英语六级阅读理解100篇

1Wecanbeginourdiscussionof―populationasglobalissue‖withwhatmostpersonsmeanwhentheydiscuss―thepopulationproblem‖:toomanypeopleonearthandatoorapidincreaseinthenumberaddedeachyear.Thefactsarenotindispute,Itwasquiterighttoemploytheanalogythatlikeneddemographicgrowthto―along,thinpowderfusethatburnssteadilyandhaltinglyuntilitfinallyreachesthechargeandexplodes.‖Tounderstandthecurrentsituation,whichischaracterizedbyrapidincreasesinpopulation,itisnecessarytounderstandthehistoryofpopulationtrends.Rapidgrowthisacomparativelyrecentphenomenon.Lookingbackatthe8,000yearsofdemographichistory,wefindthatpopulationshavebeenvirtuallystableorgrowingveryslightlyformostofhumanhistory.Formostofourancestors,lifewashard,oftennasty,andveryshort.Therewashighfertilityinmostplaces,butthiswasusuallybalancedbyhighmortality.Formostofhumanhistory,itwasseldomthecasethatoneintenpersonswouldlivepastforty,whileinfancyandchildhoodwereespeciallyriskyperiods.Often,societieswereincleardangerofextinctionbecausedeathratescouldexceedtheirbirthrates.Thus,thepopulationproblemthroughoutmostofhistorywashowtopreventextinctionofthehumanrace.Thispatternisimportanttonotice.Notonlydoesitputthecurrentproblemsofdemographicgrowthintoahistoricalperspective,butitsuggeststhatthecauseofrapidincreaseinpopulationinrecentyearsisnotasuddenenthusiasmformorechildren,butanimprovementintheconditionsthattraditionallyhavecausedhighmortality.Demographichistorycanbedividedintotwomajorperiods:atimeoflong,slowgrowthwhichextendedfromabout8,000BC.tillapproximatelyAD.1650.Inthefirstperiodofsome9600years,thepopulationincreasedfromsome8millionto500millionin1650.Between1650andthepresent,thepopulationhasincreasedfrom500milliontomorethan4billion.Anditisestimatedthatbytheyear2000therewillbe6.2billionpeoplethroughouttheworld.Onewaytoappreciatethisdramaticdifferenceinsuchabstractnumbersistoreducethetimeframetosomethingthatismoremanageable.Between8000BCand1650,anaverageofonly50,000personswasbeingaddedannuallytotheworld‘spopulationeachyear.Atpresent,thisnumberisaddedeverysixhours.Theincreaseisabout80,000,000personsannually.1.WhichofthefollowingdemographicgrowthpatternisB.About50,000babiesareborneverysixhoursatpresent.mostsuitableforthelongthinpowderfuseanalogy?C.Between8000BCandthepresent,thepopulationincreaseA.Avirtuallystableorslightlydecreasingperiodandthenaisabout80,000,000personseachyear.suddenexplosionofpopulation.D.Thepopulationincreasedfasterbetween8000BCandB.Aslowgrowthforalongtimeandthenaperiodofrapid,1650thanbetween1650andthepresent.dramaticincrease.C.Toomanypeopleonearthandafewrapidincreaseinthe4.Theauthorofthepassageintendsto___.numberaddedeachyear.A.warnpeopleagainstthepopulationexplosioninthenearD.Alongperiodwhendeathratesexceedsbirthratesandthenfuture.ashortperiodwithhigherfertilityandlowermortality.B.comparethedemographicgrowthpatterninthepastwiththatafter1650.2.Duringthefirstperiodofdemographichistory,societiesC.findoutthecauseforrapidincreaseinpopulationinrecentwereoftenindangerofextinctionbecause___.years.A.onlyoneintenpersonscouldlivepast40.D.presentusaclearandcompletepictureofthedemographicB.therewashighermortalitythanfertilityinmostplaces.growth.C.itwastoodangeroustohavebabiesduetothepoorconditions.5.Theword―demographic‖inthefirstparagraphmeans___.D.ourancestorshadlittleenthusiasmformorechildren.A.statisticsofhuman.B.surroundingsstudy.3.Whichstatementistrueaboutpopulationincrease?C.accumulationofhuman.A.Theremightbeanincreaseof2.2billionpersonsfromD.developmentofhuman.nowtotheyear2000. 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 ：ABADA2Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid—thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformation,butmeaningsarederivedfromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectivenessasapartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwordsalone.Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygivenmessage.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthoseassociationsifwelistenformorethanwords.Wedon‘talwayssaywhatwemeanormeanwhatwesay.Sometimesourwordsdon‘tmeananythingexcept―I‘mlettingoffsomesteam.Idon‘treallywantyoutopaycloseattentiontowhatI‘msaying.JustpayattentiontowhatI‘mfeeling.‖Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner,―ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI‘llbuy.‖Theownersays,―It‘sbeenlikethatforyears.‖Actually,thestephasn‘tbeenlikethatforyears,buttheunspokenmessageis:―Idon‘twanttofixit.Weputupwithit.Whycan‘tyou?‖Thesearchforamoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedofexaminingamessageintermsofwhosaidit,whenitoccurred,therelatedconditionsorsituation,andhowitwassaid.Whenamessageoccurscanalsorevealassociatedmeaning.Letusassumetwocouplesdoexactlythesameamountofkissingandarguing.Butonecouplealwayskissesafteranargumentandtheothercouplealwaysarguesafterakiss.Theorderingofthebehaviorsmaymeanagreatdealmorethanthefrequencyofthebehavior.Afriend‘sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodbynotingthatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredanabnormalamountofassertiveness.Someresponsesmaybedirectlylinkedtoadevelopingpatternofresponsesanddefylogic.Forexample,apersonwhosays―No!‖toaserialsofchargeslike―You‘redumb,‖―You‘relazy,‖and―You‘redishonest,‖mayalsosay―No!‖andtrytojustifyhisorherresponseifthenextstatementis―Andyou‘regoodlooking.‖Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessagesarepresented.Thewords,―Ifsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover,‖canbesaidwithemphasisandexcitementorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceorrepeatedseveraltimes.Andthemeaningsweassociatewiththephrasewillchangeaccordingly.Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthelessimportanceitassumes.1.EffectivecommunicationisrenderedpossiblebetweenC.theconditionofthestepisonlyaminorfault.twoconversingpartners,if___.D.thecostinvolvedinthefixingshouldbeshared.A.theyuseproperwordstocarrytheirideas.B.theybothspeaktrulyoftheirownfeelings.4.Someresponsesandbehaviorsmayappearveryillogical,C.theytrytounderstandeachother‘sideasbeyondwords.butarejustifiableif___.D.theyarecapableofassociatingmeaningwiththeirwords.A.linkedtoanabnormalamountofassertiveness.B.seenasone‘shabitualpatternofbehavior.2.―I‘mlettingoffsomesteam‖inparagraph1means___.C.takenaspartofanorderingsequence.A.I‘mjustcallingyourattention.D.expressedtoaseriesofcharges.B.I‘mjustkidding.C.I‘mjustsayingtheopposite.5.Theword―ritualistically‖inthelastparagraphequalsD.I‘mjustgivingoffsomesound.somethingdone___.A.withouttrueintention.3.Thehouse-owner‘sexampleshowsthatheactuallyB.light-heartedly.means___.C.inawayofceremony.A.thestephasbeenlikethatforyears.D.withlessemphasis.B.hedoesn‘tthinkitnecessarytofixthestep.答案：DBABC3Acontroversyeruptedinthescientificcommunityinearly1998overtheuseofDNA(deoxyribonucleicacid)fingerprintingincriminalinvestigations.DNAfingerprintingwasintroducedin1987asamethodtoidentifyindividualsbasedonapatternseenintheirDNA,themoleculeofwhichgenesaremade.DNAispresentineverycellofthebodyexceptredbloodcells.DNAfingerprintinghasbeenusedsuccessfullyinvariousways,suchastodeterminepaternitywhereitisnotclearwhothefatherofaparticularchildis.However,itisintheareaofcriminalinvestigationsthatDNAfingerprintinghaspotentiallypowerfulandcontroversialuses.DNAfingerprintingandotherDNAanalysistechniqueshaverevolutionizedcriminalinvestigationsbygivinginvestigatorspowerfulnewtoolsintheattempttotroveguilt,notjustestablishinnocence.Whenusedincriminalinvestigations,aDNAfingerprintpatternfromasuspectiscomparedwithaDNAfingerprintpatternobtainedfromsuchmaterialashairsorbloodfoundatthesceneofacrime.AmatchbetweenthetwoDNAsamplescanbeusedasevidencetoconvictasuspect.Thecontroversyin1998stemmedformareportpublishedinDecember1991bypopulationgeneticistsRichardC.LewontinofHarvardUniversityinCambridge,Mass.,andDanielL.HartlcalledintoquestionthemethodstocalculatehowlikelyitisthatamatchbetweentwoDNAfingerprintsmightoccurbychancealone.Inparticular,theyarguedthatthecurrentmethodcannotproperlydeterminethelikelihoodthattwoDNAsampleswillmatchbecausetheycamefromthesameindividualratherthansimplyfromtwodifferentindividualswhoaremembersofthesameethnicgroup.LewontinandHartlcalledforbettersurveysofDNApatternsmethodsareadequate.Inresponsetotheircriticisms,populationgeneticistsRanajitChakrabortyoftheUniversityofTexasinDallasandKennethK.KiddofYaleUniversityinNewHaven,Conn.,arguedthatenoughdataarealreadyavailabletoshowthatthemethodscurrentlybeingusedareadequate.InJanuary1998,however,thefederalBureauofInvestigationandlaboratoriesthatconductDNAtestsannouncedthattheywouldcollectadditionalDNAsamplesformvariousethnicgroupsinanattempttoresolvesomeofthesequestions.And,inApril,aNationalAcademyofSciencescalledforstrictstandardsandsystemofaccreditationforDNAtestinglaboratories.1.BeforeDNAfingerprintingisused,suspects____.A.wouldhavetoleavetheirfingerprintsforfurther2.DNAfingerprintingcanbeunreliablewhen____.investigationsA.themethodsusedforblood-cellcalculationarenotB.wouldhavetosubmitevidencefortheirinnocenceaccurateC.couldeasilyescapeconvictionofguiltB.twodifferentindividualsofthesameethnicgroupmayD.coldbeconvictedofguiltaswellhavethesameDNAfingerprintingpatternC.amatchisbychanceleftwithfingerprintsthathappentocomingfromtwoindividualmembersbelongtotwodifferentindividualsB.enoughdataofDNAsamplesshouldbecollectedtoD.twodifferentindividualsleavetwoDNAsamples.confirmthatonlyDNAsamplesformthesamepersoncanmatch3.TogeneticistslikeLewontinandHartl,thecurrentC.enoughdataareyettobecollectedfromvariousethnicmethod____.groupstodeterminethelikelihoodoftwodifferentDNAA.isnotsoconvincingastoexcludethelikelihoodthattwosamplescomingformthesamepersonDNAsamplescannevercomefromtwoindividualsD.additionalsamplesfromvariousethnicgroupsshouldbeB.isarguablebecausetwoindividualsofthesameethniccollectedtodeterminethattwoDNAsamplesareunlikelytogrouparelikelytohavethesameDNApattern.comefromthesamepersonC.IsnotbasedonadequatescientifictheoryofgeneticsD.Istheoreticallycontradictorytowhattheyhavebeen5.NationalAcademyofSciencesholdsthestancethat____.studyingA.DNAtestingshouldbesystematizedB.OnlyauthorizedlaboratoriescanconductDNAtesting4.TheattitudeoftheFederalBereauofInvestigationshowsC.Theacademyonlyisauthorizedtoworkoutstandardsforthat____.testingA.enoughdataareyettobecollectedformvariousethnicD.TheacademyhastherighttoaccreditlaboratoriesforgroupstoconfirmtheunlikelihoodoftwoDNAsamplesDNAtesting答案：CBABB4Racket,dinclamor,noise,whateveryouwanttocallit,unwantedsoundisAmerica‘smostwidespreadnuisance.Butnoiseismorethanjustanuisance.Itconstitutesarealandpresentdangertopeople‘shealth.Dayandnight,athome,atwork,andatplay,noisecanproduceseriousphysicalandpsychologicalstress.Nooneisimmunetothisstress.Thoughweseemtoadjusttonoisebyignoringit,theear,infact,neverclosesandthebodystillresponds—sometimeswithextremetension,astoastrangesoundinthenight.Theannoyancewefeelwhenfacedwithnoiseisthemostcommonoutwardsymptomofthestressbuildingupinsideus.Indeed,becauseirritabilityissoapparent,legislatorshavemadepublicannoyancethebasisofmanynoiseabatementprograms.Themoresubtleandmoreserioushealthhazardsassociatedwithstresscausedbynoisetraditionallyhavebeengivenmuchlessattention.Nevertheless,whenweareannoyedormadeirritablebynoise,weshouldconsiderthesesymptomsfairwarningthatotherthingmaybehappeningtous,someofwhichmaybedamagingtoourhealth.Ofmanyhealthhazardstonoise,hearinglossisthemostclearlyobservableandmeasurablebyhealthprofessionals.Theotherhazardsarehardertopindown.Formanyofus,theremaybeariskthatexposuretothestressofnoiseincreasessusceptibilitytodiseaseandinfection.Themoresusceptibleamongusmayexperiencenoiseasacomplicatingfactorinheartproblemsandotherdiseases.Noisethatcausesannoyanceandirritabilityinhealthpersonsmayhaveseriousconsequencesforthesealreadyillinmindorbody.Noiseaffectsusthroughoutourlives.Forexample,thereareindicationsofeffectsontheunbornchildwhenmothersareexposedtoindustrialandenvironmentalnoise.Duringinfancyandchildhood,youngstersexposedtohighnoiselevelsmayhavetroublefallingasleepandobtainingnecessaryamountsofrest.Why,then,istherenotgreateralarmaboutthesedangers?Perhapsitisbecausethelinkbetweennoiseandmanydisabilitiesordiseaseshasnotyetbeenconclusivelydemonstrated.Perhapsitisbecausewetendtodismissannoyanceasapricetopayforlivinginthemodernworld.Itmayalsobebecausewestillthinkofhearinglossasonlyanoccupationalhazard.1.InParagraph1,thephrase―immuneto‖areusedtoB.Althoughnoisecanbeannoying,itisnotamajorproblem.mean___.C.NoiseisamajorproblemandhasnotyetbeenrecognizedA.unaffectedbyassuch.B.hurtbyD.Noiseisamajorproblemaboutwhichnothingcanbedone.C.unlikelytobeseenbyD.unknownby4.Theauthorcondemnsnoiseessentiallybecauseit___.A.isagainstthelaw2.Theauthor‘sattitudetowardnoisewouldbestbedescribedB.canmakesomepeopleirritableas___.C.isanuisanceA.unrealisticD.inagangertopeople‘shealthB.traditionalC.concerned5.TheauthorwouldprobablyconsiderresearchabouttheD.hystericaleffectsnoisehasonpeopletobe___.A.unimportant3.WhichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainideaoftheB.impossible.passage?C.awasteofmoneyA.Noiseisamajorproblem;mostpeoplerecognizeitsD.essentialimportance.答案：ACCDD5Islanguage,likefood,likefood,abasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacriticalperiodoflifecanbestarvedanddamaged?JudgingfromthedrasticexperimentofFrederickIinthethirteenthcentury,itmaybehopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertongue,hetoldthenursestokeepsilent.Alltheinfantsdiedbeforethefirstyear.Butclearlytherewasmorethanlackoflanguagehere.Whatwasmissingwasgoodmothering.Withoutgoodmothering,inthefirstyearoflifeespecially,thecapacitytosurviveisseriouslyaffected.TodaynosuchseverelackexistsasthatorderedbyFrederick.Nevertheless,somechildrenarestillbackwardinspeaking.Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfant,whosebrainisprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly.Ifthesesensitiveperiodsareneglected,theidealtimeforacquiringskillspassesandtheymightneverbelearnedsoeasilyagain.Abirdlearnstosingandtoflyrapidlyatrighttime,buttheprocessisslowandhardoncethecriticalstagehaspassed.Expertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantage,buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQ.Attwelveweeksababysmilesandmakesbowel–likesounds;attwelvemonthshecanspeaksimplewordsandunderstandsimplecommands;ateighteenmonthshehasavocabularyofthreetofiftywords.Atthreeheknowsabout1,000wordswhichhecanputintosentences,andatfourhislanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinbornwiththecapacitytospeak.Whatisspecialaboutman‘sbrain,comparedwiththatofthemonkey,isthecomplexsystemwhichenablesachildtocommectthesightandfeelof,say,atoy–bearwiththesoundpattern―toy–bear‖.Andevenmoreincredibleistheyoungbrain‘sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguagefromthemixtureofsoundaroundhim,toanalyse,tocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways.Butspeechhastobeinduced,andthisdependsoninteractionbetweenthemotherandthechild,wherethemotherrecognizesthesignalsinthechild‘sbabbling,graspingandsmiling,andrespondstothem.Insensitivityofthemothertothesesignalsdullstheinteractionbecausethechildgetsdiscouragedandsendsoutonlytheobvioussignals,.Sensitivitytothechild‘snon–verbalsignalsisessentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentoflanguage.1.ThepurposeofFrederickI‘sexperimentwas____.3.Whatisparticularlyremarkableaboutachildisthat____.A.toprovethatchildrenarebornwithabilitytospeakA.heisbornwiththecapacitytospeakB.todiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakwithoutB.hehasabrainmorecomplexthanananimal‘shearinganyhumanspeakC.hecanproducehisownsentencesC.tofindoutwhatrolecarefulnursingwouldplayinD.heoweshisspeechabilitytogoodnursingteachingachildtospeakD.toprovethatachildcouldbedamagedwithoutlearninga4.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?languageA.Thefacultyofspeechisinborninman.B.Thechild‘sbrainishighlyselective.2.ThereasonthatsomechildrenarebackwardinspeakingisC.Mostchildrenlearntheirlanguageindefinitestages.mostlikelythat____.D.AlltheaboveA.theyareincapableoflearninglanguagerapidlyB.theyareexposedtotoomuchlanguageatonce5.Ifachildstartstospeaklaterthanothers,hewill____inC.theirmothersrespondinadequatelytotheirattemptstofuture.speakA.haveahighIQB.belessintelligentD.theirmothersarenotintelligentenoughtohelpthemC.beinsensitivetoverbalsignalsD.notnecessarilybebackward答案：BCCDD6Everyonehasamomentinhistory,whichbelongsparticularlytohim.Itisthemomentwhenhisemotionsachievetheirmostpowerfulswayoverhim,andafterwardwhenyousaytothisperson―theworldtoday‖or―life‖or―reality‖hewillassumethatyoumeanthismoment,evenifitisfiftyyearspast.Theworld,throughhisunleashed（释放的）emotions,imprinteditselfuponhim,andhecarriesthestampofthatpassingmomentforever.Forme,thismoment—fouryearsinamomentinhistory—wasthewar.Thewarwasandisrealityforme.Istillinstinctivelyliveandthinkinitsatmosphere.Thesearesomeofitscharacteristics:FranklinDelanoRooseveltisthepresidentoftheUnitedStates,andhealwayshasbeen.TheothertwoeternalworldleadersareWinstonChurchillandJosephStalin.Americaisnot,neverhasbeen,andneverwillbewhatthesongandpoemscallit,alandofplenty.Nylon,meat,gasoline,andsteelarerare.Therearetoomanyjobsandnotenoughworkers.Moneyisveryeasytoearnbutratherhardtospend,becausethereisn‘tverymuchtobuy.Trainsarealwayslateandalwayscrowdedwith―servicemen‖.ThewarwillalwaysbefoughtveryfarfromAmerica,anditwillneverend.NothinginAmericastandsstillforverylong,includingthepeoplewhoarealwayseitherleavingoronleave.PeopleinAmericacryoften.Sixteenisthekeyandcrucialandnaturalageforahumanbeingtobe,andpeopleofallotheragesarerangedinanorderlymanneraheadofandbehindyouasaharmonioussettingforthesixteen-year-oldsoftheworld.Whenyouaresixteen,adultsareslightlyimpressedandalmostintimidatedbyyou.Thisisapuzzlefinallysolvedbytherealizationthattheyforeseeyourmilitaryfuture:fightingforthem.Youdonotforeseeit.TowasteanythinginAmericaisimmoral.Stringandtinfoilaretreasures.Newspapersarealwayscrowedwithstrangemapsandnamesoftowns,andeveryfewmonthstheearthseemstolurch（突然倾斜）fromitspathwhenyouseesomethinginthenewspapers,suchasthetimeMussolini,whoalmostseemedoneoftheeternalleaders,isphotographedhangingupsidedownonameathook.1.WhichstatementbestdepictsthemainideaofthefirstB.Itwasrealforhimbecausehewasasoldieratthattime.paragraph?C.Itwasveryunrealtohim.A.Realityiswhatyoumakeofit.D.Thewarwasverydisruptivetothepeopleathome.B.Timeislikeariver.C.Emotionsarepowerful.4.WhydoestheauthorthinkthatadultsareimpressedwithD.Everypersonhasaspecialmoment.sixteen-year-olds?A.Adultswouldliketobeyoung.2.Whydoestheauthorstillclearlyrememberthewar?B.Sixteen-year-oldsdonotwastethings.A.FranklinDelanoRooseveltwasPresident.C.Sixteen-year-oldsreadnewspapers.B.Itwashispersonalrealityandpartofhislife.D.Theywillbefightingsoonforadults.C.Therewasnotmuchtobuy.D.Thewarwouldneverend.5.Whydoestheauthorsaythatstringandtinfoilaretreasures?A.Thewarhasmadethemscarce.3.Whichstatementbestdescribestheauthor‘sfeelingsaboutB.Theyareusefultosixteen-year-olds.thewar?C.Helikedthemwhenhewassixteen.A.Itwaseverrealforhim,yethewasnotactivelyinvolved.D.Peopleareverywasteful.答案：DBADA7Ingeneral,oursocietyisbecomingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucratic(官僚主义的)managementinwhichmanbecomesasmall,well-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwages,Nell-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusic,andbypsychologistsand―human–relations‖experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerless,thatheisboredwithit.Infact,theblueandthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement.Theworkerandemployeeareanxious,notonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajob;theyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionofinterestinglife.Theyliveandiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjob,theyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasfortherightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence.Fromthemomentontheyaretestedagainandagain–bythepsychologists,forwhomtestingisabigbusiness,andbytheirsuperiors,whojudgetheirbehavior,sociabilit