step by step 3000听力4 第四册_原文及答案

. —－可编辑修改，可打印—— 别找了你想要的都有！ 精品教育资料 ——全册教案，，试卷，教学课件，教学设计等一站式服务—— 全力满足教学需求，真实规划教学环节 最新全面教学资源，打造完美教学模式 Unit1 Part I B Speaker 1> not remember very much about childhood / not very close / not talk very much Speaker 2 > get on very well with mum / talk very openly Speaker 3 >(mum) always tell me to do this and do that / (father) let me do what I want Speaker 4-> fond memories of childhood / seemingly spoil us Tape script: 1. I don't remember very much about my childhood, actually. My wife's always asking me "When you were a boy, did you use to... "and I reply "I don't know, I can't remember." We didn't ... we didn't use to talk very much, we weren't very close, or if we were, we didn't show it. I remember I used to have my hair cut every Friday. My father and I would go together. I had the shortest hair in the school. When they'd finished cutting it, they'd burn the ends with a sort of candle. Oh I'll never forget that smell. 2. I got on very well with my mother. I used to tell her everything- or nearly everything -- and she'd talk to me very openly too. Sometimes she'd say to me "Don't go to school today. Stay with me." And we'd go out shopping or something like that. 3. I'm not a very tidy person, but my mother's very house-proud, so she's always telling me to pick things up and put them away, and do this and do that. She goes on for hours about "Cleanliness is next to godliness." My father isn't like that at all. He lets me do what I want. I think he's learned not to pay attention. 4. I have very fond memories of my childhood. To me it represented security. We used to do a lot together as a family. I remember walks, and picnics, and going for rides on a Sunday afternoon. Every Friday, when my father came home from work, he had a treat for each of us. My mother used to say he was spoiling us, but why not? It didn't do us any harm. Part III Family A. The Family I. Functions of family A. Providing necessities of life B. Offering affectionate joys C. Raising children to adulthood D. Giving protection in times of emergency II Patterns of family A. Extended family -- uncles, aunts, cousins and in-laws B. Nuclear family -- a husband, wife and their children C. Polygamous household- a husband, several wives and their children D. Divided residence -- husband and wife living separately with children raised by mother's brother E. Nayar way of living -- brothers and sisters and sisters' children F. Communal living group- persons not biologically related III Factors influencing family structure A. Economic conditions e.g. No aid from society or state -- extended family B. Industrialization and urbanization e.g. Creation of many specialized jobs -- nuclear family C. Inheritance customs e.g. 1. Property inherited by eldest son 2. Property inherited by all of sons Tapescript: Throughout history the basic unit of almost every human society has been the family. The members of the family live together under the same roof, they share the economic burdens of life as well as its affectionate joys, and it is the family which has primary responsibility for the important task of raising children to adulthood. The family is not a uniform concept in all societies. In many places it is an extended group which includes uncles, aunts, cousins and in-laws. The family head usually has considerable influence in arranging marriages, selecting careers and determining all important moves and purchases by any member of the family. Particularly in conditions where society or the state does not give aid and where consequently the responsibilities of the family are greater, this larger group provides better protection in times of economic or other emergency. In many other societies, including most industrialized ones, the "nuclear family" is the basic social unit. This term refers to a husband and wife united through marriage and their dependent children, whether natural or adopted. Industrialization and urbanization create many specialized jobs which tend to scatter family members among different employers and thus to separate residences as soon as they become wage earners. The small family, which has only one -- or if the wife works also, two -employed members, is better able to adapt to rapid change and to move when the job moves. The nuclear family is almost universal and the nuclear group of father, mother and their children is recognized even when it is part of an extended family. There are cases, however, which strain the definition. Polygamy, for example, brings several wives and their children into the picture. But polygamous households are not common in any society. More difficult to explain are the cases of divided residence. Among the Ashanti people of Africa, where the wife and husband do not reside together, the child gets training and affection from the mother's brother and learns that his mother's husband is "not his family." An even stranger situation existed with the Nayar of India before being changed by outside influence. There the household consisted of brothers and sisters and the sisters' children. The sisters were not married and the brothers simply took care of whatever children their sisters had. Inheritance customs also have an influence on the structure of the family. In England the farm was passed on to the eldest son in order to keep the family land intact. Younger sons had to go out and start a new farm or join the army or move to town and take up a trade. They provided a large part of the labor supply during England's industrialization process. In many areas of the European continent all of the sons shared equally in the inheritance and more extended households were common. Although the exact form varies from place to place and time to time, we can say that the family is the original and the most natural social group. The ties we develop by long intimate association with the small group of persons who are biologically related to us cannot be matched in any of the forms of communal living which are tried every now and then. Unit 2 Part I Warming up A. Tapescript: 1. Organized activity on behalf of women's rights began in the mid 1800s, when both by law and by custom, women were considered "non-persons." 2. In the early tg00s, important changes occurred in the social and political climate in America as a result of World War I. 3. In 1920 after World War t, American women gained the right to vote. 4. During World War II, large numbers of women entered the job market to do the jobs of the men who had been drafted into military service. 5. Today, women make up 1.5% of the 200,000 professional firefighters in the U. S., and they make up 4% of airline pilots and navigators. 6. The Small Business Administration predicts that women will own nearly 40% (others Say half) of all small businesses in the U.S. by the year 2000. 7. From 1980 to 1988, the number of business men and women-- entrepreneurs -- increased 56% overall, but during that period, the number of female entrepreneurs grew 82%. 8. In 1969 in the U. S., only 4% of the state lawmakers were women. By 1993, this number had grown by 500%, and 20.4% of state legislators were women. 9. Today, only 10% of American families have the traditional working father and the mother who stays home to take care of the children. 10. The rate of women's participation in the workforce rose from 27% in 1940' to 44% in 1985. B. Speakers Key words Lynne friends / child-free / respect for their choice / not my opinion / had to have children / don't know why Irene daughter the same / eager / get married / have children / thinking about / 8 or 9 years old / observe me as a mother / other mothers Barbara Yes, that's how I was. Tapescript. L-- Lynne I-- Irene B--Barbara L.. I have many, many friends who have opted for a child-free life. I have a great deal of respect for their choice. But therein lies the key. It was their choice. Infertility was not my choice. Is a woman less of a woman without children? Absolutely not in my opinion, but I had to have children. I don't know why. People have asked us, y’know, "Well what was that just made you so obsessed and compelled and driven?" I don't know. I don't... I don't know that I'll ever know. All I know is I had to have children. I. Well, my daughter, interestingly enough, is the same way. She's very eager as soon as she finishes law school to get married and have children. And we talked about this and she said, "Mom, you don't understand. I've been thinking about having children since I was eight or nine years old." C 1. The difference between men and women when they surf the Internet according to the study conducted by Media Matricks and Jupiter Communications: Women: as a tool Men: tend to spend more time playing around 2. The different reasons why women use the web: check email / chat / look for information / resources / studying search Tapescript: For the first time ever the number of women on the web has surpassed the number of men, pushing the huge growth of females between the ages of 12 and 17. Music websites like nsync.com are attracting teen girls and so are sites focused on fashion and shopping. An unscientific survey of teens, mostly girls attending Oakland Technical High School in Oakland, California, shows teens are using the World Wide Web for many reasons. F. My name is Fi and I'm 16. I check my email on the net and I chat sometimes. That's all I did. P: My name is Sonia Fay Phillips. I'm 17 years old. Mostly I use the Internet for, uh, look(ing) up for my college information or check my email or chat. I use.., mostly use it for resources and studying because I don't have time for play and stuff. M: My name is Lucien Morrison. I'm 17. And I use the Internet to chat on, to get codes for play station games, to check my email and to play games on. M: I'm Meesha. I'm 14 years old. I usually just search on the web, just anything I'm looking for or just search because I'm bored or anything like that. Summer school students attending Oakland Technical High School in Oakland, California. The Internet study released today conducted by Media Matricks and Jupiter Communications shows that men and women use the web differently. Women use it as a tool. Men tend to spend more time online playing around. Among the other most popular sites reported for women on the web? for ages 35 to 44: market-day.com and birthdayexpress.com; for ages 55 and up they've been posting the second biggest jump in usage: aarp.org and genealogy, com. Part II Working mothers B 1. According to Beth, which do more and more women choose, to work or to have a child? both / not be superwoman 2. According to some research, how important is a mother's role? more important in some regards than we had thought / bonding process / lasts longer 3. What happens to children if they are separated too early from their parents? often go into shock 4. Why do people need concrete support of community? parents not close by / brothers and sisters in another state or country 5. Does Beth think it's necessary for a mother to stay home full time to be together with her children? important but not necessary / if not inclined 6. What is the wonderful trait that some working mothers have? a. the ability to be attentive to multiple demands b. the ability to think about more than one thing at a time Tapescript: B -- Beth I -- Irene B. It's a big challenge for mothers today, because oftentimes mothers feel like it's an either / or proposition that they have to work or have a child. And the reality is more and more women are choosing to do both, and also not be superwomen, so it's a tricky.., it's a tricky line to balance. But I do have a quote that says, "To choose to have a child is to choose forever to have your heart walk outside of your body," which means, just as we've been talking about, that you are constantly attached to your child, no matter how old they get, but you will learn to walk those lines. And you will learn to create balance and harmony in your life, and you'll realize that not everything you do is going to send your child to a therapist. And that's wonderful. I. Yes, yes. I've just always felt that if you loved them hard enough, and that you had ... your heart kind of in the right place, which obviously is outside your own body, that there was very little that ... that you could do wrong. I mean you ... B. Yes. I think that's true. I think if you build a solid foundation with your child, especially in the early years, and... I. How early are we talking "early years"? I mean, by what point is the child's personality formed already? B. Well, you know there's a lot of information on that that definitely is conflicting. But there are new studies coming out that are just fascinating about how important, extremely important it is for a child to be with his / her mother until they're close to four years old. Now, that doesn't mean consistently. I'm not advocating that a mother stay home full time if she's not so inclined. But there's definite research that's coming out saying that, y'know, a mother's role is more important in some regards than we had thought, and that the bonding process lasts quite a bit longer. In fact, children go into shock oftentimes if they are separated too early. And that's why I think a lot of us are fighting for parental leave and family leave, that allows both mother and father to have time with their children hopefully within the first two years, not just the first few months. People need concrete support, and especially nowadays, I did write another meditation about people needing the support of community because nowadays we oftentimes don't have our parents close by, or brothers and sisters live in another state or even in another country. And so especially when you come home for the first few months or the first few years, you may feel extremely isolated if you can't hook up with a co-op, a babysitting co-op, or a mother's group ... And this is just a wonderful way to remind mothers that we have what Mary Catherine Bateson calls peripheral vision: the ability to be attentive to multiple demands and to think about more than one thing at a time. And I think that's a very valuable trait that mothers do have. And sometimes we think of ourselves as being scattered and airheads because of it, and that's been oftentimes how we've been portrayed, but this is a wonderful, wonderful trait that mothers develop especially in the first few years. I: Well, we have eyes in the backs of our heads, right? B. Exactly. I. But we are also able to keep lots of balloons in the air, which means that what we do is, you get up in the morning and you say, "I need to do this, this, this, this, and I need to go to work, and what's for dinner besides.” B. Exactly. I, You get it all in order before you leave the house in the morning. B. Right, and you can take your needs into account as well as the needs of many other individuals, which is extremely important in this day and age. I mean we no longer can afford ecologically to have a one-track mind. We can no longer afford it in the family, in the work place, and I think that's something that women very much have to offer. I. I think that the "me" generation is over. Unit 3 Part I Warming up A Job Key words Speaker 1 Psychologist listening / talk / problems / patients / progress / turn life around Speaker 2 Camp counselor kids / problems / win trust / open up /develop confidence & self-worth / summer Speaker 3 Firefighter burning / smoke / get people out / dangerous Tapescript: 1. Psychologist Maybe the biggest challenge for me is listening to people talk about all their problems. At the end of the day, I'm usually pretty worn out. At times, it can be depressing as well. On the other hand, I do see patients making real progress. It's great to see someone really turn their life around and get on top of a problem that they thought they never could deal with. 2. Camp counselor As a camp counselor, it's difficult to find a way to get through to kids with problems and win their trust. Sometimes kids are very suspicious and find it hard to trust an adult -- even a young adult. So getting them to open up is the hardest part. Once you've done that, they almost become different people. One of the things I find most rewarding is seeing kids develop confidence and a sense of self-worth. It's especially great to see that happen in a kid who started out the summer with low self-esteem. 3. Firefighter It sounds pretty obvious, but in my job, the biggest challenge is going into a burning building that's full of smoke when you can barely see a few inches in front of you. It's really difficult -- especially when you know there are people in there, and it's your job to get them out. Once you do get someone out safely, then you feel really great and you forget about how dangerous the work is. B Speaker 1 (Justin) forming his own music group recording album / making music video breaking into music scene in a big way Speaker 2(Sophia) being a doctor working first overseas then back home in a hospital Speaker 3 (Rachel) being a model starting her own modeling agency Tapescript: 1. Justin What do I hope I'll have achieved by the time I'm 30? Well, I hope I'll have made a successful career in the music industry. Right now, I play in a band and I'd love to be able to do that professionally. I plan to form a group of my own in a few years. Once we get known, we'll record an album- and make music videos, of course- and try to break into the music scene in a big way. 2. Sophia I plan to be a doctor. When I've graduated from med school and finished with my interning, I want to work overseas for a few years. I'll probably work in a developing country with an organization like UNICEF. After that, I'll come back home and work in a hospital. I don't really care if I make a lot of money or not, but I do want to work somewhere where I feel I can make a difference. 3. Rachel I'm planning to be a model. I've already had some modeling experience, and after I graduate, I'm going to see if I can get a job with an agency in New York or Los Angeles. I'll probably work as a model for ten years or so, and then I hope to start a modeling agency of my own. Part II Americans at Work B. Americans at Work I. Introduction II American workforce A. Distributions B. Working women 1. Working females aged 16 and over -- 58% 2. Mothers with children under 18 -- 67% III. Work ethic A. Definition of strong work ethic B. Most Americans -- with a strong work ethic C. Reason for not working harder -- not feeling they will benefit from the work Tapescript. The topic of work in the United States is an interesting one because the statistics do not always agree with popular general impressions about American workers and the American economy. I will try to reconcile these impressions with what we know from some recent statistics. To get you warmed up, let me give you a few questions to think about before I start the first point of our lecture today: Do you think most Americans work in factories that produce goods for domestic use and exportation? Do you think most American women are housewives, or do most of them work outside the home? Do you think people in the United States work hard? If time permits, I'll deal with each of these points in today's lecture. So, then, where do most people in the United States work? If you thought in the manufacturing sector, in other words in factories, you were wrong. It is true that the United States is, and is seen as, a strong industrial power, but the statistics reveal that another branch of the economy is even stronger than manufacturing. Instead of dealing with the large figures required when discussing a total U.S. workforce of 125 million people, let's take a look at 100 hypothetical workers and See where they're employed. Of those 100 workers, 16 work in manufacturing, that is, in producing goods. Another 4 work in construction, and 3 work in agriculture, forestry, and fishing. And 1 out of 100 workers is employed in mining. You might find the figures for manufacturing and agriculture surprisingly low, and in a sense they are. The United States is in fact a leading producer of manufactured goods and agricultural products in the world; however, a surprisingly small number of workers, 16 out of'100 for manufacturing, and only 2 per hundred for agriculture alone, is responsible for this output. The above figures account for 24 of the 100 hypothetical workers we started with. Where do the other 76 work? Well, a full 76 are employed in what are called the service industries. By the way, the term industry often applies purely to production, or manufacturing. Today, however, I will use industry in its more general sense, any general business activity. Service industries, then, include a wide variety of businesses that provide services rather than produce goods. You know the difference between goods and services, don't you? Let's take a look at the different sectors of the service industries now. Of 76'workers in the service industries, 25 are employed in community, social, and personal services. Community, social, and personal services include doctors' offices, private hospitals, hotels, computer programming and data processing companies, restaurants, repair shops, engineering companies, and private research facilities. The next largest sector in the service industries, wholesale and retail trade, employs 23 of the 76 people. Wholesale trade involves purchases directly from the producer, while retail trade is more familiar to us. purchases from department stores, supermarkets, automobile dealerships, and so on. The next largest sector in the service industries, the government, employs 17 of those 100 hypothetical workers we started with. The best-known government workers are teachers, police, and postal workers, but this sector also includes government officials and administrators, of course. The next sector is finance, insurance,' and real estate, in other words, banks and the stock market, some 5,500 insurance companies, and companies involved in the buying and selling of property. Six of every 100 workers are employed in finance, insurance, and real estate. The last service sector is transportation, communication, and utilities. What does the phrase "transportation, communication, and utilities" make you think of? If you thought of airlines, roads, and railroads for transportation, you are correct. Communication, of course, includes newspapers, magazines, and books as well as TV and radio broadcasting. And utilities, as you probably know, are companies that provide us with gas, water, and electricity. In the United States, these jobs are not part of the government services as they are in many countries; transportation, communication, and utilities are provided by private companies and account for 5 of the 100 workers we began with. Before we leave our first topic, let's check to make sure you have all the figures for the 76 workers in the service industries; 25 in community, social, and personal services; 23 in wholesale and retail trade; 17 in government; 6 in finance, insurance, and real estate; and last, 5 in transportation, communication, and utilities. Before I discuss the work ethic, I'd like to make a slight digression and get back to the question of working women. Would you be surprised if I said that most of the female population aged 16 and over work? As a matter of fact, the actual figure is 58 percent. The figure for mothers with children under 18 years of age is even higher. 67 percent. That two thirds of mothers are employed certainly has an economic impact on the country and no doubt influences to some extent the character of the American family. But we'll look at that in a later lecture. Now that we've taken care of that digression, let's talk about our last topic: the work ethic. I asked You earlier if you felt people in the United States worked hard. Well, I'm not sure what your opinion is, but a strong work ethic means that workers take their work seriously. Workers with a strong work ethic feel an obligation to work hard, expect little time for recreation, and take pride in doing their job well. According to surveys, most Americans do have a strong work ethic, that is, they feel they should work hard. The problem is that they do not always do so. And the reason they give for not working harder is that they don't feel they will benefit from the work. Others -- like the owners of the company -- will benefit instead. Part III Stress management Program. Talk of the Day Today's topic: Stress and how to manage it Guest speaker: Dr. Elizabeth Sander (a medical doctor & writer) Definition of stress. A physical or psychological response to the demands that we're placing on ourselves Caller: Judy Question 1: Any warning signs? Answer: Some of the most common warning signs: fatigue / listlessness / sleeping problems / a loss of appetite / sudden stomach disorders / heart palpitations Question 2: Ways to make life less stressful? Answer: Taking effective steps: Becoming aware of potentially stressful situations and avoiding them Reducing workload and organizing the work in a better way Getting proper rest and exercise Finding a balance between work and play Tapescript: H -- Host D -- Dr. Sander J -- Judy H: Good morning, and welcome to "Talk of the Day." Do you often find that you're trying to accomplish more in a day than is humanly possible? Do you have trouble falling asleep at night because you can't stop thinking about yesterday's activities or planning tomorrow's? Do you find yourself spending too much time at work without enough time for leisure activities? Today our topic is stress and how to manage it. Tell us about the level of stress in your life and how you cope with it, or call us with your questions. With us to help answer some of the questions you may have is Dr. Elizabeth Sander, a medical doctor and writer of a best-selling book on stress management. She has also conducted numerous workshops designed to teach people how to identify and prevent stress. Good morning Dr. 'Sander and thank you for joining us today. D: Thank you for having me. H.. Dr, Sander, before we take our first call, perhaps you could just tell us what exactly we mean by "stress. ' We hear the word being used so much today. What is stress? D: Yes, that's a very good question. Actually, stress can be either a physical or psychological response, or both, to the demands that we're placing on ourselves. An increased level of stress affects us physically by producing certain changes in the body such as increased heart or breathing rate, dilation of the pupils, or our blood pressure and sugar level can go up. These are normally responses that are designed to help us, for example, when we're in danger, but which under other circumstances, for example, when we have a deadline to meet for a project at work, don't really benefit us. Psychologically, we respond to these demands by becoming nervous, irritable, depressed, or even angry. H: Yes, it seems these days we're constantly listening to each other complain about being stressed out and feeling a variety of these responses which you've just mentioned. Well, let's see what kind of stress level our callers have. Let's take a call from Judy in Fallbrook. J. Yes, hello, thank you for taking my call. This is a great topic. You know, I have so many friends who are always complaining about being stressed out. I just don't understand it. I just don't understand what it means to be stressed out. And it seems that I'm just as busy as they are if not more so, Maybe I'm really stressed and just don't realize it. Are there certain warning signs that I can be on the lookout for that will tell me I've reached a dangerous level of stress? D. That's a great question and yes, many people are at dangerous levels of stress without realizing it or they just don't want to admit it because they're afraid that they would have to change something in their life. Some of the most common warning signs are fatigue, listlessness, sleeping problems -- either you can't fall asleep at night or you wake up throughout the night; you may have a loss of appetite or sudden stomach disorders, and heart palpitations are quite common. So one of the key issues is to help people realize that they are experiencing some of these problems associated with too much stress. J. Well, as I said, many of my friends are aware of their situation, but it seems they never do anything about it. Are there ways that they can make their life less stressful? D. Of course. There are steps that we can take to lower the amount of stress in our lives, but unfortunately many people are so caught up in the cycle of activity and stress that they don't stop to take these important steps. The most important step is that we become aware of potentially stressful situations and avoid them. We can also simply reduce our workload and organize the work that we do have in a better way. Another important step is to get the proper rest and exercise. If you're under a lot of stress to begin with, very often sleep or exercise can help to release some of that stress and prepare you to take on more. One of the worst things that can happen is to allow the stress to build up. Finally, one of the most effective steps we can take is to find a balance between work and play. In the U.S. it's been recently discovered that the average American is working more now than we did 20 years ago. We have become almost obsessed with work and we have a hard time enjoying ourselves anymore. J: Yeah, that's definitely true. Thank you. That information is really helpful. H. O.K. Let's take another call, from Lori in Ramona. Unit 4 Part I Warming up A Tapescript: 1. In a study done by the National Association of Colleges and Employers, only 4% of employers surveyed said they reneged on job offers, and only 30% of colleges claimed some of their students were hired then let go. Other companies like Pricewater House Coopers are pushing back start dates for new hires. 2. In a study done by the National Association of Colleges and Employers last fall, companies surveyed planned to hire 25% more college grads this year. In an updated study this spring, those same companies reduced projections to 18%, still a significant increase. 3. A 4. 5% unemployment rate is still very good news for upcoming college graduates. College students are younger and cheaper, and companies love that kind of thing. So the lay-offs may not necessarily affect your job prospects if you are an upcoming college graduate. 4. Depending on your major. Liberal arts grads including English, and psychology majors once snapped up by marketing firms and dot coms will now likely have a tougher time finding work. But majors like computer science, nursing, accounting and finance are still hot, and salaries for those jobs are on the rise. B. Employment situation People graduating last year getting jobs / six, seven different positions Keren Aloya's brother boom / did well Sociology majors graduating this year no job / have job offers rescinded Companies in tech sector slow college recruiting / renege on (Intel, Dell, etc. ) job offers Tapescript: M -- Michael Hallkas K -- Keren Aloya C Chris Peterson B -- Bill Coleman M. I remember people graduating last year and they were already getting jobs coming at them like six, seven different positions at once and now it's like people are scrounging for what they can get. K. My brother got out of college just a few years ago, and that's when the boom was still going and he, he did pretty well. I just kind of imagined it escalating and getting easier, and easier and easier. But no such luck. C. Sociology major Keren Aloya graduates from Rutgers this year with a four-year degree and no job, an unwelcome and growing trend among her classmates nationwide, some of whom are even having their job offers rescinded. B. This year is a little bit different for college grads because the economy has changed and it's changed dramatically during the course of the recruiting season, C. Companies in the battered tech sector like Cisco., Intel, and Dell has slowed college recruiting. They have also reneged on job offers made to college grads, offering the suddenly un-hired apology bonuses instead. Part II Education then and now A 9-year-olds 13-year-olds 17-year-olds Science slightly better grasp today scores have stalled Math a. better (add, subtract, multiply, divide) than 30 years ago b. more skilled in basic geometry as they get older Reading a. the 1970s and '80s: scores improved b. the 1990s: scores dropped & stayed flat Leading statement: Today's students are doing better than students from 30 years ago when put in on the same field. Supporting details: 1. More students taking tougher courses now a. More 13-year-olds taking algebra b. More 17-year-olds enrolling in calculus, biology and chemistry 2. More homework now 4. Sex difference / difference between boys and girls a. In math: gap disappearing b. In science: (1) At the age of 13 and 17: boys better than girls (2) At the age of 9: no difference C. 1. What is the information from the tests compared to? A national report card on student's academic progress. 2. From the reading scores for students in all three age groups in 1990s, what conclusion can be drawn? They may have trouble locating and identifying facts from stories or summarizing and explaining what they read. 3. Which three more important reports will come in the near future? a. new fourth grade reading scores b. a state by state breakdown of math scores c. the first batch of science scores Tapescript: For nearly 30 years now, the U.S. government has tested nine-, thirteen-, and seventeen-year-olds in reading, math, and science. The information that researchers gleaned from these tests is the closest thing this country has to a national report card on students' academic progress. Today the Education Department released a lengthy study detailing how students have been doing since 1969. The government's test results are pretty mixed. Today's nine-, thirteen-, and seventeen-year-olds can add, subtract, multiply, and divide better than they could 30 years ago. As they get older, today's students are more skilled in basic geometry, using decimals, percentages, and fractions. In reading, scores improved during the 1970s and '80s. Then they dropped and stayed flat for most of the 1990s. This means kids in all three age groups may have trouble locating and identifying facts from stories or summarizing and explaining what they read. Nine-year-olds today, however, do have a slightly better grasp of science than they did in 1969 when the first science test was given nationwide. But again, science scores for thirteen- and seventeen-year-olds have stalled. So are students today smarter, better educated than they were 30 years ago? In some way, it's like asking whether baseball players today are better than they were in the past. "But the trends report puts today's students in on the same field as students from 30 years ago. Today's students are doing better.' The report points out that a much greater percentage of students today are taking tougher courses. The percentage of thirteen-year-olds taking algebra is up. So is the percentage of seventeen-year-olds enrolled in calculus, biology, and chemistry. Kids are even doing more homework than they did 30 years ago. In math, the gap between boys and girls has all but disappeared. In science, thirteen- and seventeen-year-old boys still do better than girls, but at age nine there's no difference. Private school students outperformed public school students, but math and science scores for private school students have remained flat since 1980. Education Department officials say three more important reports are due. New fourth grade reading scores will be released in February. A state by state breakdown of math scores will be ready by May. And a fresh batch of science scores will follow. Unit 5 Part I Warming up Problems in 1940s Problems now 1. talking in class drug abuse 2 chewing gum alcohol abuse 3 making noise teen pregnancy 4 running in the halls suicide 5 cutting in line rape 6 dress code violations robbery 7 littering assault Tapescript: In the 1940s, the top seven problems for the U. S. schoolchildren were: 1. talking in class; 2. chewing gum; 3. making noise; 4. running in the halls; 5. cutting in line; 6. dress code violations; 7. littering. Today's youngsters in the U.S. schools face a set of seven problems that are much more shocking: 1. drug abuse; 2. alcohol abuse; 3. teen pregnancy; 4. suicide; 5. rape; 6. robbery; 7. assault. C. 1. Despite a 20% decline in the number of malnourished children in the world by 2020, 132 million will still be underfed. 2. The cost of cutting child malnutrition in half by 2020 would be an extra 10 billion dollars a year. 3. Twenty-five billion dollars are now invested in developing countries annually to boost farm productivity, secure clean water sources, develop world infrastructure, and improve education and health. 4. Latin America will virtually eliminate child malnutrition by 2020. China will cut child malnutrition in half. 5. India will continue to have one third of the world's underfed children by 2020. And Africa will see an 18% increase unless action is taken. Tapescript: A new food policy study predicts slowing progress against child's malnutrition over the next 20 years unless governments take more aggressive action. The International Food Policy Research Institute in Washington says international efforts to reduce the number of malnourished children in the world have been awfully inadequate. It predicts that despite a 20 percent decline in the number of malnourished children by 2020, 132 million will still be underfed. The cost of cutting child malnutrition in half by 2020 would be an extra 10 billion dollars a year. Twenty-five billion dollars are now invested in developing countries annually to boost farm productivity, secure clean water sources, develop world infrastructure, and improve education and health. Ten billion dollars more is a scant amount. Not all regions face equally bleak food futures, Latin America will virtually eliminate child malnutrition by 2020, and China will cut it in haft. But the Food Policy Organization says India will continue to have one third of the world's underfed children. And Africa will see an 18 percent increase unless action is taken. Part II Anti AIDS campaign 1. As of January 2000, the AIDS epidemic has claimed 15 million lives and left 40 million people living with a viral infection that slowly but relentlessly erodes the immune system 2. Accounting for more than 3 million deaths in the past year alone, the AIDS virus has become the deadliest micr6be in the world. 3. There are 34 developing countries where the prevalence of this infection is 2% or greater. 4. Fortunately, the AIDS story has not been all gloom and doom. Less than two years after AIDS was recognized, the guilty agent- HIV- was identified. 14 AIDS drugs have been developed and licensed in the U.S. and Western Europe. 5. By the year 2025, AIDS will be the major killer of young Africans, decreasing life expectancy to as low as 40 years in some countries and single-handedly erasing the public health gains of the past 50 years. 6. It is Asia, with its huge population at risk, that will have the biggest impact on the global spread of AIDS. The magnitude of the pandemic could range from 100 million to 1 billion, depending largely on what happens in India and China. 7. HIV infection will continue to fester in about 0.5% of the population in the U. S. 8. A cure for AIDS by the year 2025 is not inconceivable. But even if an AIDS vaccine is developed before 2025, it will require an extraordinary effort of political will among our leaders to get to the people who need it most. Tapescript: Predicting the future is risky business for a scientist. It is safe to say, however, that the global AIDS epidemic will get much worse before it gets any better. Sadly, this modern plague will be with us for several generations, despite major scientific advances. As of January 2000, the AIDS epidemic has claimed 15 million lives and left 40 million people living with a viral infection that slowly but relentlessly erodes the immune system. I Accounting for more than 3 million deaths in the past year alone, the AIDS virus has become the deadliest microbe in the world, more lethal than even TB and malaria. There are 34 developing countries where the prevalence of this infection is 2 percent or greater. In Africa nearly a dozen countries have a rate higher than 10 percent, including four southern African nations in which a quarter of the people are infected. And the situation continues to worsen; more than 6 million new infections appeared in 1999. This is like condemning 16,000 people each day to a slow and miserable death. Fortunately, the AIDS story has not been all gloom and doom. Less than two years after AIDS was recognized, the guilty agent- human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV -- was identified. We now know more about HIV than about any other virus, and 14 AIDS drugs have been developed and licensed in the U. S. and Western Europe. The epidemic continues to rage, however, in South America, Eastern Europe. and sub-Saharan Africa~ By the year 2025, AIDS will be by far the major killer of young Africans, decreasing life expectancy to as low as 40 years in some countries and single-handedly erasing the public health gains of the past 50 years. It is Asia, with its huge population at risk, that will have the biggest impact on the global spread of AIDS. The magnitude of the pandemic could range from 100 million to 1 billion, depending largely on what happens in India and China. Four million people have already become HIV-positive in India, and infection is likely to reach several percent in a population of 1 billion. An explosive AIDS epidemic in the U.S. is unlikely. Instead, HIV infection will continue to fester in about 0.5 percent of the population. A cure for AIDS by the year 2025 is not inconceivable. But constrained by economic reality, these therapeutic advances will have only limited benefit outside the U.S. and Western Europe. A vaccine is our only real hope to avert disaster unparalleled in medical history. A large, concerted effort of research was launched three years ago in the U.S. and hints of promising strategies are emerging from experiments in monkeys. But even if an AIDS vaccine is developed before 2025, it will require an extraordinary effort of political will among our leaders to get to the people who need it most. B. B1. 1. By the 12th grade, 90% of all public school students have taken at least two sex education courses. 2. Beginning in the 7th and 8th grades, over half of the 1,500 junior high and high school students surveyed said they were taught how to deal with peer pressure to have sex, where to get and how to use contraception, how to talk to a partner about safe sex, and where to get tested for sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV Aids. 3. Although one third of the schools in the study focused exclusively on abstainers, the main message in about 80% of all sex education courses is this: young people should wait to have sex, but if they don't, they should use birth control and practice safe sex. 4. 40% of schools invited parents to attend sex education classes. But a surprising 22% of schools did not notify parents at all. 5. One third of the students surveyed decided parents as a source of information about sex. 61% said that most of what they do know about sex they learned from their friends, followed by television, movies and magazines. B2. 1. When does sex education usually start in the U. S. ? elementary school 2. What are some of the topics that most parents think are appropriate in a sex education class? abstainers / basics of human reproduction / HIV Aids / sexually transmitted diseases / rape / safe sex / condoms / birth control / abortion / homosexuality 2. What is the attitude of most parents towards sex education? want schools to teach more 4. Why is there a surprising level of support from more sex education according to the researchers? parents / don't talk about sex / want schools to do it 5. What is the important message that educators should know? a need for more sex education / more practical approach to dangers and risks Tapescript: Most students in the nation's public schools receive some form of sex education. But it's not always clear what schools are teaching or what educators, parents and children think about it. Kids are learning a lot more about sex than many people think, and parents want schools to teach them even more. Sex education usually starts in elementary school as part of a health curriculum. By the 12th grade, 90 percent of all public school students have taken at least two sex education courses. "A large majority are providing some information about HIV Aids. Most are talking about abstainers, providing messages about the importance of waiting to have sex." Beginning in the 7th and 8th grades, over half of the 1,500 junior high and high school students surveyed said they were taught how to deal with peer pressure to have sex, where to get and how to use contraception, how to talk to a partner about safe sex, and where to get tested for sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV Aids. Although a third of the schools in the study focused exclusively on abstainers, the main message in about 80 percent of all sex education courses is this: young people should wait to have sex, but if they don't, they should use birth control and practice safe sex. But even fear of HIV Aids and sexually transmitted diseases or getting pregnant doesn't always stop kids from having sex. Well, our parents know this? "I think many parents have no idea what's actually happening in the schools." Parents should have the right to keep their children out of sex education classes that teach things that they don't agree with. Many schools do notify parents when their child starts sex education, but in most cases, schools don't need the parents' permission. Instead 40 percent of schools invited parents to attend sex education classes. A surprising 22 percent of schools did not notify parents at all. Still a clear majority of parents wanted to see more sex education in schools, not less. And they don't just want abstainers or the basics of human reproduction. Over 90 percent of parents want schools to cover HIV Aids and sexually transmitted diseases, rape, safe sex. Most said condoms and birth control needed to be discussed. They thought abortion was an appropriate topic, and thought that homosexuality should be included, too. Researchers say this surprising level of support from more sex education may be due to the fact that parents don't talk to their children about sex, so they want schools to do it. We have a third of the students surveyed decided parents as a source of information about sex. Sixty-one percent said that most of what they do know about sex they learned from their friends, followed by television, movies and magazines. The message that educators should know is that there is a need for more sex education not less, and more practical approach to the dangers and risks of sexual behavior. Part III Innocents in danger Summary Internet communication can be dangerous for adults, and children are even more vulnerable. According to Perry, the problem is that children use the Internet and far more often know more about it than their parents do. But, the things we usually use to teach our children how to stay safe in shopping malls, and on streets and in life, don't ordinarily apply online, because parents just don't understand it well enough to set the rules. One of the goals of UNESCO is to make sure all children have access to the Internet, and yet in doing this we want to make sure they have access safely. It is a huge task. It is a worldwide problem and that is the reason why our action has to be global and international. And there is one other aspect regarding hate email or hate websites. The biggest danger obviously is not from information, but from people who want to hurt children. What we need to do is to control child pornography, to make sure that law enforcement does what they can to clean up the criminal activities online, to help schools and teachers and libraries to get the most out of the Internet, and to arm parents with the tools they need to educate their children and keep them safe. Tapescript: Internet communication can be dangerous for adults, and children are even more vulnerable. Amara Selier and Perry Afton work with an organization called "Innocents in Danger. ' It's a world citizen's movement to protect children from sexual abuse and pedophilia on the Internet. "Perry, it would seem that in the United States there would be lots of laws protecting children against abuse on the Internet." "Well, there are laws to protect children from abuse, online and off line; they apply equally in both places. The problem is that children use the Internet and far more often know more about it than their parents do. But, the things we usually use to teach our children how to stay safe in shopping malls, and on streets and in life, don't ordinarily apply online, because parents just d6n't understand it well enough to set the rules, for the pedophiles are using this technology and the fact that they can hide behind anonymity and pretend they're another child to lure our children in ways that we are not yet prepared to teach our children to avoid." One of the goals of UNESCO is to make sure all children have access to the Internet, and yet in doing this you want to make sure they have access safely. It sounds like a huge task to get companies and countries involved in doing this. "It is a huge task, I do agree with you. It is a worldwide problem and that is the reason why our action has to be global and international. I think even though it's a very big task, we are little by little going to get there, with everybody's help. ' "What are some of the other dangers, I mean, we've talked a little bit or alluded to child pornography, how does that impact children?" "Often the pedophiles use child pornography to desensitize our children. So, if they're setting a conversation up, and they send a photo to a ten-year-old of another ten-year-old engaged in sexual activity, that ten-year-old now thinks that perhaps it's not so unusual and it's not so contraband for them to engage in sexual activity as well. And that's typically how it's used." "And is... is there one other aspect regarding hate email or hate websites?" "I think the dangerous ... the biggest danger obviously is not from information, but from people who want to hurt children. Uh, but there are hate sites and bigotry and intolerance, there are sites where children can order guns, and poison, and drugs, and tobacco and alcohol, there are sites that teach our children how to build bombs and unfortunately they are building bombs with this information, and there's a lot of misinformation and cults, and that is quite dangerous, I mean, in addition, we ... our children may be exposed to information that parents would prefer they're not exposed to. Because of this, what we need to do is to arm parents with the tools they need to educate their children and keep them safe, and make sure that law enforcement does what they can to clean up the criminal activities online." "What are your specific tasks in the United States?" "Three prongs are making sure that children are safe from predators: that we try to do what we can to control child pornography; we work closely with law enforcement; we get all of the Internet service providers and all of the Internet industry on board. And I should tell you that most of' them are there already as part of ... as committed members of the National Action Committee. We're also committed to helping schools and teachers and libraries to get the most out of the Internet by learning how to use it and developing safety programs and education programs for parents so that parents will let their children be on the Internet and help them deal with the risks they'll face day to day from predators, and from kooks and crackpots and misinformation and hate that they will face, so that we're here to empower the parents to help keep the children safe." Unit 6 Part I Warming up A. 1. Over-scheduled syndrome -- the amount of free time for children dropping about 16% over the past few years 2. Cultural shift in the past few years a. The past: children taking part in extracurricular activities (ballet, gymnastics, football) in a casual way b. The present: a real emphasis and stress on these children to be experts / prodigies in these activities 3. Solution: parents saying "enough is enough" / cutting back / pulling children out of all their activities Tapescript: Market researchers estimate that the average teenager spends about $82 of their own money a week on clothing, food, and entertainment. But not all kids have time to go shopping. As a matter of fact, the amount of free time that children have has dropped about 16 percent over the last several years. Many call it the over-scheduled syndrome. There's been a real cultural shift in this country in the past few years. It used to be that children could participate in ballet, or gymnastics, or football in a very casual way. Now there's a real emphasis and a real stress on these kids to be experts. The children are expected to become prodigies in whatever extracurricular activity it is that they choose. Is it all necessary if the goal is simply to get into a selective college? Administration officers at Harvard University says, "No." Only one-third of the students they select are academic or extracurricular prodigies. The rest are quote "well-rounded and well-grounded." What we're finding is that many parents now are starting to say "enough is enough," and they're cutting back. We've found parents who are pulling their children out of all of their activities. It's just too much stress on the children, too much time away from homework, time away from sleeping, time away from eating and enough, and a lot of parents now are just saying stop! Part II British youth Tapescript: -- What scares me most about my future is not knowing what I want to do or where I am going. -- Not having any money. -- Not being able to do things I want to do. -- Young people are witty, young people are creative. -- I think the old ways are possibly changing and the kids who can cope with change are going to be the kids that succeed. -- I think they need a hand. I think somebody needs to understand them a bit better. -- They seem a lot more open-minded, they don't seem to be able to be led as much today as maybe kids of my age group -- the sixties and seventies. -- Young people need more than anything an opportunity these days. They need a chance to take on personal challenges. Tapescript: The word "teenager" came into use in Britain in the 1950s when the young began to invent and adopt their own fashions, magazines, music and style. This was the birth of what we now know as youth culture. It reached its heyday in the 60s with the advent of "swinging" London bands like the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and of course the mini-skirt. Through the 70s there was flower power, hippies, teenyboppers and Punk. The 1980s brought the new romantics, dance music -- and we also started to think about the future, ecology and all that ... What about the future? Where do they see themselves going? How do they feel about living in the Britain of today? 1. What's the bright side and the dark side for young people according to this passage? Bright side: dancing, clubs, music, fashion and fun Dark side: fights, trouble, hooliganism; drugs and anarchy 2. What does the young Asian person say about being accepted in Britain? not accepted ten years ago / gradually accept now / more people coming / different culture backgrounds 3. What's the purpose of setting up the organization in Britain? a. To give advice b. To help raise finance c. To help raise finance --- so as to help young people who would like to set up their own business with no money of their own 4. How many volunteers does the organization have? Over 5,500. 5. How many new businesses will they start up this year? About 3,700. Tapescript: -- What scares me most about my future is not knowing what I want to do or where I am going. -- Not having any money. -- Not being able to do things I want to do. -- Young people are witty, young people are creative. -- I think the old ways are possibly changing and the kids who can cope with change are going to be the kids that succeed. -- I think they need a hand. I think somebody needs to understand them a bit better. The word "teenager" came into use in Britain in the 1950s when the young began to invent and adopt their own fashions, magazines, music and style. This was the birth of what we now know as youth culture. It reached its heyday in the 60s with the advent of "swinging" London bands like the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and of course the mini-skirt. Through the 70s there was flower power, hippies, teenyboppers and Punk. The 1980s brought the new romantics, dance music -- and we also started to think about the future, ecology and all that ... What about the future? Where do they see themselves going? How do they feel about living in the Britain of today? When you think about young people, you might picture dancing, clubs, music, fashion and fun. But there is an equally well-known dark side: fights, trouble, hooliganism, drugs and anarchy. Is this a true picture or is there another more positive side that the media do not show? I think the young of today are having a hard time. First of all, throughout the ages back since the 40s, the 50s, young people have been portrayed very badly by the press. The press say the young ... don't believe in anything, they don't want to do anything, they don't want to work, they don't want to get a job, they don't want to provide any help for anybody else. This, I'm afraid, is absolute rubbish, but young people are reading this all the time. We visited the City of Newcastle in the northeast of England where there is a large multi-racial community. 'There we met a young man of Asian extraction. -- What's it like being a young Asian person in Britain today in comparison to a few years ago? Is it some easier to keep a separated cultural identity yet at the same time to be accepted ? -- It didn't ten years ago or something, but gradually just started accepting it. It's probably because there are more and more people from different culture backgrounds coming to this country. So people in this country are accepting it ... These days many young people find that one of the best options open to them is to set up their own business. How can they do this especially if they have no money of their own? There is an organization in Britain, which was set up specifically to help people in this situation. It was established to give advice to and help raise finance and provide support for new business ventures. Chief executive Jeremy White told us about it. "What we do is ... we have over five and half thousand volunteers from all over the country. We attach a volunteer to each business, not to run the business or interfere with it but just to help the young person through that process. Learning how to deal with the VAT, how to negotiate with your bank manager, for example. And we give advice on how to do marketing and those skills that you need when you're starting up a business. In this year, we'll start up about 3,700 new businesses, for example, the window cleaners. Four young men from Birmingham, I mean they are just embarking and that business may grow or it might just keep them in employment, but that's a great success in itself." -- They seem a lot more open-minded, they don't seem to be able to be led as much today as maybe kids of my age group -- the sixties and seventies. Young people need more than anything an opportunity these days. They need a chance to take on personal challenges. Part III The United States is in the midst of a boom in new business creations, one that is being carried out primarily by entrepreneurs in their teens, twenties and thirties. Never before have so many young people started so many businesses. Technology is changing everything, says Kate O'Halloran, who helps run a graduate entrepreneur program at Babson College in Wellesley, Massachusetts. And no one, she says, is more tuned in to the latest technology than young people. Add to that the unusually long recent period of national prosperity, Mrs. O'Halloran says, and you have a youthful generation with a unique outlook on life. This new generation of twenty and thirty somethings have never really seen a war, they've never really had an economic depression. They are absolutely willing and able to take more financial risks, social risks. The stigma of having a start-up that has failed is almost a badge of honor, which is certainly unique to this country and very, very different than in years past. Business historian Rita David agrees there's never been a period in American history where so many young people have started businesses that have made them so wealthy so quickly. But, she says, there have been periods which share some of today's characteristics. She points to the turn of the last century, the late 1800s and early 1900s as an example. It was a time of huge technological change, and you've always had tremendous opportunity when you've had tremendous change in technology. You had a huge influx of immigrants into the country, really following the notion of the American dream, which is that America was the land of infinite opportunity. It was then Rita David said that Scottish immigrant Andrew Carnegie founded a steel plant that would eventually make him the richest man in the world. It was in that period, she says, that banker J. P. Morgan provided venture capital for such new firms as International Harvester, the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, and General Electric. Like today, she says, there was a sense of limitless possibility. What always happened in the past is that you had these huge boom times, you had this huge movement of entrepreneurialism, which always trickled down to the whole population, and really moved the American standard of living up a notch. Hopefully, she says, today's entrepreneurial boom will have similar results. Unit 7 Part I Warming up A. Tapescript: 1. Help the old The elderly at home and in the neighborhood, especially those living alone, need your care and support. Show your concern and attend to their needs wherever possible. Your support warms their hearts and brings them hope. If you find any elderly people in need of help, call the Social Welfare Department hot line on 23432255 or contact the nearby Family Services Center. 2. Keep Hong Kong clean Hong Kong not only is one of the world's greatest cities, it's also our home. So let's all start taking more pride in its appearance. Let's keep Hong Kong clean. 3. For a better society At different stages of life, we have different roles to play. As good citizens, we are willing to do our part for a better society. 4. Don't litter You can try walking away from litter, but you can't walk away from a fine. Use the bin or risk a $ 25,000 fine and six months' imprisonment. 5. Aids hot line We are about to use a 4-letter word. This word can clear a room. This word makes some people sick. This word leaves others in disgust. Some people pretend it doesn't exist. Others wish it would go away. You won't hear it in mixed company. You won't hear it used at home. And you certainly won't hear it in schools. The fact is if more people use this word, less people would be affected by it. 6. Equal opportunities True harmony can only exist when men and women have equal opportunities. Sex discrimination destroys this harmony and is unlawful. Stand up for equal opportunity. The equal opportunities commission hot line: 25118211. 7. For your health When traveling abroad, you should take preventive measures against cholera, hepatitis A and other diarrheal diseases. Drink only boiled water or bottled and canned drinks. Avoid eating cut fruits or fruits that are not cleansed. When you take shellfish, make sure they are thoroughly cooked. Always keep an eye on food hygiene. Please stay healthy. B. Outline I. Violent crime A. Including robbery, assault, murder, rape B. Murder rate: twice as high as 30 years ago C. Violent crime rate in general: increased 23% (in the same time period) II. White-collar crime A. Including embezzlement, bribery, Political corruption, corporate policies that endanger workers and the public B. White-collar crime rate in general: increased III. Solutions: A. Family: through socialization -- leading children to respect themselves, others, and the values of the society B. Government. 1. By helping people to feel that they are part of the society instead of its victims 2. By instilling the fear of punishment in those who might become criminals Tapescript: Looking into crime and violence in the United States is like opening the proverbial can of worms. So many different problems emerge from the can that you sometimes feel the more you know, the less you understand. What is very clear and indisputable, however, is that violent crime has increased greatly in the United States in recent decades. By violent crime, I mean crimes like robbery, assault, murder, and rape. The murder rate is twice as high as 30 years ago, and violent crime in general has increased 23 percent in the same time period. What is also clear is that the general public is afraid -- afraid of becoming victims of violent crime. Statistics are harder to come by for white-collar crime, crimes including embezzlement, bribery, political corruption, and corporate policies that endanger workers and the public. But many experts agree that there has been an increase in white-collar crime, too. As for solutions, I think most of us would agree that the family can play a role in reducing crime in the United States: through socialization, which leads children to respect themselves, others, and the values of their society. Moreover, I think society, in the form of government, has a role to play in reducing crime: by helping people to feel that they are part of the society instead of its victims. The government, in the form of the justice system, can also contribute to curbing crime by instilling the fear of punishment in those who might become criminals. Part II A. 1. What are the two aspects mentioned concerning the nature of gambling addicts? --Coming from homes lacking love / looking for wants of family love and parental approval --Unconsciously wanting to lose 3. In what ways can gambling addicts hopefully be cured? --By psychiatric treatment --By word therapy --By help from organizations like "Gamblers Anonymous" Tapescript: Compulsive gamblers almost always come from homes lacking (in) love. As a result, the child grows up still looking for the wants of family love and parental approval. Another aspect to the nature of the gambling addict is that unconsciously he wants to lose. Psychiatrists believe that compulsive gamblers consciously may expect to win. However, there's a strong element of self-destruction in an inclination to continue betting until all is lost. One New York psychiatrist believes that basically the compulsive gambler is seeking an answer to the question: Do you love me? By winning, he receives a "yes" answer. However the gambler cannot accept the "yes" he sometimes receives because it is contrary to the reality of his or her unhappy childhood, one lacking (in) family love. The gambler's compelled to continue betting, thus expressing again and again his need for love and acceptance. When gambling addicts do win some money, they rarely spend any of it on their families. Money is like a sacred thing to the addicts. It is reserved for one thing: placing a bet. Fortunately, there's hope and help today for gambling addicts. Psychiatric treatment is one possibility. Word therapy seems to help in some cases. The most readily available and the least expensive help comes from an organization called "Gamblers Anonymous" (GA). GA has more than 90 chapters in the U.S. with about 3,000 gamblers seeking a cure. One basic rule of GA is the gamblers must pay back all their debts, even it takes many years to do so. Thousands of members credit GA with saving them from their addiction, and helping them to build new lives free from the gambling sickness. Happily, today, with more public interest in helping the gambling addict overcome his problem, and with such organizations as the GA, the gambler who wants help to break his addiction, now has some place or some one to turn to. B. Summary Though in almost all the states in America, parents are held responsible for their kids' misdeeds at schools like destroying ?school property or missing school, only 13 states hold parents criminally liable when their kids commit crimes, such as dealing in drugs, weapons possession and gang banging. More lawmakers are saying parents should be jailed or fined when their kids commit a crime, because the most important influence on the development of a child is the parent. But parenting is not an easy thing. And it gets harder as kids get older. When a child becomes a teenager, parents' involvement with their children under education drops sharply. By 15 to 16 years of age, children are treated as quasi-adults and many of them lead very separate life that parents are not fully informed of. Parental liability laws will not work unless they're part of a much larger effort that includes more helps for parents in raising their children. Experts say what's most needed now is a thorough review of the effectiveness of such laws. Tapescript: In just about every state, parents are held responsible for certain misdeeds of their children, especially for school related, like destroying school property or missing school. But when kids commit crimes whether it's dealing in drugs, weapons possession or gang banging, only 13 states hold parents criminally liable. Now in the wake of the Colorado shootings, more lawmakers are saying parents should be jailed or fined when their kids commit a crime. And there seems to be a certain logic to this trend. The most important influence on the development of a child is the parent. What people really want is good parenting. The question is. Can state legislatures legislate good parenting? "How do you legislate good parenting? And how far should we go with that?" There should be a law that does punish parents for leaving a loaded gun around accessible for children. "That's something you can hold me accountable for. But when you tell me I should raise a child in a way.., in a way that that child will not have bad thoughts or be depressed, or not hang around with the wrong kids, you are trying to legislate something that you know... Parenting is not an easy thing. This is a hard job." And it gets harder as kids get older. Study shows that when a child becomes a teenager, parents' involvement with their children under education drops sharply. This complicates matters with the courts if they are to prove that parents should have known about the child's intentions to commit a crime or stop the child from doing it. By 15 to 16 years of age, children in this country are treated as quasi-adults. "We also have young people of that age leading very separate life that parents are not fully informed of. Many of those young people are working. They have a strong peer group affiliation. Perhaps we might have some idealistic view that a law will then force parents to hold daily sessions with their children, ask them what they are doing. I just don't think that's going to work." Parent liability laws will not work unless they're part of a much larger effort that includes more help for parents in raising their children, whether they want it or not. "A judge can require a parent to go through psychological testing if the judge sees that there would be some merit not only in helping the child in their situation, but also helping the home situation." According to the National Association of State Legislatures, half a dozen states are expected to take up the issue of parental liability this year. Family law experts say that what's most needed now is a thorough review of the effectiveness of such laws, before more putting in place, because as far, they simply don't seem to be deterring school shootings, let alone bad parenting. Part III Drug therapy A. You are going to hear a report about drug therapy. A1. 1. What is the worry put forward by a United Nations drug agency?. Some legal prescription drugs are being taken in worrying quantities in the West. 2. What problems are growing in developed countries? In developed countries, the prevalence of anxiety and insomnia and the consumption of sedative hypnotics are growing 3. What kind of drugs are often given hastily? Drugs to treat psychological disorders are often given hastily, and without considering the underlying causes of the patients' problem. 4. Why is Professor Steven Rose worried? And what is his fear? Advances in biochemistry are being used to mask what children really need -- more discipline or more care. And Prof. Rose is afraid that Western culture is now so wedded to pharmaceutical answers, patients and parents are unwilling to accept that drugs are not the answer to everything. A2. Areas of treatment Supporting examples Overeating Carol -- compulsive eater / 115 kilos Adifax-- slimming drug / only as emergency treatment / but prescribed long periods Badly behaved children Young people -- depression Prozac -- instant relief / frightening dreams / suicidal feelings / dangers emerge / long- term effect? ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder) Reese -- learning difficulties / lose temper / aggressive Ritalin -- power amphetamine / help control temper / do better at school Tapescript. A United Nations drug agency has warned that legal prescription drugs like Viagra, steroids, and diet pills are being taken in worrying quantities in the West. Dan Damon now asks whether people in the industrialized world really are in need of medication for illnesses like depression or whether it's simply becoming easier and more socially acceptable to try and correct mood and behavior through controlled drugs. Generally, we think drug problems are something to do with contraband, and illicit street corner deals. But, the International Narcotics Control Board, which monitors the effectiveness of government measures to control the illegal drugs trade also checks the use of prescription pharmaceuticals. And here too, there are serious problems. In developed countries, the prevalence of anxiety and insomnia and the consumption of sedative hypnotics are growing. The Board notes with concern the frequent long term use, sometimes indefinitely, of psychotropic substances for treating psychological reactions to social pressure, without a diagnosis for a specific disorder. The Narcotics Board's recently published Annual Report for last year is a detailed review of how drugs to treat psychological disorders, including depression, aggressive behavior, and overeating are often given hastily, and without considering the underlying causes of the patients' problems. Carol was a compulsive eater who never felt full. She reached 18 stone, that's more than 115 kilos. She was prescribed the slimming drug Adifax, which used only to be available as an emergency treatment for just a few days, but is now prescribed over long periods. Another controversial area for the use of drug therapy involves badly behaved children. In America, young people suffering from depression are increasingly being given the drug Prozac. For many children, some as young as 7, it provides instant relief from frightening dreams, and suicidal feelings. But, dangers are emerging. The drug works by increasing production in the brain of the chemical serotonin, but we don't know the long-term effect of that, especially in children. And an even more contentious area is what's called Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). Ten-year-old Reese has been diagnosed with learning difficulties by an educational psychologist. He's also prone to lose his temper quickly, and be aggressive. His parents found a consultant who was willing to try Ritalin, a power amphetamine. Ritalin has helped Reese to control his temper, and he's doing better at school. Professor Steven Rose from Britain's Oakland University is worried that advances in biochemistry are being used to mask what children really need -- more discipline or more care. And Professor Rose is afraid that Western culture is now so wedded to pharmaceutical answers, patients and parents are unwilling to accept that drugs are not the answer to everything. B. 1. How does the time credit system -- "Time Banking" -- work? Patients are linked together with a time broker who involves them in projects to build up time credits. 2. What is the advantage of "Time Banking"? Where money is short, this kind of time credit system can bring people with social problems a lot of benefit. 3. What do themes like "Time Banking" remind us of? Themes like that do remind us that chemicals are only part of the answer to social problems, and a well-functioning society must be the background to any therapy. Loneliness, low self-esteem and anger need to be seen as problems of relationship, not just brain chemistry. Tapescript: It's up to doctors to monitor the use of drugs and to be sure they are prescribing them for the right reasons and not to keep patients quiet, but at the same time, we should recognize drugs can make a big difference and not condemn their increased use, either as a plot by pharmaceutical companies, or as a shortcut by busy doctors. That doesn't answer the problem of time. One simple and revolutionary idea has emerged from a doctor in South London. "He was really sick and tried of prescribing anti-depressants for people's loneliness and anxiety and he thought there must be a way we can do something better than this; why aren't we prescribing time?" Sarah Burns is from the New Economics Foundation, a reform group based in London. She's been working with that doctor and with a growing number of others to develop what's called "Time Banking." Patients who need more human contact to help them with their difficulties are linked together by a time broker who involves them in projects to build up time credits. Where money is short, as in any state-funded health service, this kind of time credit system can bring people with social problems a lot of benefit. Themes like that do remind us that chemicals are only part of the answer to social problems, and a well-functioning society must be the background to any therapy. Loneliness, low self-esteem and anger need to be seen as problems of relationship, not just brain chemistry Unit 8 Part Ⅰ A Tape scripts China's long acknowledged symbol, the dragon, may not be suitable for the image of China anymore. At least that's according to a report in the Shanghai Morning Post, the paper quotes experts at the Shanghai Public Relations Association who said the dragon is to some extent a symbol of arbitrariness and offensiveness in western cultures. This they say could result in a negative view of China's image abroad. Now they are designing a new Chinese symbol based on positive Chinese characteristics. However the move has triggered disagreement in the public domain and an Internet survey shows that an overwhelming majority of people believe that as descendents of the dragon, the image of the dragon is deeply rooted in Chinese people's psyche and can't simply be abandoned. In traditional Chinese culture, the dragon represents the emperor's power and it is also a symbol of good luck and wealth. B Tape scripts Biofuels have been held in some quarters as an answer to global warming. Supporters argued that the plants which are grown to be turned into fuel capture the carbon dioxide that is emitted when the fuel is burned. They are already used in some road vehicles, but they have never been tried in aero planes. But now a Virgin Atlantic aircraft has been flown from London to Amsterdam to test an aviation fuel made from crops to show it actually works. A Boeing 747 takes off, powered partly by coconut oil. Virgin Atlantic say they are testing a new biofuel, a mixture of coconut oil and babassu nut oil from a Brazilian palm tree. Flying a jumbo jet at 30,000 feet on an alternative energy has never been done before. Richard Branson, Chief Executive of Virgin Atlantic says it is the future of air travel and aviation history. " It's a major sort of technological breakthrough today in that everybody said that it was impossible for clean fuels to fly at 30,000 feet in a jet engine and we believe that we were going to be able to prove them wrong. " But Virgin's test flight hasn't been welcomed by environmentalists, instead it has been dismissed as a stunt by some, and attacked by others. Jos Dings from the European Federation for Transport and Environment. "The fact that something is called biofuel, doesn't mean that it's green. The fact that it is alternative fuel, doesn't mean that it's a green fuel. It depends crucially on what sort of biofuel you use, how much land that biofuel actually uses. If Virgin would power its entire fleet with biofuel, it would have to use about half of the UK's arable land. " The campaign group Friends of the Earth call the test flight a distraction and a gimmick. The Campaign against Climate Change say the belief this biofuel emits less carbon than conventional fuel is nonsense. They point to evidence that the growing processing and burning of biofuels emits other greenhouse gases, and their benefits unnegligible. Virgin Atlantic say the fuel isn't perfect, but it could be a new beginning of aviation. C Tape scripts You will be aware of the controversy in Europe and United States over food that has been genetically modified. But what should our scientists want to do this? Well, genetic engineering could be used to repair a genetic defect, as with the current scientific trials of gene therapy in humans; to make a characteristic already natural to that organism even better, for example, to increase the growth rate of a crop; to improve resistance to disease or outside damage, for example, crop disease or resistance to cold or drought; to make the organism do something it would not normally do, for example, getting a tomato to ripen without going soft - this can be done simply by taking one of its own genes, turning its "pattern" upside down and putting it back again ! It sounds like an amazing new technology, but opinions differ greatly on the pros and cons of genetically engineered food (GE food). Supporters of GE food say that GE crops will reduce chemical inputs to the land, help the environment, increase the possibility of growing crops in difficult geographic areas, improve nutritional qualities of food. Opponents of GE food say that GE crops may upset the complex environmental balance , create many new non-reversible ecological problems, increase the dominance of major corporations and disadvantage small farmers, as these rich corporations will control seed varieties, at the worst, cause damage to the human immune system and cause cancer. At the moment, there is much controversy surrounding GE food. Some people claim GE food is safe for humans and safe for the environment and will benefit everyone. Some say they support research into GE food because they recognize the possible benefits for economic food supply in the future. But many also say that nothing has yet been proved for this new technology and the risks are so great, that it is wise to go slow. None of the GE foods so far produced are at all necessary. So why are they being sold? Why not wait longer until more scientific trials are carried out? Some say no to GE foods. They are not worth the risk to the environment and our health. They say organic or semi-organic farming is the answer to feeding the world. This type of farming needs lots of labor, but needs no debt and no large corporations. Others are angry that GE food is already being sold and that there is no way for consumers to know if they are consuming food made from plants that have had their genes altered in a laboratory. They feel that they have been tricked by big corporations and they do not like being human guinea pigs for this new GE food. They insist on clear labeling on food packaging to show whether GE food products are present. It is a brave new world we are facing in the twenty-first century. As the molecular biologist Michael Antoniou says: “Genetic engineering and conventional breeding are worlds apart.” What Nature has done for us for millions of years is now suddenly out-of-date. Today's scientists face huge problems in deciding whether the benefits of the new technology are worth the risks. It is your future that is being decided here. It might be worth offering the scientists some guidance. PartⅡ Tape scripts Liane: Trust was a word that was used early and often during the campaign, and when it comes to politicians, people really must think about whether they can trust their representatives to represent them. But when it comes to the relationship between a patient and doctor, the word trust should be a given. Doctors are, after all, supposed to do what's best for us and this involves telling the truth. However, on occasion, a doctor must choose between being truthful and acting in the patient's best interest. We asked our medical commentators, Drs Michael Wilkes and Miriam Shuchman to join us with their opinions on this subject. Good morning to both of you. Both: Good morning, Liane. Liane : Miriam, when might a doctor choose not to tell a patient the truth? Miriam: Well, Liane, there are actually several situations when a doctor might be tempted to deceive a patient. It used to be that if a patient was diagnosed with a serious form of cancer, the doctor wouldn't even tell them. That wouldn't happen anymore ... uh .. . but the doctor might be tempted to paint a more optimistic picture than is really the case, so if this was a cancer where the patient has three to six months to live, the doctor might not tell them that. They might just tell them that it's very serious. Michael: My worry, though, is that doctors might also paint a more rosy picture in order to convince a patient to undergo a more aggressive treatment, say , chemotherapy , a treatment that they might not under . . . or choose to undergo if they had more information. To, to me, uh, there really is no distinction between withholding information from a person and outright lying. In both cases, the doctor is being paternalistic. He's deciding what information the patient needs to know. Miriam: I think that as doctors, though, we're always in the position of deciding what information to give a patient. We don't want to overburden them with too many details that could just be frightening and not useful. But we want them to have the information that's really important for making decisions. Michael: Yeah, but can you ever really know what a patient thinks is important? Every piece of information that a doctor gives a patient is filtered through the doctor's filter- a filter that includes cultural bias, religious bias, economic bias, and their own personal values. And there's some very compelling data that sick people really want much more information about their condition than they're currently being told. Liane: Michael, have you ever been tempted to be less than perfectly honest with a patient? Michael: Absolutely. There's always that temptation, Liane. Telling the truth in medicine is one of the most difficult things to do. The . . . uh . . . there is an issue that came up recently when another physician suggested that I prescribe a placebo, or sugar pill, that had no biological effects for a patient. A 70-year-old man had just moved to town and he came to see me to get a refill of a prescription for a sleeping pill that he'd been given for a long time. In fact, it turned out he's been taking the pill every night since his wife died several years ago. As I spoke with him, it became clear to me that he recognized that he was addicted to the sleeping medicine. In fact, he said he wanted to stop, but every time he tried to stop taking the medicine, he couldn't sleep and ended up taking a sleeping pill. Now, a doctor at the hospital suggested that I use a placebo. He said that he'd had great luck using this kind of placebo for exactly these types of addictions. The problem was that there was no way that I could use the placebo without deceiving the patient. So the issue here for me was whether doctors are justified in telling this sort of little white lies in order to benefit the patient. Liane: Miriam, as an ethics specialist, what do you say? What does medical ethics tell us is right in this situation? Miriam: Well, I think the conflict for the doctor here is that he's really seeing two duties. One is not to lie to a patient, and the other is, uh, to always do what's beneficial for the patient, not to do harm. So, in this case, the doctor who suggested the placebo may think that it's most beneficial to prescribe the placebo, it won't have any side effects, uh, and . . . the little white lie he thinks is not as important. Liane: So , should people be concerned that, uh, when they go to their doctor, that the doctor might be prescribing a placebo? Miriam: Absolutely not. First, the use of placebos in clinical practice is very rare. They're mostly used in research where people are told they're going to be receiving a placebo. And second, there are doctrines and policies around this. It's called informed consent, and what it means is that before a patient can agree to a given treatment or procedure, the doctor is obliged to inform them about the risks and benefits of that treatment, and most doctors are aware of that. Michael: You know, it's probably worth mentioning here that experts feel that about 30Vo of the medicines that we currently prescribe really have no biologic activity. They work through the power of suggestions. Um . . . cough medicines are a great example of this sort of drug. Now, that doesn't mean that cough medicines don't work. What I'm trying to suggest is that they work through an effect on the mind rather than on the body, say, on the diaphragm or in the lung tissue or muscles themselves. Anyway, I feel there are still far too many times when doctors really aren't being truthful with patients because they feel that they know what's best for the patient. Liane: We talked about placebos, but what about lying? How often do doctors lie to their patients? Miriam: Liane, I can't give you a statistic on that but I don't think it happens very often. Doctors don't in . . . intentionally mislead their patients. But what does happen is that patients aren't given the information they really need to make decisions. Doctors don't give them the chance to ask the questions that would get them that information. Liane: Michael, what happened to the man that was hooked on the sleeping pill? Michael: Liane, we talked about it for a long time at the hospital. The bottom line was I, uh, I chose not to use a placebo. The downside of that decision is that the man is still addicted to the medicine although I'm slowly weaning him off by using some behavior modification techniques. Liane: “Weekend Edition “medical commentators Dr Michael Wilkes and Dr Miriam Shuchman. Part III A radio debate Tape scripts Host: Good morning, and welcome to today's broadcast of "Seeing Both Sides. " Today we have something very interesting for you - a very controversial topic. Is it a moral use of technology to take advantage of aborted fetal tissue for medical experimentation? Our guests today are Dr Jasmine Farnazeh, head of the Organization of Physicians for Responsible Research, and the Reverend William Cooper. They're here to discuss the moral and medical implications of this new area of research. Good morning, Doctor and Reverend. (Good morning!) (Good morning!) Dr Farnazeh, let's begin by hearing the arguments in favor. Farnazeh: Well, scientifically speaking, it's clear that aborted fetal tissue is quite a gold mine. It is been proven to be extremely successful in grafting new tissue for use with burn victims. Research is being done into other potential uses as well. Host: Reverend Cooper, how do you respond to that? What about these benefits? Cooper: Well, of course I see the doctor's point, and it is extremely important to do everything possible in terms of research to alleviate human suffering; however, you can't ignore the fact that fetal tissue is a product of abortion, which many consider to be an act of murder. Just as we hope you would not kill another person to benefit yourself, it is immoral to use the life of a fetus in this way. Farnazeh: Yes, Reverend Cooper, I suppose some people could say abortion is an act of murder, but it's really important to clearly separate issues here. You can't ignore the fact that abortion is legal in this country at this time. Certainly, while we can recognize that as a grave human tragedy, it is a fact that it happens frequently, thousands of times every day. If this is the case, it makes good medical sense to derive any benefit from it that we can. Isn't the tragedy perhaps minimized if this tissue can be used to further human life? And, indeed, in terms of using this tissue to create new, living healthy skin for burn victims, are we not in some small way allowing that life to continue? Cooper: That's one way of looking at it. However, another way of looking at it is to say that the life of that fetus deserves every opportunity to grow and develop as an individual - that using these victims is simply adding insult to injury. And really, Dr Famazeh, can you seriously mean to imply that the benefit this tissue provides for skin grafts for burn victims balances the fact that a human life and all its potential has been taken without its consent? Farnazeh: Maybe you have a point there, and I'm sure many people would agree with you, but the flip side of the issue is that our greatest moral obligation is to the living. As long as abortion is legal, as long as those fetuses are not developing into full-fledged human rife, it seems we must devote our energies to concentrating on and helping in every way possible those who are alive and suffering. Cooper: What exactly do you mean, Dr Farnazeh? Are you condoning abortion? Farnazeh: It doesn't matter whether or not I condone it. on one hand, we could spend a great dear of time arguing about the moral implications of abortion. on the other hand, this would be a waste of time since our opinions don’t change the fact that it’s legal. We may as we' simply accept the legality and go from there. Host: You've both raised a number of very interesting points. I’m sure you've given our listeners a lot of food for thought about this complex and controversial issue. Let’s take a short break now, and when we return we’ll take some calls from our listeners. Unit9 Part I Warming up A. Tapescript: 1. Super Star Love Hits This is Super Star Love Hits, the album, 16 perfect love songs with Savage Garden, Ricky Martin, Mariah Carey. This is Super Star Love Hits. Celine Dion, Michael Bolton, Michael Jackson, the world super stars performing the perfect love songs on earth. Super Star Love Hits. Sony Music. 2. 24-hour Hot Line Ai, my son, he loves to go to the concert. My daughter she goes to the movie all the time. Even my youngest is crazy for Karaoke. Ai, I need more part-time jobs. How can entertainment cost so much? Hey, for the special price of $188, your family can enjoy 1,000 hours of movies, music, radio and other home entertainment. Any time you like. Why follow convention? Call 1833233 now. 3. Tender Times Brothers and sisters, and even future enemies, if the innocence of youth touches your heart, if the child in you wants to come out and play, this film is for you. Satisfaction guaranteed. Tender Times is filmed and narrated by Marty Stafford creator of a popular TV series Wild America. For 25 years, Marty has brought the America's rich natural heritage to the screen as no one else can. Order now, and you'll also receive The Beauty of Butterfly, absolutely free. If the innocence of youth touches your heart, if the child in you wants to come out and play, call 18333322 now. Tender Times with The Beauty of Butterflies can be enjoyed by the entire family. Both can be yours for only 293 dollars. Now available around the world from Inner World. 4. Macau Culture Center Macau is waiting just for you. There is just so much to do. Magic day. Magic place. Magic night. Magic moments. Macau waits just for you. Macau is just for you. Celebrating the moment of creation, the new Macau Culture Center, opening March 19. B. 1. Radio Valley ( ) 9:00 Parliament Report ( 5 ) 9:25 Sportsline ( ) 9:45 Science-Fact ( ) 10:15 Wendy Rose's Shopping Guide 2. Radio 207 ( ) 9:00 Farmers' Diary ( ) 9:15 Financial Portfolio ( 2 ) 9:28 The Word You Heard--Quiz program presented by Bob de Vere ( ) 10:00 Reggae Roots 3. Peak Radio ( ) 9:00 News Round-up ( 4 ) 9:27 Weather Word ( ) 9.30 Radio Theatre Pt. 1 The Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold by Evelyn Waugh ( ) 10:00 News Round-up (with radio-car reports) 4. Radio Northwest ( ) 9:00 News Northwest ( ) 9:10 Press Review ( 1 ) 9:15 Family Phone-in Today's subject: Photography ( ) 10:00 Medicine Today 5. Riverside Radio ( ) 9:00 Morning Service ( 3 ) 9:10 Country Kitchen (with Dorothy Berry) ( ) 9:30 Nature Trail ( ) 10:00 Riverside Notebook Tapescript: # --And we have a caller on Line 2, now; Mr. Jackson from Bolton, who, I believe, wants to talk to Norman about setting up a darkroom. Are you there, Mr. Jackson? -- Er, yes. Well, actually, it's about ... color-developing at home, really... # So, there we are. Our four contestants are ready and waiting, here in the studio, to pit their wits against each other and the mighty Oxford English Dictionary. And one of them will be going through, after today's round, to do battle in the first semi-final, in three weeks' time. # And after about 20 minutes, on a medium heat at the bottom of your oven, it should come out with the cheese nicely melted and browned over those slices of egg on the top. Next week I'll be giving you some tips about freezing your summer fruit for the winter. So, I hope you can join me. Until then, goodbye. #We've got a high of 9 degrees Celsius, 48 degrees Fahrenheit, with rain closing in from the west and that should be covering all of our area by lunch-time. So, if you're out this morning, you'd better take an umbrella with you. # O'Keefe played a brilliant match. He headed a corner from Rainer, just two minutes before the final whistle, which bounced off the post and had the United goalkeeper, Stevenson, in a bit of a panic for a few moments, before the new boy, David Briggs, came through, like lightning, to clear the ball out of the area. United 2: Villa 1. Unit10 Part I Warming up A. A1. First: kittens / cats Second: snakes A2. First: sweet / playful / affectionate / toy mouse / curl up / sleep/ clean Second: unusual / revolting / slimy / dry / poisonous / move / fascinating / colors / patterns / beautiful Tapescript: 1. Well, they were really sweet little things - very playful and affectionate. I didn't mind looking after them at all. They used to play for hours with their toy mouse or just curl up and go to sleep in their basket. They were no trouble, no, and they're very clean animals too. 2. I know it's a bit unusual, but I really like them. I have done ever since I saw them in the zoo, as a child. I don't know why. Most people think they're revolting. They imagine that they're slimy to touch or something but that's not tree -- they're quite dry. I'm not saying they'd make a good pet or anything, and I wouldn't want to get too close to one of the poisonous ones, but I think the way they move is fascinating. Some of them have colors and patterns which are really beautiful. B. Now you are going to hear five people talking about their hobbies. B1. First: photography Second: skiing Third: horse riding Fourth: bird watching Fifth: sailing B2. First: photograph / still life / moving object / feel of equipment Second: amazing / equipment / safer / scenery / air / speed / exhilaration Third: powerful animal / relationship of trust / skill / walk / gallop Fourth. 6,500 species / looking at birds Fifth: force of wind / complicated / boats / navigation / essential skills Tapescript 1. The first part is to go out of your house and choose a subject matter to photograph, and that could range from a still life of some kind to a moving object such as a racing car or a riot or some street scene. I like the feel of the equipment whilst I'm taking the photograph. 2. Well I think it's the most amazing sport because I ... I ... I first had a go about twenty-five years ago, and obviously the equipment has changed quite a lot in the time since and it's become a lot safer. Urn, the scenery's absolutely superb and the ... the air is ... is wonderful, and the speed and the exhilaration. You sleep well after it And it's ... for me it's just the best sport 3. I think there's something rather special about it as a hobby, or a sport, because with most hobbies you just rely on yourself and maybe some equipment. Um, but here, you're depending on an animal and quite a powerful animal at that. So you have to build up a special relationship of trust between you. And if you.., if you do build up that relationship of trust, and if you develop some skill, then there's enormous satisfaction and pleasure in what you can do together, whether it's walking quietly along a lane or galloping over open countryside. 4. One of the things I find most interesting is there are something like six and a half thousand different types of birds in the world, that's six and a half thousand species of birds, and it's only in the last fifty to a hundred years, perhaps, that people have started looking at birds as something beautiful to admire in their own setting. Prior to that, we ate birds. We still do. Birds were shot and killed for their feathers, to put in hats, to decorate clothes. Birds were used. Whereas now, a lot of people who enjoy looking at birds, simply do that. 5. You're using the force of the wind to get around over the earth's surface, as people did two thousand years ago. And it has been complicated -- boats have become more complicated, and navigation equipment has become electronic and complicated. But these are luxuries. The essential skills are exactly the same as they were two thousand years ago. And I think that's the ... the fun. Unit11 Part I Warming up A A1. The three things children need: --First: To feel that one has options, that one maintains some control over his or her life. --Second: To feel significant in the life of at least one other person. --Third: To feel accepted because of his or her individuality. A2. First (This certainty gives people strength): more highly motivated to work harder / overcome daunting difficulties and pain Second (Children behave differently when treated differently): --Ignored: devastating / cruelest / angry / depressed / frustrated / negative behavior --Respected: thrives Third (Society's problem: encourage tolerance vs. welcome differences): deserves / acknowledged / cherished / unique / embrace others Tapescript: In my more than 40 years of working with families and conducting research in family dynamics and the roots of human behavior, I have observed again and again a few truths. I have learned that all children -- indeed, all people -- need three certainties to feel healthy and positive about life. First, a child needs to feel that she has options, that she maintains some control over her life. She needs to feel that she can do something to the world and the world will respond. In fact, stress, I believe, might be defined as a lack of options. Numerous studies have shown that people who have choices are more highly motivated to work harder and even overcome daunting difficulties and pain. Burn victims in hospitals who are allowed to participate in their own care, such as by dressing their wounds, require less pain medication than those who are rendered helpless by having everything done for them. People want to help themselves. They become empowered in direct relation to the choices and options they perceive to be available. The second thing that a child needs is to feel significant in the life of at least one other person. Being ignored is devastating, one of the cruelest punishments possible. It leaves the child angry, depressed, and frustrated. When people react negatively to the child, that arouses negative behavior. When the parent respects the child's efforts to express herself, encourages her explorations, applauds her small victories, from the first tentative baby steps on, the child thrives. Third, a child needs to feel accepted because of his or her individuality. Each child deserves to be acknowledged and cherished for the qualities that make her unique, which can be hard to remember in a society that tends to encourage tolerance rather than welcome differences. Ideally, we should embrace others, and especially children, because of, rather than in spite of, their differences. B. Man 1 Woman Man 2 How to professional help self-help book club / communicate overcome shyness? with different people Your choice How to stop why nervous? Nail polish transfer your habit biting your / solve the problem into something differ- fingernails? rent How to get in first walk/ an personal cycle to work or For summer? hour a day trainer school Tapescript: 1. How to overcome shyness Man 1: Well, I think if you're really shy it might be a good idea to see a therapist or someone like that -- you know, to get some professional help. You can't always change by yourself. Woman: Or how about getting one of those self-help books from the library? I'm sure there are books around with lots of good suggestions that you can try. Man 2: I think the best thing is to join a club and do activities where you have to meet and talk to different people. Like, if you join a theater group and work on putting on a play, you'll probably be able to overcome your shyness. 2. How to stop biting your fingernails Man 1: I think biting your fingernails is just a sign of nervousness, so the first thing to do is to find out what's making you nervous. Once you've identified that problem and then solved it, the nail biting will disappear. Woman: My sister used to bite her nails all the time, so she started wearing bright red nail polish. She bought the really expensive kinds, so she felt that she had made an investment in quitting her bad habit. I think the polish made her think about what she was doing, too. Anyway, after a few months, it worked, and she has really nice nails now. I guess if you're a guy, it's a little more difficult, though. Man 2: Maybe you could find something else to do when you're stressed out, like tapping your fingers or counting to 100. You have to try to transfer your habit into a different activity -- one that doesn't cause such a problem. 3. Flow to get in shape for summer Man 1: Getting in shape for summer can be easy. Just take a fairly fast walk for at least an hour a day. You'll be surprised at how much fat you can burn off just by walking every day. Woman: I recommend getting a personal trainer at a gym. It's expensive, but a personal trainer can help you focus on what you really need to do and show you the best kinds of exercises to do to tighten up your tummy or whatever it is you want to tighten up. Man 2: I think the best way to get in shape is by riding a bicycle to work or school. And on the weekends, go out for longer rides. It sounds easy, but actually, a good long bike ride can be even better for you than a workout at the gym. Part III Mediation skills Tapescript: Today we are going to discuss the steps involved in mediation counseling. The skills that make up mediation counseling will be useful to you in a variety of situations -- for instance, helping a couple that is having problems in their relationship or parents who are having trouble with a teenager. Through mediation counseling, people can learn to take a series of steps that will lead them to identify problems and create solutions. Step One: Setting Up a Positive Environment In step one the mediator wants to set up an environment that will help the clients to speak frankly about what has upset them without attacking the other person. This is first done by clearly stating specific rules about how the clients will be allowed to behave during mediation sessions. For example, clients must treat each other with respect. They may not shout at the other person or interrupt them when they are speaking. After the rules have been established, each client will take a turn speaking directly to the mediator. They will state their point of view concerning the problem. If they are having difficulty, the mediator will facilitate the process by asking questions like "What's been going on between the two of you?" or "How has this problem affected you?" Another thing the mediator will do is to rephrase statements that sound very aggressive and accusatory. For example, if Robert is mad at Vicky, he might say something like this: "The Problem is Vicky's always late. She has no respect for my time. She always keeps me waiting." To avoid having Vicky get angry when she hears this, the mediator would rephrase it, focusing on the real issue instead of on how bad Vicky is. The mediator might say something like this: "So you feel really frustrated and impatient when you arrive promptly and then have to wait a long time for ~he other person." When both clients have finished sharing their side of the story with the mediator, the mediator will list and clarify the problems. In the case of Robert and Vicky the mediator could say. "There seems to be a problem finding a way to organize time that is comfortable for both of you." Step Two: Identifying the Bottom Line In step two the mediator helps the clients to identify the bottom line. This is done by breaking their conflict down into specific issues which are emotional and behavioral. People might say they are mad about a specific behavior, lint what they are really mad about is how it makes them feel. To look again at the case of Robert and Vicky, the mediator might help them to see that while time seems to be the issue, the real issue is that Robert feels Vicky does not respect him. At this point .the clients begin speaking to each other. But they do this by. participating in activities that are designed to help them better understand each other. Maybe they could do a role reversal, and Vicky could talk about how she would feel if she and Robert were supposed to have dinner with friends and he came an hour late. Robert could share reasons why he might be late for something, Hopefully, this will help Robert and Vicky be more sympathetic with one another. Step Three: Brainstorm Now it's time to talk about solutions. In step three the mediator encourages the clients to share every possible solution to their problem, no matter how ridiculous or extreme. The clients must accept all the solutions either one of them suggests. They may not criticize each other during this step in the process. As they are making suggestions, the mediator writes down all their different ideas. When everyone has .run out of suggestions, they look at their list. They try to identify which solution is best, which one is most reasonable or practical, which ones are unworkable, etc. , etc. They prioritize the solutions and discuss which ones would work for them, which ones they would be willing to try. Using the solutions they have chosen, the clients, with the help of the mediator, write down some very specific steps they would take to solve their problem. PAGE 51 .