2021年专八改错题及答案

3月专八真题：改错某些　　Thecentralproblemoftranslatinghasalwaysbeenwhethertotranslateliterallyorfreely．Theargumenthasbeengoingsinceatleastthefirst(1)______　　centuryB.C．Uptothebeginningofthe19thcentury，manywriters　favoured　certainkindof“free”translation：thespirit，nottheletter；the(2)_______　　sensenottheword；themessagerathertheform；thematternot(3)_______　　themanner．Thisistheoftenrevolutionarysloganofwriterswho(4)_______wantedthetruthtobereadandunderstood．Thenintheturnofthe19th(5)____　　century，whenthestudyofculturalanthropologysuggestedthat　　thelinguisticbarrierswereinsuperableandthatthelanguage(6)_______wasentirelytheproductofculture，theviewtranslationwasimpossible(7)_____　　gainedsomecurrency，andwithitthat，ifwasattemptedatall，itmustbeas(8)__　　literalaspossible．Thisviewculminatedthestatementofthe(9)_______　　extreme“literalists”WalterBenjaminandVladimirNobokov.　　Theargumentwastheoretical：thepurposeofthetranslation，thenature　　ofthereadership，thetypeofthetext，wasnotdiscussed．Toooften,　　writer，translatorandreaderwereimplicitlyidentifiedwitheachother．　　Now，thecontexthaschanged，andthebasicproblemremains．(10)_____　　参照 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 ：　　1．going后加on　　2．certain改为acertain　　3．rather改为not　　4．is改为was　　5．in改为at　　6．去掉第二个the　　7．view背面加that　　8．去掉was　　9．culminated背面加in　　10．and改为but3月专八真题：改错某些Fromaveryearlyage，perhapstheageoffiveorsix，IknewthatwhenIgrewIshouldbeawriter.Betweentheagesofaboutseventeenandtwenty-four(1)Itriedtoabandonthisidea，butIdidsowiththeconscience(2)thatIwasoutragingmytruenatureandthatsoonorlaterIshouldhaveto(3)settledownandwritebooks. Iwasthechildofthree，buttherewasagapoffiveyearsoneitherside(4)andIbarelysawmyfatherbeforeIwaseight.ForthisandotherreasonsIwassomewhatlonely，andIsoondevelopeddisagreeingmannerismswhich(5)mademeunpopularthroughoutmyschooldays.Ihadthelonelychild’shabitofmakingupstoriesandholdingconversationswithimaginativepersons，and(6)Ithinkfromtheverystartmyliteralambitionsweremixedupwith(7)thefeelingofbeingisolatedandundervalued.IknewthatIhadafacilitywithwordsandapoweroffacinginunpleasantfacts，andIfeltthatthiscreated(8)asortofprivateworld  whichIcouldgetmyownbackformyfailureineverydaylife(9)Therefore，thevolumeofserious—i.e.seriouslyintended—writingwhichIproduced(10)allthroughmychildhoodandboyhoodwouldnotamounttohalfadozenpages.Iwrotemyfirstpoemattheageoffive，mymothertakingitdowntodictation.1.grew后加up2.conscience改成consciousness3.soon改成sooner4.the和child之间加middle5.disagreeing改成disagreeable6.imaginative改成imaginary7.literal改成literary8.in去掉9.which前加in10.Therefore，改成Nevertheless改错题出自：GeorgeOrwell《WhyIWrite》前两段第1个错误出当前grew.解析：grow表成长，如人和动植物成长。如果要表“长大”就要用短语：growup。2.句中conscience有如下释义：1.良心，良知2.良知1.良心2.第三类法庭而consciousness表达1.意识到,懂得.2.意识，觉悟3.意识状态4.苏醒句子意思是：我意识到这是在违背我本性。3.第三句考固定搭配：soonerorlater迟早。难点：outrage违背做动词。4.按句子意思作者排行老二家里上面和下面均有个小孩因而加上middle5.disagreeing为disagreeing,意思是“不批准不认同”。改为：disagreeable表1.不合意;不高兴;讨厌2.难相处,脾气坏6.imaginative改成imaginary，解析：imaginative表达人富有想像力;富于想像;有创造力。而imaginary表达想像中;虚构;幻想如：animaginaryfriend想像中朋友7.literal表“文字”改成literary指文学作者文学志向与野心8.  facesth.直面某个事实.不用接介词in9.定语从句，修饰world，有介词要用在which前，不能省略10.Therefore，改成Nevertheless句子有转折意思，作者说她始终沉溺在自己内心世界，然而童年时代所写东西数目不多。而非因而，童年所写东西不多。3月专八真题：改错某些Sofaraswecantell，allhumanlanguagesareequallycompleteandperfectasinstrumentsofcommunication：thatis，(1)everylanguageappearstobewellequippedasanyothertosay(2)thethingstheirspeakerswanttosay.(3)Theremayormaynotbeappropriatetotalkaboutprimitivepeoplesorcultures，butthatisanothermatter.Certainly，notallgroupsofpeopleareequallycompetentinnuclearphysicsorpsychologyorthecultivationofriceortheengravingofBenaresbrass.(4)Whereasthisisnotthefaultoftheirlanguage.TheEskimoscan(5)speakaboutsnowwithagreatdealfurtherprecisionandsubtletythanwecaninEnglish，butthisisnotbecausetheEskimolanguage(oneofthosesometimesmiscalled'primitive')isinherentlymorepreciseandsubtlethanEnglish.(6)ThisexampledoesnotcometolightadefectinEnglish，ashowofunexpected'primitiveness'.Thepositionissimplyandobviouslythat(7)theEskimosandtheEnglishliveinsimilarenvironments.TheEnglishlanguage(8)willbejustasrichintermsfordifferentkindsofsnow，presumably，iftheenvironments(9)inwhichEnglishwashabituallyusedmadesuchdistinctionasimportant.Similarly，wehavenoreasontodoubtthattheEskimolanguagecouldbeaspreciseandsubtleonthesubjectofmotormanufactureorcricket(10)ifthesetopicsformedthepartoftheEskimos'life.Forobvioushistoricalreasons，Englishmeninthe19thcenturycouldnottalkaboutmotorcarswiththeminutediscriminationwhichispossibletoday：carswerenotapartoftheirculture.Buttheyhadahostoftermsforhorse-drawnvehicleswhichsendus，puzzled，toahistoricaldictionarywhenwearereadingScottorDickens.Howmanyofuscoulddistinguishbetweenachaise，alandau，avictoria，abrougham，acoupe，agig，adiligence，awhisky，acalash，atilbury，acarriole，aphaeton，andaclarence?1be后插入as；2their改为its；3There改为It；4Whereas改为But5further改为more6come改为bring；7similar改为different；8will改为would；9asimportant去掉as10thepart去掉the3月专八真题参照答案：改错某些Theprevioussectionhasshownhowquicklyarhymepassesfromoneschoolchildtothenextandillustratesthefurtherdifference (1)betweenschoolloreandnurserylore.Innurseryloreaverse，learntinearlychildhood，isnotusuallypassedonagainwhenthelittlelistener (2)hasgrownup，andhaschildrenoftheirown，orevengrandchildren.  (3)Theperiodbetweenlearninganurseryrhymeandtransmittingitmaybesomethingfrom20to70years.(4)Withtheplayground lore，therefore，arhymemaybeexcitedlypassedonwithintheveryhour (5)itislearnt；and，inthegeneral，itpassesbetweenchildren(6)ofthe sameage，ornearlyso，sinceitisuncommonforthedifferenceinagebetweenplaymatestobemorethanfiveyears.If，therefore，aplaygroundrhymecanbeshowntohavebeencurrentlyforahundredyears，or(7)evenjustforfifty，itfollowsthatithasbeenretransmittedoverandover，verypossiblyithaspassedalongachainoftwoorthree (8)hundredyounghearersandtellers，andthewonderisthatitremainslive(9)aftersomuchhandling，toletalonethatitbearsresemblancetothe(10)originalwording.参照答案：(1)illustrate改为illustrated(与前文shown保持一致)(2)the改为a(用不定冠词表达泛指)(3)their改为his(代词与前文alittlelistener在单复数上保持一致)(4)something改为anything(这里anythingfrom...to...表达大概在...之间)(5)therefore改为however(依照上下文逻辑关系)(6)inthegeneral去掉the(ingeneral是习惯用法)(7)currently改为current(这里起是表语作用，需要形容词而不是副词)(8)ithaspassed改为ithasbeenpassed(积极改为被动，与前文保持一致)(9)live改为alive（活跃，依然存在）(live作形容词讲为“现场直播”意思)(10)toletalone改为letalone(letalone为习惯搭配，意思是“更不用说”)3月专八真题参照答案：改错某些Thedesiretouselanguageasasignofnationalidentityisaverynaturalone，(1)___andinresultlanguagehasplayedaprominentpartinnationalmoves.(2)____Menhaveoftenfelttheneedtocultivate agivenlanguagetoshowthattheyaredistinctivefromanother racewhose　(3)____hegemonytheyresent.AtthetimetheUnitedStates　　(4)_____splitofffromBritain，forexample，therewereproposalsthatindependenceshouldbelinguisticallyacceptedbytheuseofa　　(5)______differentlanguagefromthoseofBritain.Therewasevenone　　 (6)_____proposalthatAmericansshouldadoptHebrew.OthersfavoredtheadoptionofGreek，though，asonemanputit，thingswouldcertainlybesimplerforAmericansiftheystuckontoEnglish 　(7)______andmadetheBritishlearnGreek.Attheend，aseveryone 　    (8)_____knows，thetwocountriesadoptedthepracticalandsatisfactory solutionofcarryingwiththesamelanguageasbefore.　      (9)______Sincenearlytwohundredyearsnow，theyhaveshowntheworld (10)_____thatpoliticalindependenceandnationalidentitycanbecompletewithoutsacrificingtheenormousmutualadvantagesofacommonlanguage.参照答案：1. one改为thing2. result改为fact3. distinctive改为distinct4. atthetime后加when5. by改为with6. those改为that7. on去掉8. At改为In9. carrying后加on10. now改为ago3月专八真题参照答案：改错某些　　Fromwhathasbeensaid，itmustbeclearthatnoonecanmakeverypositivestatementsabouthowlanguageoriginated.Thereisnomaterialinanylanguagetodayandintheearliest (1)and→orrecordsofancientlanguagesshowuslanguageinanewand (2)show→showingemergingstate.Itisoftensaid，ofcourse，thatthelanguage  (3)the  originatedincriesofanger，fear，painandpleasure，andthe (4)and→but necessaryevidenceisentirelylacking：therearenoremote　　tribes，noancientrecords，providingevidenceofalanguagewithalargeproportionofsuchcries　　　  　(5)large→lagerthanwefindinEnglish.Itistruethattheabsenceofsuchevidencedoesnotdisprovethetheory，butin　 　(6)in→on othergroundstoothetheoryisnotveryattractive.　　Peopleofallracesandlanguagesmakerathersimilarnoisesinreturntopainorpleasure.Thefactthat　　(7)return→response suchnoisesaresimilaronthelipsofFrenchmenandMalaysianswhoselanguagesareutterlydifferent,servestoemphasizeonthefundamentaldifference　　 （8）on betweenthesenoisesandlanguageproper.Wemaysaythatthecriesofpainorchortlesofamusementarelargelyreflexactions，instinctiveto∧largeextent,   (9)∧a whereaslanguageproperdoesnotconsistofsignsbutofthesethathavetobelearntandthatare　　　　(10)these→those  3月专八真题参照答案：改错某些Weuselanguageprimarilyasameansofcommunicationwithotherhumanbeings.Eachofusshareswiththecommunityinwhichweliveastoreofwordsandmeaningsaswellasagreeingconventionsas (1)tothewayinwhichwordsshouldbearrangedtoconveyaparticular(2) message：theEnglishspeakerhasiiihisdisposalatvocabularyanda(3)setofgrammaticalruleswhichenableshimtocommunicatehis(4)thoughtsandfeelings，illavarietyofstyles，totheotherEnglish(5)speakers.Hisvocabulary，inparticular，boththatwhichheusesactive-[yandthatwhichherecognises，increasesillsizeashegrowsoldasaresultofeducationandexperience.                 (6)But，whetherthelanguagestoreisrelativelysmallorlarge，thesystemremainsnomore，thanapsychologicalrealityfortikeinpidual，unlesshehasameansofexpressingitintermsabletobeseenbyanother(7)memberofhislinguisticcommunity；hebastogivetilesystemaconcretetransmissionform.Wetakeitforgrantedrice’twomost(8)commonformsoftransmission-bymeansofsoundsproducedbyourvocalorgans(speech)orbyvisualsigns(writing).Andtheseare(9)amongmoststrikingofhumanachievements.              (10)1.　　agreeing--------agreed　　2.　　∧words----------these/thosewords　　3.　　inthedisposal--------atthedisposal　　4.　　enables--------enable　　5.　　delete“the”before“otherEnglishspeakers”　　6.　　old------older　　7.　　seen------perceived，understood，comprehended　　8.　　delete“it”before“forgranted”　　9.　　And-----Yet；However　　10.　　∧most------themoststriking3月专八真题参照答案：改错某些TheUniversityasBusinessAnumberofcollegesanduniversitiesannouncedsteeptuitionincreasesfornextyear—muchsteeperthanthecurrent,verylow，rateofinflation.TheysaytheincreasesareneededbecauseofalossinvalueofuniversityendowmentsheavilyinvestingS1___________incommonstock.Iamskeptical.Abusinessfirmchoosesthepricethatmaximizesitsnetrevenues，irrespectivefluctuationsinincome：S2____________andincreasinglytileoutlookofuniversitiesintheUnitedStatesisindistinguishablefromthoseofbusinessfirms.TheriseinS3____________tuitionsmayreflectthefacteconomicuncertaintyincreasestheS4____________demandforeducation.ThebiggestcostofbeingintheschoolisforegoingS5____________incomefromajob(thisisprimarilyafactoringraduate—andprofessional—schooltuition)：thepoorone’sjobprospects，themoreS6____________senseitmakestoreallocatetimefromthejobmarkettoeducation,inordertomakeoneselfmoreremarkable.ThewaywhichuniversitiesmakethemselvesattractivetoS7____________studentsincludesoftmajors，studentevaluationsofteachers，givingstudentsagovernancerole，andeliminaterequiredcourses.Sky-highS8____________tuitionshavecauseduniversitiestoregardtheirstudentsascustomers.JustasbusinessfirmssometimescolludetoshortentheS9____________rigorsofcompetition，universitiescolludetominimizethecosttothemoftheathleteswhomtheyrecruitinordertostimulatealumnidenotations，sothebestathletesnowoftenbypasshighereducationinordertoobtainsalariesearlierfromprofessionalteams.Anduntiltheywerestoppedbytheantitrustauthorities，theIvyleagueschoolscolludetolimitcompetitionforthebeststudents，byagreeingnottoawardscholarshipsonthebasisofmeritratherthanpurelyofneed—justlikebusinessfirmsagreeingnottogivediscountsontheirbestcustomers.S10____________invested/irrespectiveof/those—that/factthat/intheschool/poor—poorer/inwhich/eliminating/shorten---lessen/on---to改错Oneofthemostimportantnon-legislativefunctionsoftheU.SCongressisthepowertoinvestigate.Thispowerisusuallydelegatedtocommittees-eitherstandingcommittees，specialcommitteessetforaspecific                        (1)____purpose，orjointcommitteesconsistedofmembersofbothhouses.            (2)____Investigationsareheldtogatherinformationontheneedforfuturelegislation，totesttheeffectivenessoflawsalreadypassed,toinquireintothequalificationsandperformanceofmembersandofficialsoftheotherbranches，andinrareoccasions，tolaythe                (3)____groundworkforimpeachmentproceedings.Frequently，committeesrelyoutsideexpertstoassistinconductinginvestigativehearings              (4)____andtomakeoutdetailedstudiesofissues.                                             (5)____Thereareimportantcorollariestotheinvestigativepower.Oneisthepowertopublicizeinvestigationsanditsresults.Most                 (6)____committeehearingsareopentopublicandarereported                     (7)____widelyinthemassmedia.Congressionalinvestigationsneverthelessrepresentoneimportanttoolavailabletolawmakers             (8)____toinformthecitizenryandtoarousepublicinterestsinnationalissues.(9)____   Congressionalcommitteesalsohavethepowertocompeltestimonyfromunwillingwitnesses，andtociteforcontemptofCongresswitnesseswhorefusetotestifyandforperjuryofthesewhogivefalsetestimony.                                      (10)____1.,在set后加up,   setup“建立、成立”是固定短语　　2.答案：consisted→consisting/composed　　3.答案：in→on　　【详细解答】固定搭配on...occasions　　4.答案：rely^→relyon　　【详细解答】固定搭配relyonsb.todosomething　　5.答案：makeout→make　　【详细解答】makeout意思是“辨认出”，而此处意思是“对...做详细研究”，故用“makedetailedstudiesof...”即可。　　6.答案：its→their　　【详细解答】此处指代是“investigations”，故用复数。　　7.答案：^public→thepublic　　【详细解答】the+adj.可表达某一类人，此处意思是“面向公众”，故应用“thepublic”。　　8.答案：nevertheless→therefore/thus　　【详细解答】此处不是表达意思转折，而是与前文构成因果关系，故可改为therefore或thus。　　9.答案：interests→interest　　【详细解答】此处当作不可数名词为佳　　10.答案：these→those　　【详细解答】those指代witnesses，即指代名词复数做定语从句先行词，而these不行3月专八真题参照答案：改错某些DemographicindicatorsshowthatAmericansinthepostwar periodweremoreeagerthanevertoestablishfamilies.Theyquickly broughtdowntheageatmarriageforbothmenandwomenandbrought thebirthratetoatwentiethcenturyheightaftermorethanahundred          (1)__yearsofasteadydecline，producingthe“babyboom.”Theseyoung           (2)__adultsestablishedatrendofearlymarriageandrelativelylarge familiesthatwentformorethantwodecadesandcausedamajor             (3)__buttemporaryreversaloflong-termdemographicpatterns.From the1940sthroughtheearly1960s，Americansmarriedatahighrate          (4)__andatayoungeragethantheirEuropecounterparts.                       (5)__Lessnotedbutequallymoresignificant，themenandwomenwho            (6)__formedfamiliesbetween1940and1960neverthelessreducedthe            (7)__divorcerateafterapostwarpeak；theirmarriagesremainedintactto agreaterextentthandidthatofcoupleswhomarriedinearlieraswell        (8)__aslaterdecades.SincetheUnitedStatesmaintaineditsdubious              (9)__distinctionofhavingthehighestdivorcerateintheworld，the temporarydeclineindivorcedidnotoccurinthesameextentin             (10)__ Europe.Contrarytofearsoftheexperts，theroleofbreadwinnerand homemakerwasnotabandoned.1.答案：height→high，high作为名词翻译为“最高水平”，又如reachanall-timehigh2．答案：删除a　　【详细解答】此处steadydecline指稳定下降行为、过程而不是其成果，为不可数名词，故应去掉定冠词a。　　3．答案：went∧→on　　【详细解答】goon为固定搭配，意为“持续”。　　4．答案：high→higher　　【详细解答】 背面有than，此处应为比较级。　　5．答案：Europe→European　　【详细解答】依照上下文，此处应用形容词作定语修饰名词counterparts。　　6．答案：more【详细解答】由上下文可知，more与equally矛盾，故应去掉。　　7．答案：nevertheless→also　　【详细解答】由上下文可知，此处讲内容与前某些内容之间为递进关系，而非转折关系。　　8．答案：that→those　　【详细解答】由上下文可知，此处所指代应为前面复数形式marriages，故批示代词也应当用复数形式。　　9．答案：Since→Although（或While）　　【详细解答】从逻辑上讲，此处应表达让步关系，而非因果关系。　　10．答案：in→to　　【详细解答】to．．．extent为固定搭配，意为“到……限度”改错Therearegreatimpedimentstothegeneraluseofastandardinpronunciation comparabletothatexistinginspelling(orthography).Oneisthefactthatpronunciationislearnt‘naturally’andunconsciously，andorthographyislearnt     1._____deliberatelyandconsciously.Largenumbersofus，infact，remain  throughoutourlivesquiteunconsciouswithwhatour speechsounds            2______likewhenwespeakout，anditoftencomesasa shockwhen                   3______wefirstlyheararecordingofourselves.Itisnota voicewerecognizeatonce,    4_______whereasourownhandwritingissomethingwhichwealmostalwaysknow.       5_____Webeginthe ‘natural’learningofpronunciationlongbeforewestartlearning toreadorwrite，andinourearlyyearswewentonunconsciously                   6.___imitatingandpracticingthepronunciationofthosearoundus formanymorehourspereverydaythanweeverhavetospend                      7.___learningevenourdifficultEnglishspelling.Thisis‘natural’，                       8.___therefore，thatourspeech-soundsshouldbethoseofourimmediatecircle；afterall，aswehaveseen，speechoperatesasameansofholdingacommunity           9.___andgivingasenseof“belonging”.Welearnquiteearlytorecognizea“stranger”，someonewhospeakswithanaccentofadifferentcommunity---perhapsonlyafewmilesfar.          10.___答案与详解1.答案：and→while/whereas【详细解答】前半句意为“发音是在无意识之中学成”，后半句意为“拼写是故意识地学成”，它们之间是对比关系，故应当用连词while来连接。2.答案：with→of【详细解答】beunconsciousof是固定搭配，意为“无意识地，未意识到”。即“咱们之中诸多人一辈子都不懂得自己话听起来是什么样”。3.答案：speak∧→out【详细解答】speakout意为“大胆地说出”，在这里句意不通。在speakout中加上it，指代前面speech，意为“当咱们说出话后，自己听起来像什么”。4.答案：firstly→first【详细解答】firstly表达顺序中“第一”，first则表达时间上“第一次，初次”。这里是说“当咱们第一次听到自己录音时，普通会震惊”。故应将firstly改为first才合乎句意。5.答案：which→that【详细解答】在定语从句中，如果先行词是代词something，everything，nothing，little，few等时，关系词应用that而不是which，故此处应将which改为that。6.答案：went→go【详细解答】本文通篇用都是普通当前时，因此此处也应用普通当前时，使上下文保持时态一致。7.答案：删除per或every【详细解答】per和every都是“每”意思，在此属重复错误，故将两者去掉一种即可。8.答案：This→It【详细解答】依照句子构造，句中缺少一形式主语，而作形式主语只能是代词it，this是“这”意思，不能用做形式主语，因此应将this改为it。9.答案：community∧→together【详细解答】hold意为“抓住，占据，包括”。此处想表达意思是“语言用作使社区具备凝聚力、给人归属感一种方式”，用holdacommunity不能表达此意；holdsth．together表达“使结合在一起不破，使团结一致”意思，符合句意。10.答案：far→away【详细解答】要表达距离上远近，在英语中通惯用副词away。far表达“远，从（到）很远距离”，不合句意。3月专八真题参照答案：改错某些Duringtheearlyyearsofthiscentury，wheatwasseenastheverylifebloodofWesternCanada.Peopleoncitystreetswatchedtheyieldsandthepriceofwheatinalmostasmuchfeelingasif 1.___theyweregrowers.Themarketingofwheatbecameanincreasing 2.___favoritetopicofconversation.    Warsetthestageforthemostdramaticeventsinmarketingthewesterncrop.Foryears，farmersmistrustedspeculativegrainsellingascarriedonthroughtheWinnipegGrainExchange.Wheatpricesweregenerallylowintheautumn，sofarmerscould 3.___notwaitformarketstoimprove.Ithadhappenedtoooftenthattheysoldtheirwheatsoonshortlyafterharvestwhenfarmdebts 4.___werecomingdue，justtoseepricesrisingandspeculatorsgettingrich. 5.___Onvariousoccasions，producergroups，askedfirmercontrol, 6.___butthegovernmenthadnowishtobecomeinvolving，at 7.___leastnotuntilwartimewhenwheatpricesthreatenedtorunwild.    Anxioustocheckinflationandrisinglifecosts，thefederal 8.___governmentappointedaboardofgrainsupervisorstodealwithdeliveriesfromthecropsof1917and1918.GrainExchangetradingwassuspended，andfarmerssoldatpricesfixedbytheboard.Tohandlewiththecropof1919，thegovernment 9.___appointedthefirstCanadianWheatBoard，withtotalauthorityto 10.___buy，sell，andsetprices. 3月专八真题参照答案：改错某些ThegrammaticalwordswhichplaysolargeapartinEnglish grammarareforthemostpartsharplyandobviouslydifferent1.___ fromthelexicalwords.Aroughandreadydifferencewhichmay seemthemostobviousisthatgrammaticalwordshave“less meaning”，butinfactsomegrammarianshavecalledthem2.___ “empty”wordsasopposedinthe“full”wordsofvocabulary.3.___ Butthisisarathermisledwayofexpressingthedistinction.4.___ Althoughawordliketheisnotthenameofsomethingasmanis, itisveryfarawayfrombeingmeaningless；thereisasharp5.___ differenceinmeaningbetween“manisvileand”“themanis vile”，yettheisthesinglevehicleofthisdifferenceinmeaning.6.___ Moreover，grammaticalwordsdifferconsiderablyamong themselvesastheamountofmeaningtheyhave，eveninthe7.___  lexicalsense.Anothernameforthegrammaticalwordshasbeen “littlewords”.Butsizeisbynomeanagoodcriterionfor8.___ distinguishingthegrammaticalwordsofEnglish，whenwe considerthatwehavelexicalwordsasgo，man，say，car.Apart9.___ fromthis，however，thereisagooddealoftruthinwhatsome peoplesay：wecertainlydocreateagreatnumberofobscurity10.___ whenweomitthem.Thisisillustratednotonlyinthepoetryof RobertBrowningbutintheproseoftelegramsandnewspaperheadli