大学英语专业语法之3-Determiner

Lecture3Determiner____friendsusuallyspeakhighlyofhim.A.HissomeB.SomehisCHismanyDManyhisPleasesend____samplestoLondonbyair.A.theseenoughBenoughtheseC.FivetheseDThesefiveWe’llconcernourselveswithNounandNounPhrase(anoverview)GenitiveNounDeterminerNounandNounPhraseClassificationofnounsAccordingtowordformation:Simplenouns:man,cat,chair…Compoundnouns:greenhouse,landlord…Derivativenouns:worker,examination…Accordingtolexicalmeaning:Propernouns:namesforaperson,placeorthing,e.g.China,NewYork,John…Commonnouns:individual,collective,materialandabstractnouns,e.g.teacher,faculty,water,honesty…Accordingtogrammaticalform:Countablenouns:acar,twocars,…Uncountablenouns:bread,milk,furniture,…NounandNounPhraseFunctionsofnounphrases:S,SC,O,OC,Appositive,PrepC,Adverbial,ConjunctionNumberformsofnouns:rules&exceptions(Seesection4.2)Partitives----alsocalledunitnouns,arecommonlyusedtodenoteindividualityofawholeunitnouns,e.g.apieceofinformation,abottleofink,apairofglasses,aflockofbirds,aherdofcattle,…Note:Formoredetails,readthecoursebooksbyyourselves.GenitiveNounCaseisagrammaticalcategory.Itdenotesthechangesintheformofanounorapronounshowingitssemanticrelationswithotherwordsinasentence.(e.g.genitivecase,nominativecase,accusativecase,etc.)InmodernEnglish,nounsdonothaveacomplicatedcasesystemlikethatofLatin,German,orRussian.ThedifferentgrammaticalfunctionsofEnglishnounsinasentencearemostlydeterminedbywordorder.Itisinthissensethatthegenitivecasemaybeviewedasarelicoftheoldcasesystem.TheFormationofGenitiveNouna)Add–’stosingularnounsandpluralnounsthatdonotendin–s,e.g.Mary’spen,Children’sDay…b)Addanapostrophe(–’)topluralnounsendingin–s,e.g..Teachers’Day,ladies’room…TheFormationofGenitiveNounc)Add–’stotheendofthecompoundnounsortotheendofapostmodifiednounphrase,e.g.hismother-in-law’sdeath,someoneelse’sopinion,theuniversityofMinnesota’spresident…d)Incoordinatenouns,add–’stoeachofthecoordinateelementswhendenotingrespectivepossession,andonlytothelastelementwhendenotingcommonpossession,e.g.Mary’sandJohn’pens,MaryandJohn’spen…TheFormationofGenitiveNoune)In“nounphrase+appositive(同位语)”construction,addan–’stotheendoftheappositive,orbothtothenounphraseandtotheappositive,e.g.Baselthebookseller’s;Basel’s,thebookseller’s…f)InPersonalnamesendinginsibilant/z/,add–’sor–’only.Butitcanonlybe–’swhenpersonalnamesendinothersibilantsound,e.g.Dickens’/Dickens’sworks,Jones’/Jones’spoems,Marx’sDoctrine,Ross’sdissertation…ThemeaningsofGenitiveNounGenitiveischieflyusedtodenotepossession,andthereforeiscalledpossessivecase.Butgenitivemeaningsarebynomeansrestrictedtopossession.Observetheexamplesbelow,identifythesemanticrelationsbetweenthegenitivenounsanditsheadnouns:(SeeEx.5A)Mary’shandbagDavid’spromptreplyThecriminal’spunishmentMr.Smith’sdonationasummer’sdayTwohours’drive300kilometers’distance5dollars’worthofstampsownershipSubject-predicateVerb-objectsourcedescriptiontimedistancevalueTheGenitiveNounandof-PhraseGenitivenounsaresometimesinterchangeablewithof-phrases,e.g.China’sforeignpolicytheforeignpolicyofChinaNewton’slawthelawofNewtonThepresident’sarrivalthearrivalofthepresidentButinsomecases,wecanonlyusegenitivenounsinsteadofof-phrase,esp.inidiomaticexpressions,e.g.children’spictorial;adoctor’sdegree;men’sclothing;atone’swits’end;atswords’points;ahair’sbreadth;awolfinsheep’sclothing…TheGenitiveNounandof-PhraseHowever,wecanonlyuseof-phrasesinsteadofgenitivenounsinthefollowingcases:whenthenounisfollowedbyalongmodifier:Theopinionofthechairmanappointedamonthago;Thesuggestionsofthosepresentatthemeeting;inthepattern“the+adj.”orwhenof-phraseanappositive:Theincomeoftherich;Thestruggleoftheexploited;ThecityofRome…IndependentGenitiveSometimes,agenitivenouncanbeusedindependently,thatis,withoutafollowingnoun.Thisisknownasindependentgenitive.Independentgenitivecanbeusedinthefollowingsituations:A)whenthemissingnounhasoccurredsomewhereinthecontext,e.g.YourbikeissomewhatsimilartoJohn’s.Ted’swasthemostexpensivecar.B)whenthemissingnounreferstosomebody’shouseorresidence,e.g.We’llhaveourpartyatMary’s.Thedentist’sisnottoofarawayfromtheMetrostation.IndependentGenitiveC)whenthemissingnounreferstochurch,school,orotherpublicbuildings,e.g.IhavenevervisitedSt.Paul’s(Cathedral)inLondon.HeoncestudiedatMerchantTaylor’s(School).D)whenthemissingnounreferstothecommercialfirms,e.g.Pickledvegetablesareavailableatthegrocer’s.ChinesetoysaresoldbothatSmith’sandBrown’s.DoubleGenitiveTheprepositionalphrase(anof-phrase)thattakesanindependentgenitiveascomplementationiscalledDoublegenitive,e.g.Heisafriendofmyfather’s.(=Heisoneofmyfather’sfriends.)Cf:Heisafriendofmyfather.=Heisfriendlytomyfather.Moreexamples:aportraitofMrBrown’saportraitofMrBrownacriticismofMrHamilton’sacriticismofMrHamiltonDoubleGenitiveNotes(A&B):A)theindependentgenitiveintheof-phrasemustcarrydefinite/specificpersonalreference,e.g.apatientofthedoctor’s*apatientofadoctor’s*anengineoftheplane’sDoubleGenitiveB)thenounphrasewithadoublegenitiveaspost-modifiercantakeanindefinitedeterminersuchasa(n),some,any,etc,orademonstrativedeterminersuchasthis,that,whichtoconveyemotionalfeelings,e.g.adaughterofMrsGreen’sany/somedaughters’ofMrsGreen’sthisbrilliantideaofDavid’sthatcleverremarkofyoursister’sthisnotoriousschemeofyourcolleague’sthatiniquitousplotoftheking’sWhichnovelofDickens’TwonovelsofDickens’Butnot“*thedaughterofMrsGreen’s”DeterminerIsthefollowingsentencegrammatical?Why?*Watchwaslost.Therearequiteanumberofwaystomakeitgrammatical:This/Thatwatchwaslost.Mywatchwaslost.Mary’s/Ted’swatchwaslost.Onewatchwaslost.Everywatchwaslost.Nowatchwaslost.Neitherwatchwaslost.Whichwatchwaslost…Whatdotheabovefactssuggest??+DeterminerN/NPWhatinfluencedoesDet.haveonthefollowingN/NP?IthelpstodeterminetheN/NP’sreferenceandquantity.Howmany/howmuch…?What/Which/whose(thing/person)doyoureferto?DeterminerWhataredeterminers?Wordsthatprecedeanypremodifyingadjectivesinanounphraseandwhichdenotesuchreferentialmeaningsasspecificreference(特指),genericreference(类指),definitequantityorindefinitequantityarereferredtoasdeterminers.(reference&quantity)Determinersinclude:articles,possessivedeterminers,genitivenouns,demonstrativedeterminers,relativedeterminers,interrogativedeterminers,indefinitedeterminers,cardinalandordinalnumerals,fractionalandmultiplicativenumerals,andotherquantifiers.DeterminerThechoiceofdeterminersiscloselyrelatedtowhatmightbecalledthethreeclassesofnouns:singularcountablenouns,pluralcountablenounsanduncountablenouns.Thethreeclassesofnounsdemandappropriatedeterminerstocollocatewith.1)determinerswithallthreeclassesofnouns:possessivedeterminers,genitivenounsandthedefinitearticleaswellassome,any,no,theother,andwhose,e.g.the/his/somecar,the/his/somecars,the/his/somemoney...2)determinerswithsingularcountablenounsonly:a(n),one,another,each,every,either,neither,manya,sucha,e.g.eachworker,everystudent,eitherbook,anotherbook…Determiner3)determinerswithpluralcountablenounsonly:both,twothree,etc,anothertwo/three,many,(a)few,several,these,those,a(great)numberof,e.g.both/several/these/many/anumberofworkers…4)determinerswithuncountablenounsonly:alittle,agreatamountof,abitof,agreatdealof,muchless,least,e.g.muchnoise,little/agreatdealofmoney,lessoil…5)determinerswithsingularandpluralcountablenounsonly:thefirst,thesecond,thelast,thenext,e.g.thefirstman/men,thenextmeeting/meetings…Determiner6)determinerswitheithersingularoruncountablenounsonly:this,that,e.g.this/thatjob,this/thatwork…7)determinerswithpluralanduncountablenounsonly:alotof,lotsof,plentyof,enough,most,such,other,e.g.Enoughbooks/money,moreessays/time,plentyofcars/rain…CollocationsbetweendeterminersAccordingtotheirpotentialposition,determinerscanbedividedintothreesubclasses:Centraldeterminers----articles,genitive,demonstrativedeterminers,possessivedeterminers,some,any,no,everyeach,either,neither,enough,what(ever),which(ever),whose,etc.(Theyaremutuallyexclusiveinaphrase)…Predeterminers----all,both,half,double,twice,threetimes,etc.;one-third,twofifths,etc.;what,sucha(n)…Postdeterminers----next,last,other,another,etc.;many,much,afew,alittle,fewer,thefewest,more,most…CollocationsbetweendeterminersIfanounphrasecontainsmorethanonedeterminer,theyarenotcombinedtogetheratwill.Rather,theyfollowsomeorder.1)predeterminer+centraldeterminer+postdeterminer,e.g.alltheotherstudents,bothhistwosisters…2)predeterminer+centraldeterminer,e.g.allthestudents,bothhisparents…3)centraldeterminer+postdeterminer,e.g.theotherstudents,hislastfewsisters…4)predeterminer+postdeterminer,e.g.allotherstudents,allthreesisters…5)postdeterminer+postdeterminer,e.g.threeotherstudents,afewmorewords…CollocationsbetweendeterminersNote:Unlikepostdeterminers,centraldeterminersandpredeterminersaremutuallyexclusiveinaphrase.Thatis,notwomembersofthemcanco-occurinanounphrase.e.g.hislasttwobooks,thefirsttwochapters…*mythatbook,*allhalfstudents…ArticlesArticlesarethemosttypicalofdeterminers.Englishhasthreearticles----thedefinite,theindefiniteandthezeroarticle.Bothdefiniteandindefinitearticlescanbeusedtoperformthefunctionsofgenericandspecificreference.GenericandspecificreferenceGenericreference----anymemberrepresentativeofaclassofpeopleorthings.Specificreference----aparticularspecimenoftheclass.Compare:Thelionisroaring.(specific)Thelionisthekingofanimals.（generic）Atigerhasescaped.（specific）Atigercanbedangerous.（generic）GenericandspecificreferenceTheGenericfunctioncanalsobeperformedbythedefinitearticlecombiningwithcertainadjectivesoradjectivalparticiples,e.g.Therichgetricher,andthepoorgetpoorer.Theoppressedandtheexploitedwantedtofreethemselvesfromtheoppressors.GenericandspecificreferenceZeroarticlemeanstheabsenceofarticle.Thatis,noarticleisused,esp.withpluralcountablenounsanduncountablenouns.Zeroarticlealsohasgenericuse,e.g.Pandasarerareanimals.(pluralcountablenoun)Carrotsaremyfavoritevegetables.(pluralcountablenoun)WashingtonisthecapitaloftheUnitedStates.(propernoun)Happinessiswhattheyareafterinlife.(abstractnoun)Knowledgeispower.(abstractnoun)Goldisnotveryexpensiveinthatplace.(materialnoun)Anaphoric,cataphoricandsituationalreferenceAnaphoricreference-----Theword“anaphoric”means“pointingbackward”.Whenwhatisreferredtooccursinapreviouscontextandthedefinitearticlehastopointbackwardforitsmeaning,thisisknownasanaphoricreference,e.g.Heorderedabooksometimeago.Thebookhasnowarrived.AnaphoricTHEAnaphoric,cataphoricandsituationalreferenceCataphoricreference----Thewordcataphoricmeans“pointingforward”.Whenthereferentialmeaningofthedefinitearticleisdeterminedbywhatfollowsthearticleandthehead,andthearticlehastopointforwardforitsowninterpretation,thatiscataphoricreference,e.g.ThisistheplacewhereIfirstmether.CataphoricTHEAnaphoric,cataphoricandsituationalreferenceSituationalreference-----dependsnotonanyreferentthathasoccurredinthecontextbutsolelyonthecommonknowledgesharedbyspeakerandheareroronaspecificsituationinwhichthereferenceismadeclear.Sometimesthisfunctioncanalsobeperformedbyzeroarticle,e.g.What’sontheradio?Shutthedoor,please.Sheasked,“Whyisfatheroutofwork?”Hewaselectedchairmanofthestudents’union.ArticlesinusewithdifferentclassesofnounTheuseofarticlesisoftenaheadacheforusChineselearners.ThisisnotonlybecausethereisnoarticlecontrastinChinesecommonnouns,butalsobecausetherearetoomanyexceptionstotherulesguidingtheuseofarticles.Asamatteroffact,thechoiceofanarticleinquiteafewidiomaticexpressionsisjustamatterofusagewhichisdifficultorevenimpossibletoexplainintermsofafewgrammaticalrules.Inthissense,itisnecessarythatweshouldmemorizesome“exceptions”.Readthecoursebookcarefully(section7.2:P76-82),andgetfamiliarwiththeuseofarticleswithdifferentclassesofnoun.ArticlesinspecialpositionsGenerally,whenanounismodifiedbysomeadjective,thearticleprecedetheadjective,e.g.abigbook,aninterestingstory,theslowcar,etc.However,whenmodifiedbysomeothersasfollows,thearticleshouldfollowtheadjective.Hewassoshortaboythathecan’treachthebookontheshelf.Itistoodifficultasentenceforhimtounderstand.Weallknowhowgreatamanheis.Howcanyoumakesuchamistake?Manyateacherhasseenthisfilm.Heisquiteaheadmaster.Heislivingratherapoorlife.Boththeteachersandallthestudentsweresafe.Exercise:Readthesetipsfromamagazineaboutfindingagoodfitnessclub.Sixofthelinesarecorrectandsevenhaveanarticlethatshouldnotbethere.Ifalineiscorrect,putatickattheendofit.Ifthereisanarticlethatshouldnotbethereunderlineit.Themanypeoplegotoagymregularly,totrytolosetheweightandcopewiththestressofmodernlife.Herearethesometipsforfindingthebestgymforyou.Visitatleastthreeclubsatthetimeofdayyouplantoworkout.Checkforthecleanliness,especiallyinthechangingrooms.EnsuretheequipmentiswellmaintainedandsuitedtoyourRequirements.Expectthewellqualified,presentableinstructors.Checkthataninstructorisavailableinthegymareaatalltimesforanassistance.Istheclubsecurityconscious–doyouneedanIDcardtogetin?Doyouneedtopayamembershipfeeanddoesthefeeincludethecostofaerobicsclasses?Chooseagymashortdistanceaway-ifittakesyoumorethanthethirtyminutestogetthere,youprobablywon’tgo.Checkyourexercise:Themanypeoplegotoagymregularly,totrytolosetheweightandcopewiththestressofmodernlife.Herearethesometipsforfindingthebestgymforyou.Visitatleastthreeclubsatthetimeofdayyouplantoworkout.Checkforthecleanliness,especiallyinthechangingrooms.EnsuretheequipmentiswellmaintainedandsuitedtoyourRequirements.Expectthewellqualified,presentableinstructors.Checkthataninstructorisavailableinthegymareaatalltimesforanassistance.Istheclubsecurityconscious–doyouneedanIDcardtogetin?Doyouneedtopayamembershipfeeanddoesthefeeincludethecostofaerobicsclasses?Chooseagymashortdistanceaway-ifittakesyoumorethanthethirtyminutestogetthere,youprobablywon’tgo.AssignmentsThankyou!ReadLecture4-7&finishtheexercises.ArticlesForgenericreferenceForspecificreferenceGenericreferenceThepandaisarareanimal.(definitearticle)Thesnakeisareptile.(definitearticle)IwishIhadadogofmyown.(indefinitearticle)Pandasarerareanimals(zeroarticle+pluralformofanoun)Acarismoreexpensivethanabicycle.(=Anycars…anybicycle.)Anair-conditionerismoreexpensivethananelectricfan.(Anyair-conditioner...anyelectricfan)Compare:Theair-conditionerispopularinMacau.Air-conditionersarepopularinMacau.*Anair-conditionerhasbecomepopularinMacau.(notacceptable)Butpossibletosay:Anair-conditionerismoreexpensivethananelectricfan.Specificreferencethemoon,theearth(uniqueness)Thepandagavebirthtoababylastnight.(definitespecificreference)AdogchargedatmewhenIwasonmywayhomelastnight.(indefinitespecificreference)AnaphoricspecificreferenceHeorderedabooksometimeago.Thebookhasnowarrived.CataphoricspecificreferencePleasetellusthestoryofFranklin.IsthisthetrainforShanghai?HereisthestudentItoldyouabout.SituationalspecificreferenceWhat’sinthepapertoday?What’sontheradio?Shutthedoor,please.Howisthecoughtoday?Heturnedontheradio.