英美小说TheLottery课件

TheLotterybyShirleyJackson胡倩倩徐丽丽张玉凤王霞马赛佳ShirleyJackson(Dec14,1916-Aug8,1965)Shirley’sLifeExperience●BornonDecember14,1916inSanFrancisco.●MarriedtoStanleyEdgarHyman,astaffwriterandliterarycriticattheNewYorkerinthe1940s.●Jackson'swritingcareerflourishedwithpublicationsinTheNewYorker,Mademoiselle,FantasyandScienceFiction《幻想和科幻》,Charm,TheYaleReview,TheNewRepublic,TheSaturdayEveningPost,andReader'sDigest.●JacksondiedofheartfailureonAugust8th,1965inBennington.HERMAINARTICLESHangsaman(1951),TheBird'sNest(1954),TheSundial(1958)TheHauntingofHillHouse(1959),WeHaveAlwaysLivedintheCastle(1962)Children'sworksTheWitchcraftofSalemVillage(1956)TheBadChildren(1959)NineMagicWishes(1963)FamousSally(1966)TheLotterypublishedintheNewYorkeronJune26,1948FirsthighlynegativereaderresponseThenacceptedasaclassicAmericanshortstory,subjecttomanycriticalinterpretationsandmediaadaptations.◈InancientAthens,Greece,Atheniansbelievedthathumansacrificepromisedfertilecrops;◈EachyearinancientAthens,asonestorygoes,duringtheannualfestivalcalledThargelia,citizenswouldstonetodeathamanandawomanselectedforthispurpose;◈Deathisthoughttobringprosperitytothecommunity;◈Bytransferringone'ssinstopersonsoranimalsandthensacrificingthem,peoplebelievedthattheirsinswouldbeeliminated.Backgroundinformation1.AncientRitualSacrifice2.HistoricalContext◈AfterWorldWarIIAmericaexperiencedatrendtowardgeneralsocialconformity.◈Peopletendedtoimitatethosearoundthemratherthanfollowtheirownseparatepaths.◈Encouragingthisconformitywasthespreadoftelevision,whichbroadcastthesamesetofimagestoAmericansscatteredthroughthecountry.◈Meanwhile,patrioticrhetoricdominatedthepublicmoodinpolitics.Peoplewerefulloffearsaboutfascistdictatorshipsandcommunism,issuesthathadbeenhighlightedbythewar-inducedparanoiaandsuspicionamongseeminglypeacefulAmericancommunities.PlotSummary"TheLottery"isaninterestingandsuspensefulstory.Itissetinasmalltown,peoplearegoingtocelebrateitsannualsummerlotterywhichinthelocaltraditionhasbeenpracticedtoensureagoodharvest.Whenthestorybegins,thechildrenofthetownaregatheringupstonesandputtingtheminpiles. ItisalmosttimeforMr.Summerstobeginthelottery-heconductsallcivicactivitiesincludingthelottery.Mr.Summershasasmallboxwheresmallpiecesofpaperarefoldedandstored.Whenitistimeforthelottery,Thenamesofthetownspeoplearecalledoneatatimetocomeupandtakeapieceofpaper.Whenallofthepeoplehadcomeupandtakenapieceofpaper,everyonereadswhatiswrittenonthepiecetheyselected-butonlyonepieceofpaperhadsomethingwrittenonit.Inthefirstroundofthelottery,theheadofeachfamilydrawsasmallslipofpaper;BillHutchinsongetstheoneslipwithablackspot,meaningthathisfamilyhasbeenchosen.Inthenextround,eachHutchinsonfamilymemberdrawsaslip,andBill'swifeTessie—whohadarrivedlate—getsthemarkedslip.TessieisthendeathstonedtobyeveryonepresentasasacrificewhileTessiebemoanstheunfairnessofthelottery.Whyarethechildrengatheringstonesasthestorystarts? Whyarethepeoplefilledwithbothexcitementanddread? AndwhyisMrs.Hutchinsonupsetasherfamilyischosenasthelotterywinners? 19世纪末，伴随着美国的女权运动，美国的女性文学也兴起了。20世纪的美国是一片冷漠、荒凉、恐怖的荒漠，是社会 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 没落、传统道德崩溃、理想幻灭、孤独绝望、充满暴力的畸形世界。进入20世纪,美国涌现了大批卓有成就的女作家。她们的作品大多反映妇女从属男性的屈辱地位和倍受压抑的心理状态。这些小说以独特的视角表现妇女自我意识的觉醒和独力存在的价值。谢莉·杰克逊的<彩票>一文,小说对资本主义所标榜的平等作了最深刻、最辛辣的讽刺,在死亡的笼罩下，毫无地位的女性成了暴力的牺牲品.ThemesHumanityDemocracyInequalityHumanity--violentandcruelYoungDavyHutchinson,soyounghecanbarelyholdtheslipofpaperinhistightbabyfist—whatifhehaddrawntheslipofpaper.Therewasnomentionaboutwhocouldorcouldnotbestoned,sowho’stosaythechildwouldnothavebeenimmune?Isitrighttoconsiderthatachildcouldbestonedtodeath(ornot—wearenevertoldwhenitends)since,afterall,allchildrenareallowedtothrowthestonesalongwiththeadults?Humanity--darksideTessieeventriedtogetherdaugterswhohadmarriedintothesecondroundofdrawingsotheycouldhavean“equalchance”atgettingstonesthrownatthem.Humanity--selfishanddualityWhenMrs.Hutchinsonarrivesattheceremonylate,shechatssociablywithMrs.Delacroix.Nevertheless,afterMrs.Hutchinsonfallsvictimtothelotteryselection,Mrs.Delacroixchoosesa"stonesolarge"thatshemustpickitupwithbothhands.Democracy《摸彩》一针见血，直触事物本质：即使在集体参与的民主形式下，在所谓的人人有份和机会平等的社会活动中，民主方法也仍然可能是摧残个体乃至杀人的集体暴行(mobviolence),甚至还充当掩盖暴行的堂皇借口.谢莉·杰克逊的<彩票>一文,小说对资本主义所标榜的平等作了最深刻、最辛辣的讽刺,在死亡的笼罩下，毫无地位的女性成了暴力的牺牲品.DemocracyTheheinous(十恶不赦的)actionsexhibitedingroups(suchasthestoningofMrs.Hutchinson)donottakeplaceontheindividuallevel,forindividuallysuchactionwouldbedeemed"murder."Onthegrouplevel,peopleclassifytheirheinousactsimplyas"ritual."Whereas,ontheindividuallevel,thetwowomenregardeachotherasfriends,onthegrouplevel,theybetraythatrelationship,satiating(满足)themobmentality(心理).InequalitybetweenmenandwomenThemensurveyedtheirownchildren,speakingofplantingandrain,tractorsandtaxes.While,womenwerewearingfadedhousedressesandsweaters,andafterbitsofgossip,theywenttojiontheirhusband.(para.3)他们看着自己的孩子，讲着种地、雨水、拖拉机还有税收的事(关于生产的)。然而女人们穿着褪了色的便装和毛衫,她们彼此招呼着，闲谈上一两句，然后加入到她们丈夫的行列里。InequalitybetweenmenandwomenWhenwomencalledtheirchildren,childrenhavetobecalledforfourandfivetimesandcamereluctantly.However,theirfathercalledsharply,anadtheycamequickly.(para.3)女人们开始喊她们的孩子，孩子们来得很不情愿，必须要叫四、五遍。然而,爸爸厉声喊了一下，孩子们赶快过来了，inequlitybetweenmenandwomen"Me,iguess,"Awomansaid."Wifedrawsforhuaband,"MrSummersaid,"Don'tyouhaveagrownboytodoitforyou,Janey?"(para15)Atallboyinthecrowdraisedhishand.hesiad,"Iwilldrawformymotherandme."Good,fellow."and"Gladtoseeyourmotherhasgotamantodoit."(para18)在邓巴太太的一再解释和说明后，实在无人可替的她才被允许代替丈夫行使这一权力。另一家的华生先生已死，他的儿子举手说“我替我妈和我自己抽彩票”，为此周围的人为他家感到高兴，“好小伙子”，“很高兴看到你妈妈有个男子汉在家帮他做事了”。人们认为像抽彩票这样的大事只能由男人来做，而女人代表全家来抽彩票是很不合适的，由此可见村里女人们的地位连一个成年儿子都不如。InequalitybetweenmenandwomenBillHutchinsonwentovertohiswifeandforcedtheslipofpaperoutofherhand.(para75)作者选用“forced(强迫)”一词来表明即将和生活了20多年的妻子生离死别的比尔·赫金逊将他的夫权发挥到了极致，简单粗暴地强迫妻子服从。从“force”这个词，读者甚至可以想象，当他们夫妻意见不一致时，比尔·赫金逊肯定也是“force”妻子服从他的意见。WritingStylesofTheLotteryGothicStylePointofViewDystopiaAllusionForeshadowingGothicStyleGothicelementsinthestory:1.Anatmosphereofmysteryandsuspense:Peopleassembletoconductthelottery.Andwedon'tknowthereasonandthemeaning.Theresultissuspense.2.Omens,portents,visions:(1)Blackbox:coffin,Evilsecrethiddenin(2)Blackspotonpaper:sin(3)Stones:punishment3.Womenindistress:TessieHutchinson,awomanwhoisstonedtodeathbymembersofhervillage.PointofView1.Thenarrativevoice---objective,flexibleandpersuasive2.Dramatic(objective)pointofview---Theauthorlikeacamera,recordsinthethirdpersonwhatistakingplace,butdoesn’tenterintothemindsofthecharacters.Theactionisplayedoutbeforethereaderwithoutauthorialcomment.3.Thereisverylittleconflictinthestory—onlyTessie’sobjectionspresentanyconflictatall.4.Attheendof"TheLottery,"thereaderdiscoverswithhorrorwhatisabouttohappen,butthestoryendswiththecastingofthefirststones.Jacksonpreferstoleavethegruesomedetailstothereader'simagination.5.TheconflictoccurswithinthereaderasthereadernotesforeshadowinginthestorywithgrowinguneasinessThedramaticpointofviewShirleyJackson's"TheLottery"isessentialtohersuccessinrenderinghorrorinthemidstoftheordinary.Thestory,however,isnotonlyofhorror.Itmayalsobecalledasurprisestory,anallegory,oraportrayalofhumaninsensitivityandcruelty.Butthevalidityofallotherclaimsfor"Thelottery"hingesontheauthor'scontroloverpointofviewtomaketheeventsdevelopoutofaseeminglyeveryday,matter-of-factsituation-acontrolthatcouldnotbeeasilymaintainedwithanotherpointofview.ThesucessofJackson'spointofviewisachievedthroughhercharacterization,selectionofdetails,andfiction.　Becauseofthedramaticpointofview,Jacksonsucceedsinpresentingthevillagersasordinaryfolksattendinganormal,festiveevent-incontrasttothehorroroftheirrealpurpose.PointofViewThisnoveldoubtsthemajorityrule－thedemocraticsystemandtargetsonthedarknessofhumanitywhichisn'trepressedbydemocracy.Dystopia◈“TheLottery”certainlyalludestoGospelofSt.John,8:7,inwhichJesusfreesanadulterouswoman,directingthescribe/Phariseewhoiswithoutsintocastthefirststone.Noonethrowsstonesather.◈Unfortunately,noonein“TheLottery”rebukesthepowerssoforthrightlyasJesusdoesinJohn8:7.Tessiebecomestheirscapegoat;shepaysfortheirsins.“Lethewhoiswithoutsin,castthefirststone"AllusionAllusionTessieHutchinson:MostlikelyanallusiontoAnneHutchinson(1591-1643),AmericanreligiousenthusiastwhofoundedthePuritancolonyofRhodeIsland.Shehadnewtheologicalviewswhichopposedhertootherministers.Afteralocaltrialbanishedher,shewastriedbeforetheBostonChurchandformallyexcommunicated.AnneandfifteenofherchildrenweresubsequentlymurderedbytheIndiansin1643.TheparallelismbetweenherstoryandTessie'sisclear:toher,excommunicationmeantspiritualdeathjustastoTessiebeingcastoutfromthegroup=death.1.Settingisidyllic;readersexpectthelotterytobeapositiveexperience;2.Someoftheboyscreatea"greatpileofstonesinonecornerofthesquare“;3.Themenofthevillagearrive.Theystandawayfromthestones,jokequietly,andsmileinsteadoflaugh.4.Sincethelotteryistotakeonlytwohours,thevillagersplantobehomeintimeforlunch.(Howcantheyeatafterthis?)Foreshadowing5.Mr.Summers,ajovialmanwhoconductsthelotteryceremony,setsthetoneoftheeventwithbothhisnameandhismannerisms.6.Thelotterytakesplaceeveryyearwhenthenaturecyclepeaksinmidsummer,atimeusuallyassociatedwithcheerfulness.ForeshadowingWritingtechniquesIroniesForeshadowersSymbolism1.Ironies1)Alotteryistypicallythoughtofassomethinggoodbecauseitusuallyinvolveswinningsomethingsuchasmoneyorprizes.Inthislotteryitwasnotwhattheywinbutwhattheylost,thewinnerevenhadtodie.Sothetitleisthefirstgreatirony.2)Mrs.Hutchinson’s“Cleanforgetwhatdayitwas”isironicbecausesomethingthatwasgoingtohappenwassoawfulthatcannottrulybeforgotten.3)It’salsoanironythatMr.Summerwasalwaystryingtoinnovatethetraditionalritual,butheneversaidanythingaboutstoppingthishorribletraditionand“Although the villagers had forgotten the ritual and lost the original black box, they still remembered to use stones.”4)AttheendofthestorywhenMrs.Hutchinsonischosenforthelottery,itisironicthatitdidnotupsetherthatshewaschosen.Shewasupsetbecauseofthewayshewasnotchosen.She showed this by saying “Itisn’tfair,itisn’tright”.Thesituationisextremelyironictothestory.5)Themosthorribleironyisthatthestonestheinnocentchildrengatheredatfirstwereusedinsuchaviolentandatrociouswayatlast.2.Foreshadowers1)Stone:forchildren:thegameforadults:somethingwrong2)Names:A.Mr.Summer’snamesuggeststhathehadbecomeamanofleisurethroughhiswealth.B.Mr.Graves’nameissimplyaforeshadowerofthegravesituationtocome.C.TessieHutchinson’snamecanbeassociatedwiththewordtestyortizzy,whichmeanssomeonewhoisinanangryorrebelliousstate.HutchinsonwasthenameofanofficialwholodgedacomplaintagainstseveralwomenintheSalemWitchTrialsin1692.D.Warner’snamecanbeseenasaliteralwarningagainstceasingthetraditionofthelottery.3.Symbolism1)Blackbox:A.evilordeath,suggestedbythecolorofthebox.B.Outdatedtradition,suggestedbythissentence:“Theblackboxgrewshabbiereachyear:bynowitwasnolongercompletelyblackbutsplinteredbadlyalongonesidetoshowtheoriginalwoodcolor,andinsomeplacesfadedorstained.”Symbolism2)Stonesareauniversalsymbolforpunishment,burial,andmartyrdom:theyindicateamorbidceremony.thestonesalsosymbolizethewayandthefashioninwhichpeopletodayareusedasscapegoatsSymbolism3)Boysgatheringstonesandpebbles:Indoctrinationorbrainwashingthatispassedonfromonegenerationtothenext.4)OldManWarner:Anyonewhowarnsothersnottochange;hideboundtraditionalist;obstructionist.Symbolism5)Mr.Summers:Theappearanceofnormalcyandcheerfulnesshidingevilandcorruption.6)Mr.Graves:Bringerofdeath;anysinisterinfluence.GraveshelpsJoeSummerspreparetheslipsofpaperthatwillsendoneoftheresidentstohisorhergrave.Gravesalsobringsthestoolonwhichtheblackboxrests.Symbolism7)BillandDavyHutchinson:betrayersThenarratorsays,“BillHutchinsonwentovertohiswifeandforcedtheslipofpaperoutofherhand.Ithadablackspotonit,theblackspotMr.Summershadmadethenightbeforewiththeheavypencilinthecoalcompanyoffice.BillHutchinsonhelditup,andtherewasastirinthecrowd.”AsforDavy,hehaspebblesreadytothrowathismother.Symbolism8)Village:Thatwhichappearsnormalandevenbenevolentbutwhichharborsinnercorruptionandevil.Symbolism9.thelottery:thematizesnotonlylife'schances,butalsothesudden,unexpectednatureofdeath.10.Black:thecolorfordeath,mourning,punishment,penitenceinwesterncivilization.11.Blackspotonpaper:sin,a“blackmark”onone’srecordisnegative;blackmark:uncleanSymbolism12.Chipsofwood:nowdiscardedforslipsofpaper,suggestapreliterate/ancientorigin,liketheancientsacrificialritualsforcrops.13.Thesetting:nospecificname/placeindicatesthisisanytown,USA;thecontrastofthetownwiththeritualhelpsbuildsuspense;14.Square:(villagesquare)mayrepresentthefourcornersoftheearth—earthlyopposedtoheavenly;human-createdasopposedtonatural;boxedin;concealed.Symbolism15.Thethree-leggedstool:thethreeaspectsoftheChristianTrinity(GodtheFather,GodtheSon,andtheHolySpirit);theuseofthestooltosupporttheblackboxthusrepresentsthemanipulationofreligiontosupportcollectiveviolence.Symbolism16.TessieHutchinson:Anti-ritualasAnneHutchinsonheldthatneitherchurchnorstatewasneededtoconnectabelievertohisorherGod.(Intheend,Tessierejectsthelotteryritual,saying“itisn’tright.”)*Tessie,diminutiveforTheresa,derivesfromtheGreektheism,meaning“toreap”,or,ifthenicknameisforAnastasia阿纳斯塔西娅,itwilltranslateliterally“oftheresurrection”.Symbolism17.Summers:theseasonofsummerisassociatedwithyouth,strength,growth,primeoflife,warmth,leisure,prosperity,happiness,blooming,blossoming.MrSummersistheheadofthecoalbusiness,whichcouldsymbolizeclosecontactswiththeunderworld,evil,lurkingjustbeneaththesurface.*Coalisearthly(asopposedtoheavenly);black;formedintheprocessofmanyyears(long-termprocess);formedfromcompressed,decayingmatter;earlychemistryusedablackspottosymbolizecoal.*MarxistcriticspointouthowMr.Summers,whowouldhavebeenoneofthewealthiercitizens,leadsthelottery—thosewithmoneycontrolthepeople’sactivities.Symbolism18.Delacroix(“of-the-Cross”)*vulgarizedtoDella-croy(nolongertrulyofthecross)*SomecriticssuggestthatMrs.Delacroixrepresentsthedualityofhumannature:sheispleasantandfriendlyontheoutside,butunderneathshepossessesadegreeofsavagery.*Crosshasmanyconnotationsascrossroads(facedwith2directions);tocrosssomethingoff;tobeangry;tocrossoverortopassby;passfromonesideoftotheother;tooppose,asincrossingone’spath;aburden;combinationof2elements;Tomakeorputalineacross;Tobetrayordeceive,double-cross…Symbolism19.Graves:theobviousgrave=placeofentombment/death*Mr.GravesquietlyassistsMr.Summers,with“Graves”hintingatadarkundertone.Grave=serious;hintsthatthelotterymaynotbeafrivolouscontest(“Mr.Gravessaidgravely”)*CriticshavesaidthatJacksoncreatesbalancebyjuxtaposingMr.SummersandMr.Gravestoshareintheresponsibilitiesoftheritual:Lifebringsdeath,anddeathrecycleslife.Symbolism20.Martin:associatedwithMars,theRomangodoffertilityandwar.*St.Martin:Patronofdrunkards,tosavethemfromfallingintodanger.(TheorigincamefromSt.Martin’sdaycoincidingwiththefeastofBacchus,godofwine.).*St.Martin’sgoose.The11thofNovember,St.Martin’sDay,wasatonetimethegreatgoosefeastofFrance.ThelegendisthatSt.Martinwasannoyedbyagoose,whichheorderedtobekilledandservedupfordinner.Hediedaftereatingdinner,andagoosehasbeeneversince“sacrificed”tohimontheanniversary.*St.Martin’sbirdistheraven,longassociatedwithdeathanddepartedspiritsSymbolism21.Adams:referencetothefirstman,thefirstsinner*Whileheseemstobeoneofthefewwhoquestionsthelotterywhenhementionsthatanothervillageisthinkingaboutgivinguptheritual,hestandsatthefrontofthecrowdwhenthestoningofTessiebegins.LikethebiblicalAdam,Adamsgoesalongwiththesin;hefollowsothersintheirevil.22.OldManWarner:Resistanttochangeandrepresentingtheoldsocialorder,hewarnsabouthowimportanttheeventistothesurvivalofthevillage.*OldmanWarneris77yearsold,thenumber7hasmanyconnotations,butonecommonconnotationisthat7islucky…hehasbeenluckytoavoidthelotterysomanytimes.Symbolism23.Dunbar:breakingthisnamedownintoits2syllables,onecancomeupwith:*1.dun–totreatcruelly;oradull,brownishgraycolor*2.bar-Somethingthatimpedesorpreventsactionorprogress;relativelylong,straight,rigidpieceofsolidmaterialusedasabarrier,support,orfastener;Astandard,expectation,ordegreeofrequirement;