英语国家概况澳大利亚简介

AustraliaGeographyandHistoryGovernmentandSociety精选课件GeographyLocationandSizeAustralialiesintheSouthernHemisphere,betweentheIndianOceanandthePacificcountryissurroundedbyseaonallsides:thePacificOceanontheeast,theIndianOceanonthewest,theArafuraSeaonthenorthandtheSouthernIndianOceanonthesouth.Itistheonlynationtogovernanentirecontinentanitsoutlyingislands.Withatotalareaofnearly7.7millionsquarekilometers,Australiaisthesixthlargestcountrytheworld,afterRussia,Canada,China,theU.S.andBrazil.精选课件精选课件GeographicalRegionsBroadlyspeaking,Australiacanbedividedintothreegeographicalregions:theEasternHighlands,theCentralLowlandsandWesternPlateau.ThehighestpointofelevationinAustralia,MountKosciuszko,whichrisestosome2,228metersabovesealevel,islocatedhere.ThereismorerainfallontheeasterncoastalplainthananywhereelseinAustralia.RainfallisheavyinnorthernandsouthwesternAustralia,butthecentralregioniscoveredwithdesert.精选课件ClimateandMajorCitiesJanuaryandFebruaryarethehottestsummermonths,whileJuneandJulyarethecoldestwintermonths.Australiaiswidelyknownas“theDryContinent”duetoitslowrainfall.Thearidity(干旱)ofAustraliastemsfromitsproximitytotheequator.Overtwo-thirdsoftheAustraliapopulationliveinthebigcities.ThemajorurbancentersofAustraliaincludeCanberra(堪培拉)，Sydney,Melbourne(墨尔本),Brisbane(布里斯班)，Perth(珀斯)，Adelaide(阿德莱德)andDarwin(达尔文).CanberraisthecapitalcityofAustraliaandislocatedintheAustraliaCapitalTerritory.SydneyisthecapitalcityofNewSouthWalesandisAustralia’slargestandoldestcity.精选课件HistoryBeforetheWesternersfoundAustralia,onlyAustralianaborigineslivedthere.Inthe16thcentury,theEuropeansbegantoexploreAustralia.In1606,theSpanishnavigator—LuisVaesdeTorresfoundtheplace,buthedidn’texploreitfurther.Inthesameyear,aDutchman—Williamarrivedinthecontinent.Thenin1770,theEnglishnavigatorCaptainJamesCookdiscoveredtheeasterncastleofAustraliaandnameditNewSouthWales..Soon,heclaimedthatthecontinentbelongedtoEngland.In1779,JosephBanks—anaturalistonCook’sboatadvisedtheEnglishgovernmentapprovedofhissuggestion.In1787,afleetconsistingofelevenvesselsarrivedinNewSouthWales.Onthesevessels,therewere750prisonersTothesepeople,NewSouthWaleswasanawfulplacewithtorridnessanddesolation.Butfortunately,theysurvivedandturnedAustraliaintoaproductiveandprosperousplace.Theyalsocreatedanewculturewhichisthebasisofthelegend”hardworkofAustralia”.精选课件GovernmentAustraliaisconstitutionalmonarchywithafederaldivisionofpowers.ItusesaparliamentarysystemofgovernmentwithQueenElizabethⅡatitsapexastheQueenofAustralia,arolethatisdistinctfromherpositionasmonarchoftheotherCommonwealthrealms.TheQueenresidesintheUnitedKingdom,andsheisrepresentedbyherviceroysinAustralia(theGovernor-GeneralatthefederallevelandbytheGovernorsatthestatelevel),whobyconventionactontheadviceofherministers.SupremeexecutiveauthorityisvestedbytheConstitutionofAustraliainthesovereign,butthepowertoexerciseitisconferredbytheConstitutionspecificallyontheGovernor-General.ThemostnotableexercisetodateoftheGovernor-General’sreservepoweroutsidethePrimeMinister’srequestwasthedismissaloftheWhitlamGovernmentintheconstitutionalcrisisof1975精选课件Thefederalgovernmentisseparatedintothreebranches:Thelegislature:thebicameralParliament,definedinsection1oftheconstitutionascomprisingtheQueen(representedbytheGovernor-General),theSenate,andtheHouseofRepresentatives;Theexecutive:theFederalExecutiveCouncil,inpracticetheGovernor-GeneralasadvisedbythePrimeMinisterandMinistersofState;Thejudiciary:theHighCourtofAustraliaandotherfederalcourts,whosejudgesareappointedbytheGovernor-GeneralonadviceoftheCouncil.精选课件PeopleEconomyEducationSociety精选课件PeopleMostAustraliansareofBritishandIrishancestryandthemajorityliveinurbanareas.ThepopulationhasmorethandoubledsinceWorldWar,spurredbyanambitiouspost-warimmigrationprogram.ThepopulationofAustraliaisabout22.9milion.Theindigenouspopulation,theAustraliaAborigines,estimated300,000atthetimeoftheEuropeanarrival,numbered517,000in2006.Thoughstillmoreruralthanthegeneralpopulationhasbecomemoreurbanized,withone-thirdofthemlivinginmajorcities.Australiaisthemostsparselypopulatedoftheinhabitedcontinents.Intermsoflandmass,Australiaisthesixthlargestnationintheworld.However,itranks53rdintermsofpupolation,withanoverallpopulationdensityofabout3peoplepersquarekilometer.精选课件EconomyAustraliahasaprosperousWestern-stylecapitalisteconomy.Thenation’shigheconomicperformancestemsfromeffectiveeconomicmanagementandongoingstructuralreform.Australiaisself-sufficientinfood;theraisingofsheepandtheproductionofgrainhavelongbeenthecountry’smajoroccupations.Meanwhile,Australiaisalsoahighlyindustrializedcountry.Australia’seconomydependslargelyonforeigntrade.Itschiefexportcommoditiesaremetals,minerals,wool,beef,mutton,cerealsandmanufacturedproducts.Theleadingimportsaremachinery,transportationandtelecommunicationsequipment,computersandofficemachines,chemicalsandpetroleumproducts.精选课件EducationAustraliahasawell-developededucationalsystemwithaveryhighrateofparticipationandsecondarycompletion.EducationinAustraliaisprimarilytheresponsibilityofthestates.TheAustralianeducationalsystemisdividedbroadlyintofiveareas:preschool,primaryschool,secondary/highschool,vocationaltraininginstitutions,anduniversityandothertertiaryinstitutions.Thesystemofteachingandschooldisciplineisdifferencefromthatofmanyothercountries.Lessimportanceisplacedonoutwarddisciplineandmemorizing.Onthecontrary,theemphasisisonself-discipline,learningbydiscoveryandbyquestioning,andencouragingstudents’interestinandenthusiasmforlearning.Inmanycases,theAustralianmodelsattractinternationalattentionandAustraliaisinvolvedinthedevelopmentofeducationprogramsinmoreandmorecountries.精选课件谢谢观赏精选课件感谢亲观看此幻灯片，此课件部分内容来源于网络，如有侵权请及时联系我们删除，谢谢配合！