (异)， sec(仲)， tert(特)， neo(新)词头命名 For example: (CH3)2CHCH3 isobutane (CH3)2CHCH2CH3 isopentane (CH3)4C Neopentane 1.4 Univalent branched radicals Radical = Alk -yl for example: 1.5 Polyside chain hydrocarbon Butyl>Ethyl>Isopropyl>Methyl>Propyl for example: 二. Naming unsaturated hydrocarbon 2.1 Unbranched acyclic alkene Alkene = Number prefix-ene for example: C-C-C-C=C-C 2-Hexene C-C=C Propene C-C=C-C 2-Butene C-C-C-C=C 1-Pentene 2.2 Poly-ene n-Alkene =Alk-a-n-ene n=2 -adiene n=3 -atriene n=4 -atetraene for example: C-C=C-C=C-C=C 1,3,5-Heptatriene C=C-C=C 1,3-Butadiene C-C=C-C=C 1,3-Pentadiene . 2.3 Alkyne Alkyne = Alk-yne (-a-n-yne) n=2 -adiyne n=3 -atriyne for example: 2.4 Unsaturated hydrocarbon with both double and triple bonds Alkenyne = Number prefix-enyne Two ene + one yne -adien-?-yne Three ene+ one yne -atrien-?-yne One ene + two yne -ene-?-diyne for example: 烯炔命名的几点说明； 1.先烯优于炔，即n某烯m炔 2.双键定位号在最前面，三键定位号在ene与yne之间。 3.烯炔分子只有一个三键时ene与yne相接的ene词尾e应删除，即en-?-yne，当有多个三键时由于要加数字词头所以e不再删除！ 2.5 Unsaturated univalent radicals Alkene radical=Alken-yl Alkyne radical=Alkyn-yl for example: 2.6 Multivalent radicals Bivalent radical = univalent radical-idene (ene) Trivalent radical = univalent radical-idyne for example: Benzylidene . 当自由价不在同一碳上时 radical = univalent radical-ene 三. Cyclic hydrocarbons 3.1 Saturated monocyclic hydrocarbons Cyclic alkane = Cyclo- alkane for example: Cyclic hydrocarbons with side chains 1.侧链碳原子数少于环内碳，侧链作取代基,反之环作取代基。 2.侧链上有不止一个环时，环作取代基。 3.2Unsaturated monocyclic hydrocarbons Cyclic alkene = Cyclo-alkene for example: 3.3 Univalent radicals of cyclic hydrocarbons Cyclic radical = Cyclo-R for example: 命名桥环烃 步骤 新产品开发流程的步骤课题研究的五个步骤成本核算步骤微型课题研究步骤数控铣床操作步骤 ： 1.确定环数，将环烃变为开链烃时需要断开的次数就是该环烃的环数！ 2.选择主环，主环应包含尽量多的碳原子且有两个碳原子作为主桥桥头。 3.选择主桥，主桥应包含尽量多的碳原子且尽可能把主环对称分开。 4.桥环烃编号，从桥头(1)开始绕主环最后到桥上。 5.名称开头用数字词头表明环数，然后在[ ]中表明各个环上除桥头碳以外的碳原子数，把碳原子数最少的桥定为次桥并用上标表明其位置。 6.在[ ]后写出与桥环烃等碳原子的开链烃名称！ 3.4 Bicyclic bridged hydrocarbons For example: 3.5 Polycyclic systems 1.螺环烃编号，从螺原子相邻的小环(1)开始绕小环经螺原子到大环。 3.名称开头用spiro后接[ ]，在方括弧中表明各个环上除螺碳以外的碳原子数，先写小环。 4.在[ ]后写出与桥环烃等碳原子的开链烃名称！ 5.当有多个螺原子时在spiro前加数字词头。编号从分子一端螺原子相邻的原子开始沿顺时针方向编完！ 3.6 Spirohydrocarbons For example: 14-Azadispiro[5,1,5,2]pentadecane 1 3.7 Substituted aromatic hydrocarbons (1). Trivial name . (2). System name System name = n-R-benzene n=2,3,4 or o (ortho), m(meta), p(para) for example: (3)复杂取代芳烃 当苯环上有4个碳或更长链的不饱和侧链时，或多个苯环连接在同一链烃上时，链烃为母体苯环作取代基。 1-Phenyl-2-hexene 1,2-diphenyl-1-methylethane 3.8 Substituted aromatic radicals (1)Trivial name (2) Aryl(芳基）Arylene（亚芳基）system name 位置编码从自由价开始构词方法与链烃一样！ 1,2-diphenylene 2,6-dimethylphenyl 四. Alcohols, aldehydes and ketones 4.1 Alcohols (1)System name: 一元醇 Alcohol = Alkan-ol 多元醇 Alcohol = ?-Alkane-n-ol 多元醇在名称前表标明羟基位置，在烃名称后直接加带数字词头的ol（不取e）! For example： （2）Old name Alcohol = Radical + alcohol （3）Trivial name (4) 硫醇和硫酚 在化合物的名称后直接加词尾thiol就是硫醇或硫酚（不删除e）！ For example: Propanethiol Benzenethiol 4.2. Radicals (1). RO- (R=C1~C4) Radical = Alk-oxy for example: CH3O- Methoxy CH3CH2O- Ethoxy CH3CH2CH2CH2O- Butoxy CH3CH2CH2O- Propoxy (2). RO- (RC4) Radical = Alkyl-oxy For example: (3). -O-X-O- Radical = X -dioxy for example: -OCH2O- Methylenedioxy -OCH2CH2O- Ethylenedioxy 4.3. Ether (1).Ether as main group Ether = R+R’+ether for example: CH3OCH2CH3 Ethyl methyl ether (CH3)2CHOCH3 Isopropyl methyl ether CH3CH2OCH2CH3 diethyl ether (2). -OR as substitutive group For example: CH3OCH2CH2OCH3 1,2-Dimethoxyethane (not 1,2-Dimethoxyethylene) 1-Ethoxy-4-methylbenzene Propoxyethene 1,2-Diphenoxyethane (3). Epoxy compounds 环氧化合物用词头epoxy+alkane命名，用数字标明碳氧键位置。 1-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane 2-Methyl-1,3-epoxybutane 4.4. Aldehydes (1). Acyclic aldehydes Aldehyde = Alkan-al for example: (2). Aldehyde with cyclic group Aldehyde = Cyclic alkane-carbaldehyde For example: (3).部分醛基作取代基的多元醛的命名： 当侧链上有不便以醛命名的醛基时可用formyl或Metnoyl, Formyl-R等取代基命名： 3- (Formylethyl)-1,2,6- hexanetricarbaldehyde 3-(4,7-Diformyl-1-naphthyl)propanal or 1- (Formylethyl)-4,7-naphthalenedicarbaldehyde (4). Trivial name formyl 4.5. Ketones (1). System name Ketone = Alkan -one for example: (2). Old name Ketone = R + R’+ ketone for example: (3).脂肪酮与环系相连时，一般将环系作取代基命名： 7-(Quinolyl)-1-propanone 1-Cyclohexyl-6-(1-cyclopentadienyl)-2,6-hexanedione 1,2-Di(4’-pyridyl)ethanedione (4).芳环上有开链单酰基的酮其它命名： 当芳香环是苯和萘时，酮的名称是把开链酰基的-yl换成 -ophenone, -onaphthone即可： Acetophenone 1-Butyronaphthone 2-Butyrylpyridine (5).Quinone醌的命名 醌的名称=芳烃词头加-oquinone，也可按1,4二酮命名: 1,4-cyclohexanedione Benzoquinone or 2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 1,4-Naphthoquinone or 1,4-Naphthenedione (6).Acetal缩醛的命名： 环状缩醛可按杂环命名，也可将-OCH2O-作为取代基命名为“亚甲二氧基”，开链缩醛直接将 –OR作为烷氧基命名: 1-Methoxyethanol or acetaldehyde methyl acetal 1,1-Dimethoxycyclohexane or cyclohexanone dimethyl acetal 2,5-Dioxaspiro[4.5]decane 2,3-Methylenedioxynaphthalene (7). Oxime 肟的命名： a.对应的醛酮名后加oxime. b.对应的醛酮亚烷基-azanol(羟氨)。 Benzaldehyde oxime or (benzylidene)azanol Cyclopentanone oxime or (cyclopentylidene)azanol Acetone oxime or (isopropylidene)azanol c.当有更优先基团时=NOH作取代基命名为hydroxyimino-词头。 d.当羟氨氢被取代时=NOR命名为-alkoxyazane Benzylidenemethoxyazane (2-Chloroethylidene)methoxyazane 3-Hydroxyiminobutyric acid 五. The nomenclature of carboxylic acids and its derivative 5.1 Carboxylic acids. 5.2 Radicals of carboxylic acid. 5.3 Carboxylic salts. 5.4 Esters. 5.5 Carbonyl halides 5.6 Anhydrides 5.7 Amides 5.8 Hydrazide and hydrazone 5.1 The carboxylic acid (1). -(C)OOH (The main chain involves carboxylic carbon) Carboxylic acid = Alkan-oic acid for example: (2). -COOH (The main chain without carboxylic carbon) Carboxylic acid = Alkane-carboxylic acid for example: 5.2 Acyl radicals (1). R(C)O- Acyl radical = Alkan-oyl for example: (2). RCO- Acyl radical = Alkane-carbonyl for example: (3). Some exception CH3CH2CH2CO- Butanoic Butyric Butyryl . 5.3 Carboxylic salts Carboxylic salt = Metal + Alkan-oate or Metal + Alkane-carboxylate for example: 5.4 Esters 1. Ester = Alkyl alkanoate = Alkyl cycloalkane-carboxylate for example: 2.多元醇酯及复杂酯的命名 Ester = Alkylene n-alkanoate， 对有更优先基团的酯应将酯基作取代基！ Ethylene diacetate p-Phenylene acetate chloroacetate 6-Methoxycarbonyl-1-naphthalenecarboxylic acid 3.Lactone内酯 Lactone=链烃去e换-olide词尾，并标出关环的羟基位号！交酯可按环酮命名！ 5-Pentanolide 5-Chloro-4-hexanolide 1,4-Oxacyclohexane-2,5-dione 5.5 Acyl halides Acyl halide = Alkane-carbonyl or Alkan-oyl + halide for example: 5.6 Anhydrides 1. Anhydride = Carboxylic + anhydride for example: 2.混合酸酐 把两个不同的酸按首字母顺序写出 再加上anhydride Acetic benzoic anhydride Acetic chloroacetic anhydride 5.7 Amide 1. Amide (1). -CONH2 (The main chain without carbonyl carbon) Amide = Alkane-carboxamide for example: (2). -(C)ONH2 (The main chain involves carbonyl carbon) Amide = Alkan-amide for example: 2. Lactam(内酰胺) 内酰胺名= n-等碳原子数的烷烃名-lactam For example: Caprolactam or 5-hexanelactam 4-Methyl-4-butanelactam 3.Imide (酰亚胺) 酰亚胺名=酸名称去-ic换-imide； =与酸对应烃名称-dicarboximide N-Phenylsuccinimide 1,2-Cyclohexanedicarboximide N-Methyl-1,2-benzenedicarboximide or N-Methylphthalimide 4.Amide or imide 作取代基的命名 酰胺和酰亚胺作前缀时分别用carbamoyl-, imido- 2-Carbamoylbenzoic acid 7-Phthalimido-1-naphthoic acid 5.8 Hydrazide and hydrazone（酰肼和腙） N’-(4,6-diphenylpyrimdin-2-yl)-methylpropanoic hydrazide Maleic hydrazide (1)酰肼名 = 酸名称中的acid被hydrazide取代， (2)腙名 = 醛(酮)名后加hydrazone，肼基上有取代基时在hydrazone前面加()把取代基放在()中! 4-Fluorobenzaldehyde-[(E)-4-fluorobenzylidene]hydrazone Acetophenone-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazone Quinoline-2-carbaldehydehydrazone Tetramethylenedicarboxylic disalicyloylhydrazide Or hexanedioic disalicyloylhydrazide 有些酰腙也可命名成酰肼（既是腙也是酰肼） Salicylic benzylidenehydrazide benzaldehyde-(salicyloyl)hydrazone Benzoic (2,4-dichloro-α-methylbenzylidene)hydrazide 2,4-Dichloroacetophenone-(benzoyl)hydrazone 六. Amine 1. Aliphatic amine Amine = Alkyl + amine for example: 2.Aromatic amine Amine = Aromatic compound + amine for example: 3. imine(亚胺) 亚胺名=烃名-imine, 作取代基时用词头imino- 1,4-Cyclohexanediimine 4-Imino-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one 2,2’-Dihydroxybenzylidenebenzeneimine or 2,2’-Dihydroxybenzylideneaniline(苯胺) 七. Nitriles 1. R-(C)N (The main chain involves cyanocarbon) Nitrile = Alkane + nitrile for example: 2. R-CN (The main chain without cyanide carbon) Nitrile = Alkane-carbonitrile for example: 八. Substitutive nomenclature 8.1 Characteristic group as prefix -F Fluoro -N2 Diao -Cl Chloro -N3 Azido -Br Bromo -NO Nitroso -I Iodo -NO2 Nitro -ClO Chlorosyl -IO Iodosyl -ClO2 Chloryl -IO2 Iodyl -OR R-Oxy -SR R-thio Halohydrocarbon = Alkyl + halide or prefix-alkane For example: (dichloromethane) (bromoethene) . 8.2 Some groups as both suffixes and prefixes Formula Prefix Suffix (1) -COOH Carboxy -carboxylic or -oic (2) -SO3H Sulfo -sulfonic acid (3) -COOR R-oxycarbonyl R+carboxylate (4) -COX Haloformyl -carbonyl halide or -oyl halide (5) -CONH2 Carbamoyl -carboxamide or amide (6) -CN Cyano -carbonitrile or -nitrile (7) -CHO Formyl (oxo) carbaldehyde or -al (8) C=O Oxo -one (9) -OH Hydroxy -ol (10) -NH2 Amino -amine (11) -NH Imino -imine 8.3 The characteristic group in the order for citation (1) COOH > general acid > -SO3H (2) RCO-O-OCR’ > -COR > -COX > -CONH2 (3) –CN > -CHO > C=O (4) –OH > NH2 > NH > -NH-NH2 > RO- , N2, X For example: Diethyl 2,3-dicyano-2,3-diphenylsuccinate 九. 杂原子和杂环化合物 1. 含单种杂原子的非环化合物把含杂原子的链选作主链，标出杂原子位置： 以杂原子最多的链作母体 3-propyl-2,4,6,8,10-Pentaoxaundecane 3-丙基-2,4,6,8,10-五氧十一烷 2.含杂环和不同杂原子侧链的化合物 含不同杂原子的非功能基化合物，按下列原子顺序选择母体：N, P, As, Sb, Bi, B, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, O, S, Se, Te排前的作母体，排后的作取代基 2-Furanyl-disilane, 2-呋喃基二硅烷 3.环和链共存的杂原子化合物 同时存在环和链的化合物 以含杂原子的环(或链)作母体，若环和链上同时有相同原子，以环作母体 - 5-(2-Carboxyhydrazino-) 2-pyridine carboxylic acid 5-(2-羧基肼基)-2-吡啶羧酸 Phenyl diazene, 苯基二氮烯 4.含对称中心的杂原子化合物 中心命名法 1,1’-Oxybisethane, 1,1’-氧二乙烷 2,2’-Thiobisbenzoic acid, 2,2’-硫二苯甲酸 5.Heterocyclic Nomenclature Exercise .