英国政治制度

可编辑可编辑------------------------------------------------------------------------------可编辑---------------------------------------英国政治 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 国会君主上议院下议院内阁国会议员宗教领袖世袭贵族终身贵族保守党工党自由民主党徽标ParliamentSovereigntheHouseofLordstheHouseofCommonstheCabinetMPs(MembersofParliament)religiousleadershereditarypeerslifepeerstheConservativePartytheLaborPartytheLiberalDemocraticPartyEmblem可编辑可编辑------------------------------------------------------------------------------可编辑---------------------------------------TheBritishGovernmentConstitutionalmonarchy(君主立宪制）TheMonarchreignsbutdoesn'trule.TherightsoftheMonarchy,asformalityandhistoricallegacy,arestrictlyrestrictedbyasetoflawsPower:theCrown(non-democratic)→aristocraticLords→theHouseofCommons(withapowerfulPrimeMinister)Aprocessofdemocracy:politicalparty→extensionoftheuniversalfranchise→thedevelopmentoflocalgovernmentanddevolutionTheConstitutionasetofrulesandconventionsNoWrittenconstitutionMultipledocuments:Statutelaw(成文法);commonlaws;ConventionsAncientdocuments可编辑可编辑------------------------------------------------------------------------------可编辑---------------------------------------EuropeanUnionlawTheEuropeanConventiononHumanRightsCharacteristics:ConstitutionalMonarchyParliamentarysovereignty(parliamentaryauthorityunlimited)RepresentativedemocracyTheruleoflaw(peoplearesubjecttolaw,nottothewillofgovernorsTheMonarchyTheKing/Queen(ceremonialduties;signingpapers)Legislative:Summon,ordissolveParliamentGiveRoyalAssenttobillsJudicialPardon赦免PersonalImmunity豁免(nottheCrown)ExecutiveConferpeeragesandknighthoodsAppointimportantgovernmentpositions(government,military,Church)ontheadviceofthePMForeignaffairsListenstoPMandothers’reportsCultural:nationalunity,moralityandcontinuityofhistorySymbolicfunctions:“Britishness”ofBritainCeremoniesParliamentThesupremelegislativebodyThreeparts:theCrown,theHouseofLords,theHouseofCommonsFunctionsLaw-making(create,abolish,amend)VotethetaxationDeterminerevenueandexpenditureofgovernment可编辑可编辑------------------------------------------------------------------------------可编辑---------------------------------------ExaminegovernmentpoliciesandadministrationDebatemajorpoliticalissuesofthedayEachparliamentfivesyears(onesessionayear)(OctoberorNovember)PrimeMinister’sQuestions(EveryWednesday)（首相质询）theStateOpeningofParliament(议会开幕)The“Queen’sSpeech”bytheGovernmenttoParliemantHouseofLords(theUpperHouse)LordsSpiritual(神职贵族）：religiousleaders(archbishop大主教andbishop主教)LordsTemporal（世俗贵族）：hereditarypeersandlifepeersLawLordsNobeltitles:duke(公）,marquis（侯）,earl/count（伯）,viscount（子）,baron（男）LordChancellor(themostimportantofficialinthelegalsystemofEnglandandWales.HeisalsotheHYPERLINK"dict://key.D4722835273E184582F2D24696A738EA/speaker"speakeroftheHouseofLordsandanimportantmemberoftheUKgovernment)大法官，上议院议长Powermuchreduced:aplaceofdiscussionanddebatedelaythepassageofbillsapprovedbytheCommonsuptoayearthehighestcourtofappealHouseofCommons(theLowerHouse)650seats(England523,Scotland72,Wales38,NorthernIreland17)MPs:electedbypeopleoftheirconstituencies(选区）inageneralelection（大选）PrimeMinister(leaderofthepartywiththemajorityofseats)andtheCabinetTheLeaderoftheOpposition(theheadofthelargestdefeatedparty)andtheShadowCabinetThegovernment(Party)andtheOpposition(Party)WhatdoMPsdo可编辑可编辑------------------------------------------------------------------------------可编辑---------------------------------------Questionstime(governmentministers)FromamotiontoabilltoanAct(3readings)onatopic,proposalormotion);frommotiontoabill(firstreading),toamendedandimprovedversionofthebill(2ndreading)ImprovethewordingThirdreadingGoestoUpperHouseGoestoMonarchAnactofParliament(law)GovernmentUnitarygovernment(单一制）ThreetiersofgovernmentsCentralgovernment(Localgovernment)Countygovernment(shires)Districtgovernment(cities,boroughs自治市,towns)CentralGovernmentHis(orHer)Majesty’sGovernment可编辑可编辑------------------------------------------------------------------------------可编辑---------------------------------------PrimeMinister:tremendouspowerpresidingovertheCabinetAllocatingfunctionsamongministersmeetingwiththeQueenRepresentingtheUKatmajorinternationaleventsMinistersCabinet：themajordecision-makingbody;20MinistersCollectiveresponsibility（集体负责制）Civilservants(politicallyneutral)(500,000)(cannotbecandidatesforParliamentorsupportanyparty)WhitehallandNo.10DowningStreetLocalGovernmentCountiescouncils(53)Districtcouncils(369)LocallyelectedbutcontrolledbylawsandpoliciesestablishedbythecentralgovernmentDevolution责权下放Sincethelate1990sThepowersofthecentralgovernmentoverlocalaffairs↓devolvetotheScottishandWelshlocallegislaturesAScottishparliament(129Ms)(1997)AWalesassembly(60Ms)(1997)NorthernIrelandassembly(108Ms)(1998)Politicalparties1.TheLiberalDemocraticParty(middle)—(Whigs辉格党1679)—theLiberalParty1815—theLiberalParty+theSocialDemocraticParty＝theLiberalDemocraticParty19882.TheConservativeParty(right)--1688,Tories→theConservativeParty1815--supportsprivateenterpriseandminimalstateregulation--acceptsthemixedeconomy(privateownershipofbusinesseswithsomegovernmentcontrol.--believeinagoverningclasswithanaturalrightandspecialprivileges可编辑可编辑------------------------------------------------------------------------------可编辑---------------------------------------3.TheLaborparty(Left,middleandlowermiddleclasses)--1900,unionists,liberals,socialists--believesinsocialism(classcooperation)topromotecommunalgrowth--demandseconomicequality--supportsnationalizationofbigenterprises--believesinthesupervisionofindustrybythegovernment/distributionofwealth/equalopportunityforeveryoneEmblemandColour:theConservatives:abluetorchLabour:aredrosetheLiberalDemocrats:ayellowbird.Atwo-partysystemofgovernment(since1945)ConservativeParty:supporter:fromtherichersectionsofsocietylandownersandbusinesspeople.PeoplelivinginthesouthofEnglandandruralareas1951-64;1970-74;1979-97;May11,2010uptonow(DavidCameron)(TheresaMay13/7/2016)Labour:Supporters:workingclasspeoplemiddleclasspeoplewhobelieveinsocialistideals.PeoplewholiveinthenorthofEnglandandinurbanareas1945-51;1964-70;1974-79;1997-2010(TonyBlair1997-2007,GordonBrown)Elections650constituencies(2010)OneMPeachconstituencyBritishcitizen,citizensofotherCommonwealthcountriesandtheRepublicofIrelandlivinginUK;18orover可编辑可编辑------------------------------------------------------------------------------可编辑---------------------------------------Candidateoftheparty;independentcandidateBallot(秘密投票）Thesimplemajoritysystem(vsabsolutemajority)简单多数原则HungParliament悬浮议会1974／2010（noonepartyhasanoverallmajority)(aminorityorcoalitiongovernment联合政府）PMsafterWorldWarII(seephotosfromlefttoright,toptobottom)TonyBlairJohnMajorMargaretThatcherJamesCallaghanEdwardHeathHaroldWilsonSirAlecDouglas-HomeHaroldMacmillanSirAnthonyEdenClementAttleeSirWinstonChurchillNevilleChamberlainJudiciarySystemofUKWordsandExpressionsCommonlaw普通法，习惯法，判例法Precedent先例Statutelaw成文法Criminallaw刑法Civillaw民法Criminalcourt刑事法院Civilcourt民事法院TheCrownCourt巡回刑事法庭TheCountyCourt郡法院TheHighCourt高等法院Tribunal特别法庭Magistrates’court执事法院Magistrate执事官,治安官Offence（具体的）罪行Summaryoffences简易判决罪可编辑可编辑------------------------------------------------------------------------------可编辑---------------------------------------Indictable-onlyoffences可起诉的罪行Thesuspect犯罪嫌疑人Thedefendant/accused/offender被告Theplaintiff/accuser/原告Charge指控Convict定罪Prosecute公诉Appeal上诉Appealcourt上诉法庭TheCrownProsecutionService(theCPS)皇家公诉机关Jury陪审团juror陪审员Verdict判决Sentence判刑Acquit宣告无罪Plaint控诉Solicitor小律师，事务律师，初级律师，诉讼律师，沙律师Barrister大律师，辩护律师，高级律师，出庭律师，巴律师Plead辩护Legalredress法律救济TheAppellateCommitteeoftheHouseofLords上诉委员会TheLordChancellor大法官Theadversarialsystem对抗制ParliamentIntheUnitedKingdom,theinstitutionresponsibleformakinglaws,discussingmajorissuesaffectingthecountryandraisingtaxesiscalled________.ThethreepartsofParliament,the______(i.e.kingorqueen),theHouseof______andtheHouseof_______,meettogetheronlyonspecialoccasions.Althoughtheagreementofallthreeisrequiredforlawstobepassed,thatofthekingorqueenisnowgivenwithout_______.Althoughthekingorqueenremains______ofthekingdom,theresponsibilityofthesovereigninpolicy-makingandadministrationhasbeengradually______overthepast3-4centuriesandgovernmentofthecountryisnowinthehandsofa______,presidedoverbya___________.Sincethe19thcentury,theGovernmenthasbeenthepolitical_______withthemostmembersintheHouseof______,andtheleaderofthatpartyhasbeenthe___________.可编辑可编辑------------------------------------------------------------------------------可编辑---------------------------------------TheJudicialSystemSeparateLegalSystems:EnglandandWalesScotlandandNorthernIrelandThesupremeexecutivebodyofthelaw:TheHouseofLordsTheLordChancellorTheDepartmentforConstitutionalAffairsandtheHomeOffice(内政部）NoMinistryofJustice(司法部）TheRuleofLawEveryoneisboundbythelawAllpersonsareequalbeforethelawTheofficialsandinstitutionsofthestate↓maintainLawandorderLegalredressforeveryonewithcomplaintsThelawandlegalprocessesandpersonnel:independentfrompoliticalinterferenceSourcesofLawCommonLawSystem:Theprincipleof“precedence”(先例）：Thecourtwillfollowtheprecedentsinpreviouslegalcases.Thereshouldbeasmuchcertaintyinthelawaspossible.Thecreationofnewprecedents:theHouseofLordsCommonLawStatuteLaw:formalwrittenlawspassedbytheParliamentEuropeanUnionLaw:since1973.economicandsocialmatters.(EUlawoverBritishdomesticlaw)TheCourtSystemCriminallaw:therulesforcitizensandactspunishablebythestate(theft,murder)可编辑可编辑------------------------------------------------------------------------------可编辑---------------------------------------Civillaw:therelationshipsandtransactionsbetweenprivateparties,individuals,organizations,orcompanies(disputessuchascompensationforlossordamage)Administrativelaw:aspecialsortofcivillawconcerningtheinteractionsofcitizenswiththestateCriminalCourtsmagistrates’Courts→theCrownCourtMinorcriminaloffencesSerousoffencessummaryoffencesindictable-onlyoffences(theft,vandalism)(rape,murder)magistratesajudgeandajuryof12（JPsJusticesofthePeace)→theCourtofAppealsfortheCriminalDivision→theHouseofLordsCivilCourts:CountyCourts→HighCourt90%civilcasesmorecomplicatedcivilcases1judge,nojury1-3judges,nojury→theCourtofAppealsfortheCivilDivision→TheHouseofLordsInScotlandCriminalCourts:DistrictCourt→Sheriff’sCourtslayJusticesofthePeacetheSherifforwithajuryof15→theCourtofJusticiaryCivilCourt:Sheriff’sCourts→ThehigherCourtofSession→theHouseofLordsTheHouseofLords:TheAppellateCommitteeoftheHouseofLords:appealsfromthecourtsinEngland,WalesandNorthernIreland,andincivilcasesfromScotlandOtherCourts:可编辑可编辑------------------------------------------------------------------------------可编辑---------------------------------------Tribunals(特别法庭）:informalandcheap(disputesbetweenprivatecitizensor/andpublicauthorities)e.g.sexdiscrimination;unfairdismissalfromwork,etc.JudicialProceedingsPutsixactivitiesintothemostlogicalorder:Prosecute公诉convict定罪Sentence判刑commit犯罪arrest逮捕charge指控TheLegalProcessArrestApersonmaybearrestedandheldforquestioningatapolicestationonsuspicionofcommittinganoffenceforamaximumof24hourswithoutcharge,unlessaseniorpoliceofficerthinksmoretimeisneededintheinvestigationofaseriousoffence.Theaccusednormallyhasarighttoberepresentedbyasolicitor.ChargeWhenthepolicearesatisfiedtheyhaveenoughevidence,thesuspectischargedwiththeoffence.Forseriousoffences,thesuspectwillbeheldonremandinprisonbeforetrial.Forlessseriousoffences,thesuspectwillbeallowedhomeonbail.Forminoroffences,theaccusedmaybereleasedwithapolicecaution.CPSTheCrownProsecutionServicewasestablishedin1986toensureuniformityoverdecisionstoprosecute.Roughly2,000solicitorsandbarristersoperatetheCPSanditistheirdecisionwhetherthepolicehaveenoughevidencetohaveabetterthanevenchanceofsecuringaconviction.MagistratesCourtAllcasesbegininamagistratescourt,andmostofthemaretriedhere.However,magistratesarelimitedinthesentencestheycanhanddown(maximum:6months),andmoreseriousoffencesaresentuptocrowncourt.Defendantsmayalsochoosetohavetrialbyjury;thesecasesarealsoreferredtoCrownCourt.可编辑可编辑------------------------------------------------------------------------------可编辑---------------------------------------CrownCourtThisisaboveamagistratescourtandispresidedoverbythejudge.Hisorherjobistodirectthetwelvemembersofthejurysotheyunderstandtheelementsthatmakeuptheoffence.Afterhearingalltheevidence,itisthenuptothejurytodecidewhetherthedefendantisguilty.Thejudgethenhandsdownthesentence.TheAdversarialSystemAlawyerrepresentstheprosecutionandtheotherrepresentstheaccusedBothsidescallforwitnessesinsupportoftheircaseinordertoestablishthedefendant’sinnocenceorguiltApersonisinnocentuntilprovenguiltyNotruth,onlyevidencebeforethejudgeandthejuryLaypeople–BasicprincipleofinvolvementoflaypeopleasmagistratesorasjurorsMagistratesLaypeopleplayamajorpartintheadministrationofjusticethroughthe28,000laymagistrates.Peoplewhoarerespectedandresponsiblemembersoftheirlocalcommunityareselectedtoserveasmagistrates,knowninthepastasJusticesofthePeace,incountycourtswithintheareainwhichtheylive.Theyarenotpaidfortheworkandtheyarenotprofessionallytrainedinthelegalsystembuttheydoundergosomepart-timetraining.TheJuryThisistheotherwaythatthepublicisinvolvedintheprocessofjusticeandallcriminaltrialsintheCrownCourtsandtheOldBailey(HighCourt)areheldbeforeajudgeandjury.ThejuryAllcriminaltrialsintheCrownCourtsandtheHighCourtareheldbeforeajudgeandjury可编辑可编辑------------------------------------------------------------------------------可编辑---------------------------------------Agroupofordinarycitizens(12,15inScotland):drawnfromacross-sectionofthepublicandselectedatrandomDecidewhetheranaccusedpersonisguiltyorinnocentCannotaskquestionsincourt;tolistenimpartiallytotheevidencefromallsidesAunanimousagreementofguiltyornotguilty.VeryrareincivilcasesSolicitorandBarristerSolicitor:Thegenerallegalwork:paperworkrepresentingtheclientincertaincivilproceedingsBarrister:Havetherighttopleadcasesincourt:GivespecializedlegaladviceActasadvocatesinthecourtsJudgesBasicprincipleofjudicialindependenceTheLordChancellor:theheadofjudiciary(appointedbythePrimeMinister),appointingmagistratesJudgesappointedbytheQueenontheadviceofthePrimeMinister.Notsubjecttoministerialdirectionorcontrol.NotallowedtotakepartinpoliticsformallyIrremovableonceappointedVeryhighsalariesMajorCrimes(attempted)Murder(UK)/Homicide(US)故意杀人Manslaughter过失杀人(attempted)Rape强奸Theft盗窃Burglary入室行窃ArmedRobbery持械抢劫Arson纵火Blackmail勒索可编辑可编辑------------------------------------------------------------------------------可编辑---------------------------------------Kidnapping绑架Hijacking劫持CriminalDamage损害罪Crueltytochildren/ChildrenAbuse虐待儿童HandlingStolenProperty销赃罪Shoplifting入店行窃DrunkenDriving醉酒驾车Fraud诈骗Forgery伪造DrugTrafficking贩毒SomeImportantPunishmentsintheEnglishSpeakingCountriesImprisonment监禁Usuallyfixedterme.g.6years---‘life’formurderbutthisisoftenas8years‘withgoodbehaviour’.Probation假释Theconvictedpersonisnotinjailbuthastoreporttoapolicestationeveryweekandhasaprobationofficerwhomonitorshis/herbehaviour.Fine罚款Accordingtodifferentdegreeoftheoffencetherewillbedifferentsumsofmoneytobepaidasapunishment.Finesimposedinpreviouscasesareoftenmadeexamplestoprovidestandardsforfuturecases.SuspendedSentence缓刑Thepersonissentencede.g.to2yearsimprisonmentbutbecauseofsomemitigatingcircumstancese.g.theycommittedthecrimeunderprovocation---thereisaperiodoftimee.g.5yearsduringwhichiftheyareconvictedofanothercrime,theoriginalsentencewillalsocomeintoforceandbeaddedtothenewsentence.CommunityService社区服务Forlessseriouscrimes---ofteninvolvingyoungpeople(juveniledelinquents)---theyaresentencedtoaperiode.g.1yearduringwhichtheymustspendacertainnumberofhoursperweekworkinginthecommunitye.g.decoratingoldpeople’shomes,coachingunderprivilegedchildreninsports.可编辑可编辑------------------------------------------------------------------------------可编辑---------------------------------------MaximumprisonsentencesforseriouscrimesOffenceMax.PenaltyMurderLifeimprisonmentRape7yearsTheft3yearsBurglary3yearsBlackmail5yearsArson5yearsCriminaldamagetoproperty2yearsCausingdeathbydangerousdriving5yearsArmedrobbery5yearsMostEnglish-speakingnationsdonothavethedeathpenaltythoughsomeUSAstatesdo---anduseitquiteregularly..