中国历史文化

1CHAPTERFIVECERAMICS陶瓷ThemaincontentDifferentkindsofpotteryappearedindifferenttimesandregions.Thevariouscharacteristicsofdifferentkindofporcelainwares.3POTTERY陶器ThehistoryofChineseceramicsisnoexception.ArchaeologicalfindssetthedayintheNeolithicAgeinChineseprimitivesociety(morethan8,000yearsago).Potterywasneededforconvenienceandimprovementoftheirlife.Peoplecreateddifferenttypesofearthenware.4PAINTEDPOTTERY彩陶Paintedpotteryisakindofcrockerymadebypaintingpatternsongreenwaresurfacewithmineralmaterialsandfiringitinakiln.ItisanartworkprevailinginthemiddleandlateNeolithicAgeinChina.LargequantitiesofpaintedpotterieswerediscoveredinmanyculturalrelicsoftheNeolithicAge,suchasthefamousculturalrelicsofYangShao,HenanProvince,QinglianggangandDaxi.Paintedpotteriesmadeindifferentperiodspresentdifferentfeatures.BLACKPOTTERY黑陶BlackPotteryasthewitnessofthelifeofancientchinesehasgonethroughthelonghistoryofmorethan7000years.It'smadeofthespecialblackclayinXi'an,theoldestcityofChinaandtheoriginofChinaCulture,whichwillensuretheartworkstodevelopeonthetraditionalbaseofblackpotteryartfully,thatis"Blackaspaint,brightasmirror,hardasporcelainandsonorousasthechimestone".GREYPOTTERY灰陶ManypiecesofgreypotteryhavebeenunderthedfromthesitesofErliganginZhengzhouandothersitesinLuoyangAnyangandXi'an.ManyofthemwerefashionedafterthebronzevasselsofShangandZhoudynastiesandwereelaboratelyanddelicatelydecoratedwithavarietyofnewdecorativetechniques.WHITEPOTTERY白陶Whitepotteryisakindofpotterywhoseoutsideandinsideareallwhite.Thegreenwareismostlymadebyhand.InthelateShangDynasty(13thcentury-11thcenturyBC),theemergenceandapplicationofwhitepotterywithcarvedpatternsmarkedthenewachievementinthehistoryofChinesepottery.Thehardness,fireresistanceandwater-absorbingcapacitysawmuchimprovement,soweconsiderthewhitepotterytheindicationoftheleapfrompotterytochina.11GLAZEDPOTTERY釉陶Itiscalledpotterybecauseitisonlyglazedintheoutside.Thispotteryusuallyrequiresafiringtemperatureofmorethan1，000℃，soitisalsocalledhigh-firedglazedpottery.Thisglazedpottery,whichwasingreen,yellow,blackorbrown,developedintwodirections:oneisitsevolvementintoporcelainduringtheEasternHandynasty,sowesayitisinfactthefore-runnerofporcelain;theotherisitsmoredelicaterefinement.TRI-COLOURPOTTERY唐三彩Theappearanceofthetri-colourpotteryoftheTangDynastywasthezenithofthedevelopmentoftheglazedpottery.TheTangDynastyisfamousforitsenergeticallymodeledandbrightlycoloredtombfigurines.Madefromlow-firedearthenwareandintendedexclusivelyforburial,thesecharminghorses,camels,andcivilofficialshavebecomeimmenselypopular.PORCELAIN瓷PorcelainisoneofChina'sgreatinvention.Scholarsarestillexhaustivelydiscussingwhenwaschineseporcelaininvented.Themostrecentidea,however,basedonnewdataandfindings,isthatporcelaingoesbackasfarinChinesehistoryasthe16thcenturyB.C.Itisakindofproto-porcelain.WHITEPORCELAIN白瓷Whiteporcelainheldanimportantplaceindailylifeandlaidthebasisforsubsequentwarewithpainteddesignandformodernporcelain.Themostcommonshapearejars,bowls,vases,plates,andlamps,andothervessels.ItsproducingcenterswerechieflyXingzhouandDingzhouinHebeiprovince.BLACKPORCELAIN黑瓷TheblackwarewasmostlyproducedinkilnsinHenanarea,somevesselsandshardsbeingfoundintheJiaxiankilns,andtheDuangdiankilnsinLushan.Itsachievementslaychieflyinglazeanddecoration.ThedecorativemethodsofdistinctiveartisticstylecontributedmuchtomakingTangblackglazeporcelainthebestofitstime.YAOZHOUPORCELAIN耀州瓷TheYaozhoukilnsitesarelocatedinTongchuan,ShangxiProvince,withthepresent-dayHuangbaozhenasthecentre.thebasicglazecolorisanolivegreenrangingintonefromdarktolight,butwithoutanybluishtinge.carveddecorationisitsmostattactivefeature.DINGPORCELAIN定瓷AdministeredbyDingzhouintheTangDynasty,Dingkilnisnamedafteritsancientlocation(nowlocatedinQuyangcounty,Hebeiprovince).OriginatingfromtheTangDynasty,DingkilnreacheditspeakduringtheNorthernSongDynastyandstoppedproductionintheYuanDynasty.Fromtheoutset,DingkilnwasmerelyaciviliankilnandonlybegantosupplyimperialporcelainsinthelateNorthernSongDynastyRuwarewasanothermajorceladonschooloftheSongDynasty.WiththeRuware,theformerlyolive-greenceladonglazedevelopedabluetintwhichappearedsoftened,delicateandclear.theRuceladonwasthelaststepinthelongpaocessofevolvingaperfectceladonwareanddemonstratematurityinceladonmanufacture.RUPORCELAIN汝瓷GUANPORCELAIN官瓷SocalledGuanwerehereisnoneotherthanthatpaoducedinthekilnsofficiallyestablishedinBianliang(thepresent-dayKaifengandLin'an(thepresent-dayHangzhou)bytheNorthernandSouthernSongDynasties.JUNPORCELAIN钧瓷ThemostattractivefeatureofJunceladonisthepeculiartypeofceladonglaze.Becauseofthesilicateintheglazesomethinguniqueappearsassmallwhitemottleswhenthewareisfired.Junwareisagerminthesongporcelainhistory.TheLongquankilnsprobablybeganproductionsometimeinthefiveDynastiesperiod,andflourishedduringtheSouthernSong,forbytheendoftheNorthernSongitwasstillonaverysmallscale.LONGQUANPORCELAIN龙泉瓷Page33MISTYBLUEPORCELAIN影青瓷Thewareofthisperiodisknownas"mistyblue"or"clearblue"porcelain.Itsuniqueglazefallssomewhatbetweenblueandwhite,morebluishgreenandhadabetterlustrecomparedwithsongwhiteporcelain.Thankyouforyourattention.