新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读A Unit2补充阅读2翻译

Tim Berners-Lee (II) 蒂姆·伯纳斯·李(二) From the thousands of interconnected threads of the Internet, he wove the World Wide Web and created a mass medium for the 21st century. 利用成千上万相互关联的互联网线程,他编织了万维网并开创了21世纪的大众媒体。 But what if he wanted to add stuff that resided on someone else’s computer? First he would need that person’s permission, and then he would have to do the dreary work of adding the new material to a central database. An even better solution would be to open up his document—and his computer—to everyone and allow them to link their stuff to his. He could limit access to his colleagues at CERN, but why stop there? Open it up to scientists everywhere! Let it span the networks! In Berners-Lee’s scheme there would be grow like the Internet itself, open-ended and infinite. “One had to be able to jump,” he later wrote, “from software documentation to a list of people to a phone book to an organizational chart to whatever.” 但是,如果他想获取别人电脑上的东西,怎样才能实现?首先,他需要这个人的许可,然后他必须做添加新数据到中央数据库的沉闷工作。一个更好的解决办法是向大家开放他的文档、他的电脑,并允许他们的设备同他相连。他完全可以只允许他的欧洲原子核研究组织的同事进入她的电脑,但为什么只停留在这一步?向全世界的科学家开放它,让它跨越网络!伯纳斯·李的 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 中,互联网会依它的本质变化,开放和无限。“思维必须跳跃,”他后来写道,“利用软件文档,可以储存一组人的名单、一个电话簿以及对任何一个组织结构图”。 So he cobbled together a relativity easy-to-learn coding system—HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) —that has come to be the lingua franca of the Web; it’s the way Web-content creators put those little colored, underlined links in their text, add images and so on. He designed an addressing scheme that gave each Web page a unique location, or URL(Universal Resource Locator). And he hacked a set of rules that permitted these documents to be linked together on computers across the Internet. He called that set of rules HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol). 于是,他创造了一个相对容易学习编码系统,即HTML(超文本标记语言),已经在网络上得到应用;网络内容创作者利用这种方式可以进行改变字体颜色、为文本链接添加下划线及添加图像等操作。他 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 了一个解决方案,给每一个网页一个唯一的地址,或URL(统一资源定位符)。他编制了一套规则,即允许处于互联网上的计算机间的文本相互连接,他称这些规则为HTTP(超文本传输协议)。 And on the seventh day, Berners-Lee cobbled together the World Wide Web’s first(but not the last)browser, which allowed users anywhere to view his creation on their computer screen. In 1991 the World Wide Web debuted, instantly bringing order and charity to the chaos that was cyberspace. From that moment on, the Web and the Internet grew as one, often at exponential rates. Within five years, the number of Internet users jumped from 600,000 to 40 million. At one point, it was doubling every 53 days. 在完成了万维网这项堪称创世之举的发明之后,伯纳斯?李又匆匆设计出了万维网的第一个(但不是最后一个)浏览器,它允许用户随时随地在自己的电脑屏幕上查看他的作品。1991万维网问世,立即为混乱的网络空间确立了秩序。从那一刻起,网络和互联网成为一体,并以指数的速率发展。五年内,互联网用户的数量从600,000上升到40,000,000,每53天用户数量增加一倍。 Raised in London in the 1960s, Berners-Lee was the quintessential child of the computer age. His parents met while working on the Ferranti Mark I, the first computer sold commercially. They taught him to think unconventionally; he’d play game over the breakfast table with imaginary numbers (what’s the square root of minus 4? ). He made pretend computers out of cardboard boxes and five-hole paper tape and fell in love with electronics. Later, at Oxford, he built his own working electronic computer out of spare parts and a TV set. He also studied physics, which he thought would be a lovely compromise between math and electronics. “Physics was fun,”he recalls. “And in fact a good preparation for creating a global system.” 在上世纪60年代的伦敦,伯纳斯?李是个典型的计算机时代的孩子。他的父母在利用费伦蒂马克一号计算机工作时相遇,它是第一台商业销售的计算机。他们教他认识不寻常的事物;他在早餐桌上进行虚数游戏(-4的平方根是什么?)。他用纸箱和五孔纸带制作电脑模型,并爱上了电子技术。后来,在牛津,他利用配件构建了自己的工作电脑和一台电视机。他还研究了物理学,他认为是数学和电子之间的妥协。“物理很有趣,”他回忆道。“事实上,这对创建一个全球系统是一个很好的准备工作。” It’s hard to overstate the impact of the global system he created. It’s almost Gutenbergian. He took a powerful communications system that only the elite could use and turned it into a mass medium. “If this were a traditional science, Berners-Lee would win a Nobel Prize,” Eric Schmidt, CEO of Novell, once told the New York Times. “What he’s done is that significant.” 对他所创造的的全球网络系统的影响,评价再高也不为过,其影响几乎可以和古腾堡发明的活版印刷相提并论。他把只有精英可以使用的功能强大的通信系统,变成了一个大众媒体。“如果这是一个传统的科学,伯纳斯?李将获得诺贝尔奖,”埃里克·施密特,Novell 公司的首席执行官,曾告诉纽约时报。“他所做的工作是十分重要的。” You’d think he would have at least got rich; he had plenty of opportunities. But at every juncture, Berners-Lee chose the nonprofit road, both for himself and his creation. Marc Andreessen, who helped write the first popular Web browser, Mosaic—which, unlike the master’s browser, put images and text in the same place, like pages in a magazine—went on to co-found Netscape and become one of the Web’s first millionaires. Berners-Lee, by contrast, headed off in 1994 to an administrative and academic life at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. From a sparse office at MIT, he directs the W3 Consortium, the standard-setting body that helps Netscape, Microsoft and anyone else agree on openly published protocols rather than hold one another back with proprietary technology. The rest of the world may be trying to cash in on the Web’s phenomenal growth, but Berners-Lee is content to labor quietly in the background, enduring that all of us can continue, well into the next century, to Enquire Within Upon Anything. 你可能会觉得他会很富有;他的确有很多机会,但在每一个时刻关口,伯纳斯·李都选择了非营利性的道路,为了自己,也为了他的的成果。马克·安德森,协助编写了第一个流行的Web浏览器,马赛克,不同于主浏览器,它将图像和文字在同一个地方,类似于杂志页面,继而他参与创建了网景通信公司,并成为网络上的第一个百万富翁。相比之下,伯纳斯·李,在1994年进入美国麻省理工学院,过着学术管理的生活。在麻省理工学院孤寂的办公室中,他领导W3联盟,一个 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 制定机构,帮助网景、微软和其他公式同意公开发表的协议,而不是彼此单独持有的专有技术。世界上其他的人可能会利用网络惊人的增长速度来获取财富,但伯纳斯·李是在后台默默地工作,确保能够继续前进,在新世纪能够做到有求必应。