9EnglishIdiomsBACKWhatareidioms?Pickouttheidioms:Samisarealcoolcat.Heneverblowshisstackandhardlyeverfliesoffthehandle.What'smore,heknowshowtogetawaywiththings...Well,ofcourse,heisgettingon,too.Hishairispepperandsalt,butheknowshowtomakeupforlosttimebytakingiteasy.Hegetsupearly,worksout,andturnsinearly.Hetakescareofthehotdogstandlikeabreezeuntilhegetstimeoff.Sam'sgotitmade;thisisitforhim.Whatareidioms?Samisarealcoolcat.Heneverblowshisstackandhardlyeverfliesoffthehandle.What'smore,heknowshowtogetawaywiththings...Well,ofcourse,heisgettingon,too.Hishairispepperandsalt,butheknowshowtomakeupforlosttimebytakingiteasy.Hegetsupearly,worksout,andturnsinearly.Hetakescareofthehotdogstandlikeabreezeuntilhegetstimeoff.Sam'sgotitmade;thisisitforhim.Whatareidioms?Samisarealcoolcat.Heneverblowshisstackandhardlyeverfliesoffthehandle.What'smore,heknowshowtogetawaywiththings...Well,ofcourse,heisgettingon,too.Hishairispepperandsalt,butheknowshowtomakeupforlosttimebytakingiteasy.Hegetsupearly,worksout,andturnsinearly.Hetakescareofthehotdogstandlikeabreezeuntilhegetstimeoff.Sam'sgotitmade;thisisitforhim.Whatareidioms?acoolcat=areallycalmpersonblowone'sstack=losecontroloveroneselfflyoffthehandle=becomeexcessivelyangrywhat'smore=furthermoregetawaywith=commitanillegitimateactwithoutpenaltyofcourse=naturallyWhatareidioms?geton=getoldpepperandsalt=grey(hair)makeupfor=compensateforlosttime=timewastedtakeiteasy=relax,notworrygetup=risefrombedturnin=gointobedWhatareidioms?takecareof=manageorlookafterlikeabreeze=withouteffortoreasilytimeoff=timeforrestgetitmade=besuccessfulthisisit=beinapositionorplace,orhavepossessionofanobjectbeyondwhichmoreofthesameisunnecessaryWhatareidioms?Samisreallyacalmperson.Heneverlosescontrolofhimselfandhardlyeverbecomestooangry.Furthermore,heknowshowtomanagehisbusinessfinanciallybyusingafewtricks…Needlesstosay,he,too,isgettingolder.Hishairisbeginningtoturngrey,butheknowshowtocompensateforwastedtimebyrelaxing.Herisesearly,exercises,andgoestobedearly.Hemanageshisfrankfurterdispensarywithoutvisibleeffort,untilitissomeoneelse'sturntoworkthere.Samissuccessful,hehasreachedhislife'sgoal. Whatareidioms?Definition:Idiomsaresetphrasesorshortsentences,whicharepeculiartothelanguageinquestion,andwhosemeaningsareoftendifficultorimpossibletodeducefromtheliteralmeaningsoftheconstituents构件.9.1CharacteristicsofIdioms9.1.1SemanticUnityExample:kickthebucket(V+N)=die(functioningasaverb)tillthecowscomehome(Pron+N+V+Adv)=forever(functioningasanadv)Eachidiomisasemanticunity语义的整体性.Themeaningsoftheconstituentsdonotcontributetothemeaningofthewhole.9.1.1SemanticUnityThesemanticunityisalsoreflectedintheillogiccombinationoftheconstituents.wearone’sheartuponone’ssleeve=showone’sfeelingsopenlyraincatsanddogs=rainheavilywearthetrousers=(ofthewife)haveoverallcontrol9.1.2StructuralStabilityIdiomsarestructurallystable.Theirstructuresarefixedtoalargeextent.1.Theconstituentscannotbechanged.kickthebucket*strikethebucket*kickthepail*kickabucket9.1.2StructuralStability2.Theword-ordercannotbechanged.bytwosandthrees三三两两*bythreesandtwosthelion’sshare最大的份额*theshareofthelion9.1.2StructuralStability3.Theconstituentscannotbedeletedoraddedto.Diamondcutdiamond.*Adiamondcutsdiamond.outofthequestion=impossible*outofquestion=impossibleoutofquestion=undoubtedly9.1.2StructuralStability4.Manyidiomsaregrammaticallyunanalyzable.Diamondcutdiamond.*Diamondcutsdiamond.Likecureslike.*Likecurelike.assureaseggsiseggs*assureaseggsareeggs9.1.3IdiomaticitySemanticunityandstructuralstabilityarecloselyrelatedtoidiomaticity习用度.Thehighertheidiomaticity,thehigherthestabilityandsemanticunity.（习语的）习用度越高,其结构的稳定性和意义的整体性就越高。9.1.3IdiomaticityThreelevelsofidiomaticity:1.Totallyidiomatic:thesaltoftheearth非常正派、诚实的人writingonthewall凶兆Themeaningcannotbededuced.9.1.3Idiomaticity2.Semi-idiomatic:turnoveranewleaf改过自新onceinabluemoon千载难逢drawthecurtain隐蔽/藏Themeaningcanbededucedtoacertainextent.9.1.3Idiomaticity3.Somewhatidiomatic:drinklikeafish牛饮keepsilence沉默ascoldasice冰冷Themeaningistransparent.9.2ClassificationofIdiomsCriteriaforclassification:1.Idiomaticity2.Structure3.Origins4.Grammaticalfunctions9.2ClassificationofIdioms1.NounidiomsIdiomsfunctionasnouns.abaker’sdozen十三个Jackofalltrades万事通;万京油9.2ClassificationofIdioms2.AdjectiveidiomsIdiomsfunctionasadjectives.highandmighty盛气凌人;趾高气扬wideofthemark毫不沾边9.2ClassificationofIdioms3.VerbidiomsIdiomsfunctionasverbs.(1)Verbphrase动词短语makefriendsfallflat大失所望;残败bitethehandthatfeedsone以怨报德getout9.2ClassificationofIdioms(2)Phrasalverbs短语动词homeinonturnoutputdowntoEachconsists:averb+oneortwoparticles9.2ClassificationofIdioms4.AdverbidiomsIdiomsfunctionasadverbs.bagandbaggage一应细软insport闹着玩地9.2ClassificationofIdioms5.SentenceidiomsIdiomsfunctionassentences:proverb,sayings,exclamations,etc.Uponmyword!我敢担保!Wellbegunishalfdone.Killthegoosethatlaidthegoldenegg.毁掉财路;杀鸡取卵9.3UseofIdioms9.3.1StylisticFeaturesMostidiomsareinformalinnatureastheyarecreatedbytheworkingpeopleinvarioussituations.plainsailing(海员)一帆风顺washone’sdirtylineninpublic(家庭主妇)家丑外扬haveallone’seggsinonebasket(农夫)孤注一掷hitbelowthebelt(拳击手)卑劣;不正当手段9.3.1StylisticFeaturesAproportionofidiomsareneutral.Manyarecolloquialandslangy.Averysmallnumberareliterary.Idiomsarerarelyusedinveryformalstyleslikelegallanguage,businessletter,government’sdocuments,etc.9.3.1StylisticFeaturesOneandthesameidiommaydifferinstylewhenusedindifferentmeanings.screwupGoingtothedentistneverseemstobothermywife,butIgetterriblyscrewedupatthemerethought.(make…nervous,tense)informal9.3.1StylisticFeaturesWeshouldneverhaveletthearrangementstoSmithers.Hescrewedthewholethingupfromstarttofinish.(messup,mishandle)slang9.3.1StylisticFeaturesWithanimpatientexclamationPeterscreweduptheseconddraftofhislettertothebankandthrewitintothewastepaperbasket.(makeintoatightballinthehands)neutral9.3.1StylisticFeaturesSomeidiomsareonlyconfinedtocertainvarieties.beatsbhollow(BrE)彻底打败chilledtothemarrow(BrE)刺骨的冷talkabluestreak(AmE)滔滔不绝onyourownhook(AmE)独立自主9.3.2RhetoricalFeatures1.Phoneticmanipulation (1)Alliteration chopandchange(keepchangingone‘sopinion)反复无常tossandturn(keepturningfromsidetoside)碾转翻覆neitherfish,flesh,norfowl(difficulttoclassify)不伦不类9.3.2RhetoricalFeatures(2)Rhymetoilandmoil(workhardandlong;strivelaboriously)辛辛苦苦byhookandbycrook(byallmeansgoodandfoul)不择手段There‘smanyaslipbetweenthecupandthelip.茶到嘴边还有失。9.3.2RhetoricalFeatures(3)Reiteration(duplicationofsynonyms)pickandchoose(selectwithmuchcareorinafussyway)挑挑拣拣oddsandends(remnantsorthingsoflittlevalue)零零碎碎9.3.2RhetoricalFeatures(4)Repetitionoutandout地地道道allinall总而言之wordforword逐字逐句shouldertoshoulder肩并肩9.3.2RhetoricalFeatures(5)Juxtaposition(ofantonyms)moveheavenandearth(doanythingpossible)上天入地backandforth来来往往hitormiss中也好不中也罢fromstarttofinish自始至终9.3.2RhetoricalFeatures(6)Simileasgracefulasaswan美如天鹅likearatinahole如瓮中之鳖(7)Metaphorblacksheep败家子flattire扫兴的人fallfromgrace堕落9.3.2RhetoricalFeatures(8)Metonymyinthecradle孩提时代livebyone‘spen靠写作为生(9)Synecdochefallintogoodhands落入好人之手twoheadsarebetterthanone人多智广9.3.2RhetoricalFeatures(10)PersonificationFailureisthemotherofsuccess.Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.行动胜于雄辩。9.3.2RhetoricalFeatures(11)Euphemismsleeparound乱搞男女关系powderone'snose9.3.3VariationsofIdiomsInactualuse,particularlyinmassmedia,popularpressandinliterarycreation,idiomsareoftenmodifiedorreconstructedtoachievenoveltyorattractreaders.Theresultisvariationsofidioms.Thereconstructionisachievedbyaddition,deletion,replacement,position-shifting,dismembering.9.3.3VariationsofIdioms1.Replacement(1)Verbmake[cut]afigure露头角make[pulloff]agreatcoup一鸣惊人(2)Noundowninthebushes[mouth]垂头丧气adropintheocean[bucket]沧海一粟9.3.3VariationsofIdioms(3)Adjectivesingood[high,fine,full]feather兴高采烈;身强力壮onalarge[big,vast]scale大规模(4)Adverborprepositiondropin[over,by]偶然来访giveahandlefor[to]给人以把柄9.3.3VariationsofIdioms(5)Article,pronoun,numeralfleainone‘s[the]ear刺耳的话laya[one‘s]course制订
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talkthirteen[nineteen]tothedozen喋喋不休9.3.3VariationsofIdioms2.Additionordeletionbehind[the]bars坐牢,身陷囫囵[for]allnightthankone‘s[lucky]stars谢天谢地from[thebottomof]one‘sheart衷心地9.3.3VariationsofIdioms3.Position-shiftingdayandnight=nightandday夜以继日pinbacksb'sears=pinsb'searsbackdosbafavour=doafavourforsbfortune‘swheel=wheeloffortune人生变迁9.3.3VariationsofIdioms4.Shorteningvelvetpaws=Velvetpawshidesharpclaws.口蜜腹剑Jackofalltrades=Jackofalltradesandmasterofnone.万事通;万京油;杂而不精的人9.3.3VariationsofIdioms5.Dismembering“Theleopard!Buthedidchangethem,Dinny.” “Hedidnot,Auntie;hehadnospotstochange.”“本性不改的东西!可是,迪尼,他竟然变了.”“他没变,姑妈!他没有什么要改变的.”Theleopardneverchangeshisspots.江山易改,本性难移。9.3.3VariationsofIdioms"Generallyspeaking,heisamisfit,aroundpeginthesquarestofholes."总的说来，他是不称职的，是工作安排最不恰当的一个。asquarepeginaroundhole方枘圆凿CASE11．Lookathim．He'ssleepinglikealog．Pickouttheidiominthesentence,thenpointoutitsstructure,grammaticalfunctionandfigureofspeech．答题
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：(1)Theidiomis“sleeplikealog”．(2)Itsstructureis:verb+preposition+noun．(3)Itsgrammaticalfunction:verbphraseservingasthepredicateinthesentence．(4)Itisasimile．CASE22．Formanydays,Ilookedhereandtheretotrytofindanecklacethatlookedthesameasthelostone,butfailedtofindit．Pickouttheidiominthesentence,thenpointoutitsstructure,grammaticalfunctionsandrhetoricalfeatures．答题要点：(1)Theidiomis“hereandthere．”(2)Itsstructureis“adverb+adverb”．(3)Itsgrammaticalfunctionisthatitisanidiomadverbialinnatureanditservesasadverbial．(4)Itsrhetoricalfeatureisjuxtaposition．CASE33．Thesuddendeathofhisonlychildwasaboltfromthebluetotheoldwoman．Pickouttheidiominthesentence．Explainitsmeaning,effect,grammaticalstructureandfunctions,andrhetoricalfeatures．答题要点：3．(1)Theidiomis“aboltfromtheblue．”(2)Theidiommeansasuddenunexpectedincident,esp．acatastrophicone．(3)Itseffectistomakethesentenceconciseandforcible．(4)Itsgrammaticalstructureis"noun+preposition+noun",anditisnominalinnatureandservesasthepredicative．(5)Itisametaphor．CASE44．make[pulloff]agreatcoupInthegivenidiom,“makeagreatcoup”and"pulloffagreatcoup"arebothright．Whatvariationofidiomsdoesthisbelongto?Isthevariationagainstthecharacteristicsofidioms?Commentonthisvariation．答题要点1：4．(1)Thevariationoftheidiomisthereplacementofaconstituent．(2)Thecharacteristicsofidiomsaresemanticunityandstructuralstability．Thisidiomseemstobeagainststructuralstabilityofidioms,i．e．thestructureofanidiomistoalargeextentunchangeable．Thisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthestructureofanidiomcanneverbechanged．Structuralstabilityofanidiomisrelative,notabsolute．Butchangesmakeonlyexceptions．Sothefeature“structuralstability”isvalid．答题要点2：(3)Accordingtothedegreeofidiomacityidiomsincludethetrueidioms,semi-idiomsandregularcombinations．(4)Trueidiomsallownochanges,semi-idiomsfewchangesandregularcombinationssomechanges．
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