关于英语辩论赛的技巧分享

关于 英语 关于好奇心的名言警句英语高中英语词汇下载高中英语词汇 下载英语衡水体下载小学英语关于形容词和副词的题 辩论赛的技巧分享　　是不是想要收集一些关于英语辩论赛的技巧呢?下面是小编搜集整理的关于英语辩论赛的技巧分享，欢迎阅读。更多资讯请继续关注辩论赛栏目!　　OnDebating　　Clarity:Avoiduseoftermswhichcanbeinterpreteddifferentlybydifferentreaders.Whenwearetalkingtopeoplewhosubstantiallyagreewithuswecanusesuchtermsas"rednecks"or"liberals"andfeelreasonablysurethatwewillbeunderstood.Butinadebate，wearetalkingtopeoplewhosubstantiallydisagreewithusandtheyarelikelytoputadifferentinterpretationonsuchwords.　　Evidence:Quotinganauthorityisnotevidence.Quotingamajorityopinionisnotevidence.Anyargumentthatstartswith，"AccordingtoEinstein..."isnotbasedonobjectiveevidence.Anyargumentthatstartswith，"Mostbiologistsbelieve..."isnotbasedonobjectiveevidence.Saying，"TheBiblesays..."isnotevidence.Authoritiesandmajoritiescanbewrongandfrequentlyhavebeen.(历届辩论赛中出现最多的问题)　　Emotionalism:Avoidemotionallychargedwords--wordsthatarelikelytoproducemoreheatthanlight.Certainlytheracial，ethnic，orreligioushatewordshavenoplaceinrationaldebating.Likewise，avoidargumentumadhominem.Personalattacksonyouropponentareanadmissionofintellectualbankruptcy.Also，slursdirectedatgroupswithwhomyouropponentisidentifiedareusuallynonproductive.Trytokeepattentioncenteredontheobjectiveproblemitself.Thereisaspecialproblemwhendebatingsocial，psychological，political，orreligiousideasbecauseaperson'stheoriesaboutthesematterspresumablyhavesomeeffectonhisownlifestyle.Inotherwords，ratherthansaying"andthat'swhyyouaresuchanundisciplinedwreck"say，"apersonadoptingyourpositionis，Ibelieve，likelytobecomeanundisciplinedwreckbecause..."　　Causality:AvoidtheblunderofassertingacausalrelationshipwiththepopularfallacyofposthocergopropterhocwhichdeclaresthatbecausesomeeventAhappenedandimmediatelyafterwardeventBhappenedthateventAwasthecauseofeventB.(Iknewsomeonewhosecarstalledonthewaytowork.Shewouldgetoutandopenthehoodandslamitandthenthecarwouldstart.Singingasongwouldhavebeenjustaseffectivetoallowtimeforavaporlocktodissipate!)Alsoavoidthepopularfallacythatcorrelationprovescausation.PeoplewhoownCadillacs，onaverage，havehigherincomesthanpeoplewhodon't.ThisdoesnotmeanthatifweprovidedpeoplewithCadillacsthattheywouldhavehigherincomes.　　Innuendo(影射):Innuendoissayingsomethingpejorativeaboutyouropponentwithoutcomingrightoutandsayingitbutbymakingmoreorlessveiledallusionstosomecircumstance，rumor，orpopularbelief.Ifyouwanttoseesomeexcellentexamplesofinnuendo，watchRushLimbaugh.Politiciansare，unfortunately，frequentlyguiltyofusinginnuendo.Itisaneasywaytocapitalizeonpopularprejudiceswithouthavingtomakeexplicitstatementswhichmightbedifficultorimpossibletodefendagainstrationalattack.　　Besureofyourfacts.Whatisthesourceofyourinformation?Ifitisanewspaperoramagazine，areyousurethattheinformationhasn'tbeen"slanted"toagreewiththatpublication'spoliticalbias?Wherecrucialfactsareconcerned，itisbesttocheckwithmorethanonesource.Ofteninternationalpublicationswillgiveyouadifferentperspectivethanyourhometownnewspaper.ChecktoseewhetherthebookyouareusingwaspublishedbyaregularpublishingcompanyorwhetheritwaspublishedbysomespecialinterestgroupliketheJohnBirchSocietyorareligiousorganization.Thesebookscannotbetrustedtopresentunbiasedevidencesincetheirmotivationforpublishingisnottruthbutratherthefurtheranceofsomepoliticalorreligiousview.　　Understandyouropponents'arguments.Itisgoodpracticetoarguewithafriendandtakeapositionwithwhichyoudonotagree.Inthiswayyoumaydiscoversomeoftheassumptionsyouropponentsaremakingwhichwillhelpyouinthedebate.Rememberthateverybodythinksthathispositionistherightone，andeverybodyhashisreasonsforthinkingso.　　Donotimputeridiculousormalevolentideastoyouropponent.　　Anexampleofthisistherhetoricalstatement，"Haveyoustoppedbeatingyourwife?"Thisimputesorpresupposesthatyouropponenthasbeatenhiswife.Onefrequentlyseesreferencesbyconservativespeakersandwriterstotheideathatgayactivistswant"specialprivileges."Thiswouldberidiculousifitweretrue.Itisn'ttrue，butspeakingasifitweretrueandwellknowntoallisegregiouslyunfairtolistenersorreaderswhomaynotbewellinformed.Itisprobablyalwayswisetotreatyouropponentwithrespect，evenifhedoesn'tdeserveit.Ifhedoesn'tdeserverespect，thiswillprobablysoonbecomeobviousenough.　　Regressiontothemean(逻辑退化):Anothersourceoferrorwhichoccursveryfrequentlyisthefailuretotakeintoaccountregressiontothemean.Thisisabittechnical，butitisveryimportant，especiallyinanykindofsocialorpsychologicalresearchwhichdependsuponstatisticalsurveysorevenexperimentswhichinvolvestatisticalsampling.Ratherthanageneralstatementoftheprinciple(whichbecomesmoreandmoreunintelligibleasthestatementbecomesmoreandmorerigorous)anexamplewillbeused.　　Let'sconsiderintelligencetesting.　　1.PerhapswehaveadrugthatissupposedtoraisetheIQofmentallyretardedkids.Sowegiveathousandintelligencetestsandselectthe30lowestscoringindividuals.　　2.Wethengivetheselowscoringkidsourdrugandtestthemagain.　　3.WefindthattherehasbeenanincreaseintheaverageoftheirIQscores.　　4.IsthisevidencethatthedrugincreasedtheIQ?　　Notnecessarily!SupposewewanttoshowthatsmokingmarijuanalowerstheIQ.Well，wetakethe30highestscoringkidsinoursampleandgivethemTHCandtestthemagain.WefindaloweraverageIQ.　　IsthisevidencethatmarijuanalowerstheIQ?　　Notnecessarily!Anystatisticianknowsthatifyoumakesomekindofameasurementofsomeattributeofalargesampleofpeopleandthenselectthehighestandlowestscoringindividualsandmakethesamemeasurementagain，thehighscoringgroupwillhavealoweraveragescoreandthelowscoringgroupwillhaveahigheraveragescorethantheydidthefirsttime.Thisiscalled"regressiontothemean"anditisaperfectlyuniversalstatisticalprinciple.　　Thereareundoubtedlymorepointstobemadehere.Suggestionswillbegratefullyreceived.Larryhasmadethefollowingsuggestions:　　·Applythescientificmethod.(运用科学方法)　　·Citerelevantpersonalexperience.(合理引用相关的个人经历)　　·Bepolite.(辩论过程中有礼待人)　　·Organizeyourresponse.(Beginning，middle，end.)(对你辩词进行合理的组织)　　·Treatpeopleasindividuals.　　·Citesourcesforstatisticsandstudiesused.　　·Literacyworks.Breakpostsintosentencesandparagraphs.　　·Readthepostyouarerespondingto.