英美文学考点(美国文学部分)

.美国文学部分浪漫主义时期TheRomanticPeriod第一位：washingtonirving1.AHistoryofNewYorkfromtheBeginningoftheWorldtotheEndoftheDutchDynasty,whichwrittenunderthenameofDiedrichKnickerbocker,wasagreatsuccess.2.TheSketchBookwonainternationalfameonbothsidesoftheAtlantic.3.“RipVanWinkle”and“TheLegendofSleepyHollow”gotideasformGermanlegends.4.theBracebrigeHallandTalesofaTraveler.5.theAlhambraisusuallyregardedasIrving’s“SpanishSkethchBook”.Onlybecauseithasastrongflavorofspanishculture.6.Iring’stastewasessentiallyconservative.7.washingIving’shasalwaysbeenregardedasawriterwhoperfectedthebestclassicsytlethatAmericanLiteratureeverproduced.8.WashingIvingisworththehonorofbeing“theAmericanGoldsmith”forhisliterarycraftsmanship.9.Irving’spervasivethemeofnostalgia怀旧的)fortheunrecoverablepastisatoncemadeunforgettable.第二位：Emerson1.Transcendentalism---theromanticperiodinthehistoryofAmericanliterature.2.thechiefspokesmanofthisspiritualmovementisRalphWaldoEmerson3.transcendentalclub,theunofficialmanifestofortheclubisNature.4.NaturedidnotestablishhimasanimportantAmericanwriter,hislastreputationbeganwiththepublicationofEssays,whichconveythebestofhisphilosophicaldiscussionsandtranscendentalpursuits.SuchasTheAmericanScholar,Self-Reliance,TheOver-Soul.5.ThePoet,areflectionupontheaestheticproblemsofthepresentstateofAmericanliterature6.TheExperience,adiscussionabouttheconflictbetweenidealismandordinarylife.7.transcendentalism---withitsfocusontheintuitivekonwledgeofhumanbeingstograsptheabsoluteintheuniverseandthedivinityofman.Emersonputforwardhisphilosopyofover-soul,theimportanceofindividual,nature.8.emersonandothertranscendentalistsbelievedthatthereshouldbeaemtotionalcomunicationbetweenaindividualsoulandtheuniversalover-soul.9.a“transparenteyeball”marksaparadoxicalstateofbeing,inwhichoneismergedintonature,theover-soul.Whileatthesametimeretainingauniqueperceptionofexperience.10.emerson’sessaysoftenhaveacasualstyle,formostofthemwerederivedfromhisjournalsandlectures.11.堪称“theAmericanScolar”12.intheessayEmersonclearlyexpressesthemainpriciplesofhistranscendentalistpursuitandhislovefornature.第三位：Hawthorne1.Hawthorneremainsoneofthemostinteresting,yetmostambivalent(矛盾情感)writersintheAmericanliteraryhistory.2.TheTwice-ToldTales,acollectionofshortstorieswhichattractedcriticalattention.3.TheMossesofanOldManse,Snow-ImageandotherTwice-ToldTalesbestdemonstrateHawthorne’searlyobsessionswiththemoralandphycologicalconsequencesofpride,selfishnessandsecretguiltthatmanifestthemselvesinhumanbeings.4.TheScarletLetteroftenregardedasthebestofhisworks,tellsasimplybutverymovingstoryinwhich4peoplelivinginaPuritanCommunityareinvolvedinandaffectedbythesinofadulteryindifferentways.5.TheHouseoftheSevenGables6.TheBlithedaleRomance(福谷传奇)isanovelhewrotetorevealhisownexperiencesontheBrookFarmandhisownmethodsasapsychologicalnovelist.7.TheMableFaun(玉石雕像)setinItaly,thebookisconcernedaboutthedarkaberrations(失常方面)ofhumanspirit.8.TheBirthmark9.TheYoungGoodmanBrown–everyonepossessesevilsecret10.TheMinister’sDarkVeil11.TheRappaccini’sDaughter12.Hawthorne’sviewofman,humanhistoryoriginates,toagreatextent,inPuritanism13.TheHouseoftheSevenGablesandTheScarletLetter反清教思想，同时反清教思想ontheonehand,itprovideshimwithasubject,ontheotherhand,withthePuritanworldandsocietyasahistoricalbackground,hedisscussessomeofthemostimprotantissuesthatconcernthemorallifeofmanandhumansociety.14.thestructureandformofhiswritingsisalwayscarefullyworkedouttocaterforthethematicconcern.(精心设计的)15.allegorist预言家symbolist第四位：waltwhitman1.LeavesofGrassisWhitman’srepresentativework,体现了Americandemocraticideals反映了AmericanIndependentWarandCivalWar.2.LeavesofGrasshasnineeditions.Inthisgiantwork,openness,freedom,individualismareallthatconcernedhim.Hisaimwasnothinglessthantoexpresssomenewpoeticfeelingsandtoinitiatepoetictraditoninwhichdifferenceshouldberecognized.3.thepoet’sessentialpurposewastoindentifyhisegowiththeworldandmorespecificallywiththedemocratic“en-masse”oftheAmerica,whichisestablishedintheopenninglinesofthe“SongofMyself”4.mostofpoemsinLeavesofGrasssingofthe“en-masse”andtheselfaswell.5.politicallycommitted政治抒情诗suchasDumpTaps6.CavalryCrossingaFord,Whitmanexpressedmuchmouringforthesufferingsoftheyounglivesinthebattlefieldandshowedadeterminationtocarryonfightinguntilthefinalvictory.7.whenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloom’dmournfulasthesepoemsare,areadercandetectathintraceofecstasyforthevictoryoftheprogress.8.Whitman’spoteticstyleismarkedbytheuseofthepoetic”Ⅰ”9.freeverse,thatis,poetrywithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.10.parallelismandphoneticrecurrenceatthebeginningofthelinesarecontributetothemusicalityofhispoems.11.oneofthemostoften-usedmethodsinhispoemsistomakecolorsandimagesfleetpastthemind’seyeofthereaders.第五位HermanMelville1.Moby-Dickishismasterpiece.2.BillyBudd,hissecondfamouswork3.Melville’swritingscanbedividedintotwogroups,eachwithsomethingincommoninthelightofthethematicconcernandimginativefocus.4.Typee,Omoo,Mardiwhichdrewfromhisadventuresamongthepeopleofthesouthpacificisland.Redburnisasemi-autobiographicalnovel,conceriningthesufferingsofagenteelyouthamongthebrutalsailors.WhitejacketrelateshislifeontheUnitedStatesofman-of–war.5.pierre作者本意是想发动妇女文学革命，但却遭到强烈反对，结果名声下降。6.Bartleby,theScrivenr,ashortstorysymbolizingtheloninessandanonymityandpassivityofalittlemaninthebigcity.BenitoCereno,anovellaaboutashipwhoseblackslavecargomunityholdstheircaptainaterrorizedhostage.TheConfidence-Man,exploretheparadoxesofbeliefandtheoptimismsandhypocrisiesofAmericanlife.7.BillyBudd,whichagaindealswiththeseaandsailors,andthethemeoftheconflicebetwweninnocenceandcorruption.8.Moby-DickisregardedasthefirstAmericanproseepic.9.有关人物和文章主题意思请细看教科书。第二部分现实主义时期TheRealisticPeriod1.Theperiodofrangingfrom1865to1914hasbeenreferredtoastheageofrealismintheliteraryhistoryoftheUnitedStates.2.Realismwasareactionagainsttheromanticismoramoveawayfromthebiasandtowardsromanceandself-creatingfictions,andpavedthewayformodernism.3.MarkTwainreferredtoastheGildedAge.4.WilliamDeanHowellsCriticismandFiction.HeconfessIdonotcaretojudgeanyworkoftheimaginationwithoutfirstapplyingthistesttoit.5.ThethreeprominentwritersoftheperiodareWilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,HenryJames.6.theyapproachedtheharshrealitiesandpressuresinthepost-civalWarsocietyeitherbyacomprehensivepictureofmodernlifeinitsvariousoccupations,classstratificationsandmanners,orbyapsycologicalexplorationofman’ssubconsciousness.7.Toughthethreeprominentwriterswrotemoreorlessatthesametime,theydifferedintheirunderstandingofthe“truth”.MarkTwainandHowellspaidmoreattentiontothe“life”oftheAmericans.HenryJameshadapparentlylaidagreateremphasisontheinnnerworldofman.Howellsfocusedhisdiscussionontherisingmiddleclassandthewaytheylived.MarkTwainpreferredtohavehisownregionandpeopleattheforfrontofhisstories.Thisparticularconcernaboutthelocalcharacterofaregioncameaboutasthelocalcolorism,auniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism.8.除了MarkTwain,theotherlocalcoloristsmayincludeSarahOrneJewett,HamlinGarland,JosephKirkland.9.Generally,theirwrithingsareconcernedwiththelifeofasmallandwell-definedregionorprovince.Thecharacteristicsettingistheisolatedsmalltown.Localcoloristsareconsciouslynostalgichistoriansofavanishingwayoflife,recordersofapresentthatfadedbeforetheireyes.Yetforalltheirsentimentality,theydedicatedthemselvestomiutelyaccuratedesciptionsofthelifeoftheirregions.10.达尔文进化论对美国思想的影响和19世纪法国文学对美国的影响，产生了otherschoolofrealism,Americannaturalism.Darwin,inhisTheOriginofSpecies,DescentofManhypothesizedthatoverthemillenniamanhadevolvedfromthelowerwayoflife.11.Inaword,naturalismisevolvedfromtherealismwhentheauthor’stunebecomelessseriousandlesssympotheticbutmoreironicandpessimistic.Itisnomorethanadifferentphilosophicalapproachtoreality,ortohumanexsistence.第一位MarkTwain第二位HenryJames1、HenryJameswasthefirstAmericanwritertoconceivehiscareerininternationaltheme.2、WilliamJames,whomadegreatcontributiontothetheoryofstream-of-consciousnesstechnique.3、ThematerialisticbentoftheAmericanlifeanditslackofcultureandsophistication,bebelieved,couldnotprovidehimwithenoughmaterialsforgreatliteraryworks.4、1915.hebecameanaturalizedBritishcitizen.TheorderofMerit5、itishisnovelsandliteraryessaysthatmakehimafascinatingcaseintheAmericanliteraryhistoryandaconspicuousfigureinworldliterature.6、TheliterarycareerofHenryJamesisgenerallydividedinto3periods.Inthefirsrperiod,Jamestookgreatinterestininternationalthemes.Inalmostallthestoriesandnovelsduringthisperiod,Jamestreatedwithgreatcaretheclashesbetween2differentculturesandmoralandemotionalproblemsofAmericansinEurope,orEuropeansinAmerica.7、TheAmerican,tellsastoryaboutayoungandinnocentAmericanconfrontingthecomplexityoftheEuropeanlife8、DaisyMiller,anovellsaboutayoungAmericangirlwhogetskilledbyWinterinRome.BroughtJamesinternationalfameforthefirsttime.9、TheEuropeans,thesceneisshiftedbacktotheAmerica,wheresomeEuropeans,whoareactuallyexpatriatedAmericans,learnwithdifficultytoadaptthemselvestotheAmericanlife.10、ThePortraitofALady,HenryJames’smasterpiece,whichincanatesclashesbetweentheOldworldandtheNewinthelifejourneyofanAmericangirlinaEuropeanculturalenvironment.11、Jamesexperimentedwithdifferentthemesandformsinhismiddleperiod.△TheBostons,whichsatirizedthewomenliberationthattookplaceinBoston.△ThePrincessCasamassima,whichexposedtheanarchistconspiracyintheslumofLondon.△ThePrivateLife.TheDeathofaLion.theMiddleYears讲的是艺术家与社会的关系，艺术家不应该为了情感而牺牲真理。△TheTurnoftheScrew,astoryaboutthetroubledandabnormalpsychologyofoppressedchiildren,inwhichthewholehouseholdisterrorizedby“ghosts”.△TheBeastintheJungle,whichfocusesontheimaginativeobsessionofthesomehauntedwomenandmenwiththeirpersonaldisaterinfuture.12、Inthelastandmajorperiod,JamesreturnedtohisinternationalthemeFrom1895to1900.hewortenovellasandstoriesdealingwiththechildhoodandadolescence.△WhatMaiseknows.TheWingsoftheDove.TheAmbassadors.TheGoldenBowelthesedemandingnovelsarewidelyconsideredtobeJame’smostinfluentialcontributiontotheliterature.Jame’sfameusuallyrestsuponthenovelsandstorieswiththeinternationaltheme.△HenryJame’sliterarycriticismTheArtofFictionclearlyindicatestheaimofnovelistopresentlife.△HenryJame’srealismischaracterizedbyhispsychologicalapproachtohissubjectmatter.Thisemphasisonthepsychologyandhumanconsciousnessprovestobeabigbreakthroughinnovelwritingandhasgreatinfluenceonthecominggenerations.ThisiswhyHenryJameisgenerallyregardedastheforerunnerofthe20th-centurystream-of-consciousnessandthefounderofthepsychologicalrealismHenryJamesisnotonlyoneofthemostimportantrealistoftheperiodbeforetheFirstWorldWar,butalsothemostexpertstylistofhistime.第三位EmilyDickinson△Dickinson’spoetrywritingbeganintheearly1850s,altogether,hewrote1775poems.△Lettertotheworld,awaytobridgeherprivateworldwiththepublic.△Dickinson’spoemsareusuallybasedonherownexperiences,hersorrowsandjoys.△IheardaFlyBuzz-WhenIdied,apoemuniversallyconsideredtooneofhermasterpieces.△LoveisanothersubjectDickinsondwelton.Oneofgroupherlovepoemstreatsthesufferingandfrustratiolovecancause.IfyouwerecomingintheFall、TherecameaDayatsummer’sfull、Ican’tlivewithyou.△Theothergroupoflovepoemsfocusesonthephysicalaspectofdesire.Iamwife-I’vefinishedthat.I’mceded-I’vestoppedbeingtheirs△AfewexamplestoshowDickinson’sconfusionanddoubtabouttheroleofthewomeninthe19thcenturyAmerica.△Dickinson’spoetryisuniqueandunconventionalinitsownway.Herpoemshavenotitles,hencealwaysquotedbytheirfirstlines.Therisaparticularstresspattern,inwhichdashesareusedasamusicaldevicetocreatcadenceandcaptialletterasameansoftheemphasis.△Theformofherpoetryismoreorlesslikethatofthehymnsincommunitychurches,familiar,communal,andsometimes,irregular.ThisismylettertotheWorld.IheardaFlybuzz-whenIdied.Iliketoseeitlapthemiles.BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath第四位：TheodoreDreiser△TheodoreDreiserisgenerallyacknowledgedasoneofAmerica’sliterarynaturalists.△InfluencebyBalzac,CharlesDarwin.HerbertSpenser△Shortfictions:NiggerJeff,HisTheresa,OldRogaum△ThetrilogyofDesire:TheFinancier,TheTitan.TheStoic斯多葛△TheGenius,aclassicstoryofa“misunderstoodartist”,wasoncecondemnedforobscenityandblasphemy.△In1925,Dreiser’sgreatestworkAnAmericanTragedyappeared.△In1927,heacceptedaninvitationtovisitRussiaandwroteDreiserLooksatRussianthefollowingyear,hejoinedCommunistPartyshortlybeforehisdeathin1945.△Literarynaturalism:naturalismemphasizedheredityandenvironmentasimprotantdeterministicforcesofindividualizedcharacterswhoarepresentedinspecialanddetailedcircumstances.△InSisterCarrie,Dreiserexpressedhisnaturalisticpursuitbyexpoundingthepurposelessnessoflifeandattackingtheconventionalmoralstandards.△AnAmericanTragedyprovestobehisgreatestworkandbyentitlingthisbookwithsuchaname,DreiserintendedtotellusitisthesocialpressurethatmakesClyde’sdownfallinevitable.△Clyde’stragedyisatragedythatdependsupontheAmericansocialsystemwhichencouragedpeopletopursuethe“dreamofsuccess”atallcosts.△OneofthedesiresisformoneywhichwasamotivatingpurposeoflifeintheUnitedStatesinthelate19thcentury.△Thereisnocomment,nojudgementbutfactsoflifeinstories.第三部分：TheModernPeriod△theFirstWorldWar,becametheemblemofallwarsinthetwentiethcentury,whichmeansviolence,devastation,bloodanddeath.△UnitedState’sparticipationinWorldWarImarkedacrucialstageinthenation’sevolutiontoaworldpower.△Theideaof“seizetheday”or”enjoythepresent”waspervasive,asopposedtoplacingallhopeinfuture.△Inaword,therewasadeclineinmoralstandardandthefirstfewdecadesofthetwentiethcenturywasbestdecribedasaspiritualwasteland.△ApartfromDarwinism,whichwasstillabiginfluenceonthewritersofthisperiod,thetwothinkerswhoseideashadthegreatestimpactontheperiodweretheGermanKarlMarxandtheAustrianSigmundFreud.△Marxwasasociologistwhobelievedthattherootcauseofallbehaviorwaseconomic,andthattheleadingfeatureoftheeconomiclifewasthedivisionofthesocietyintoantagonisticclassesbasedonarelationtothemeansofproduction.△Freudpropoundedanideaofhumanbeingsthemselvesasgroundedinthe“unconscious”thatcontrolledagreatdealofovertbehavior,andmadethepracticeofthepsychoanalysiswhichemphasizedtheimprotanceoftheunconsicousandirrationinthehumanpsyche.△Inpainting,boththeFrechimpressionistandtheGermanexpressionistartistsavoidedtherepresentationofexternalrealityanddepictedthehumanrealityinarathersubjectivepointofview.△Disillusionedanddisgustedbythefrivolous,greedy,andheedlesswayoflifeinAmerica,theybegantowriteandtheywrotefromtheirownexperiencesinthewar.△In“theLostGeneration”ormodernAmericanliteraturearefamouspoetssuchasEzraPound,WilliamCarlosWilliams,RobertFrost.△EzraPound----aleadingspokesmanofthefamousimagistmovementinthehistoryofAmericanliteraturecanneverbeignoredandhisone-imagepoembestdemonstrateshisprinciplesofwhatanewpoetryshouldbe.△Whilesharingthesamepursuitofimagism,WillamCarlosWilliamsrootedhispoeticimaginationinAmericannativetradition.△RobertFrostisalwayslikedbytheAmericansbecausethesubjectandthelandscapeofhispoemsareforeverNewEnglandandhissimplicityneverfailstorevealsomeprofoundtruth.△E.E.Cumings,disregardinggrammarandpunctuation,used“i”insteadofItorefertohimselfasaprotectagainseself-importance.△WallaceStevens,whosestyleismorecultivatedandrefined,focusedhisattentiononmanandthingsinhisworld.△待续第一位：EzraPound△EzraPound,aleadingspokesmanofthe“ImagistMovement”,wasoneofthemostimprotantpoetsinhistime.△Pound’spoeticworksincludetwelvevolumeofversewhichwerelatercollectedandpublishedinCollectdeEarlyPoemsofEzraPound,andPersonae,andsomelongerpiecesasHughSewlynMauberleyandhislife’swork,theonehundredandsixteenCantosthathepublishedbeween1916and1969.pound’searlierpoetryissaturatedwiththefamiliarpoeticsubjectsthatcharacterizethe19thcenturyRomanticism.△Criticalessays:MakeItNew,TheABCofReading,Literaryessays,Politeessays.TheseessaysbestreflectedPound’sappraisalsofliterarytraditionsandofmodernwriting.△Translations:TheTranslationsofEzraPound,ConfuciusandShing-Ching△ImagistmovementisamovementthatadvancedmodernisminartswhichconcentratedonreformingthemediumofpoetryasopposedtoRomanticism,especiallyTennyson’swordinessandhigh-flownlanguage夸夸其谈inpoetry.△Poundendorsedthegroup’sthreemainpriciples.1、whichincludedirecttreatmentofpoeticsubjects2、eliminationofmerelyornamentalorsuperfluouswords3、rhythmicalcompositoninthesequenceofthemusicalphraseratherthaninthesequenceofametronome.(单次重复)△ThepointoftheImagist,Poundwrotein1914,isthatitdoesnotuseimagesasornaments.Theimageitselfisthespeech.Theimageisthewordbeyongformulatedlanguage.超语言形式△Pound’sfamousone-imagepoem”InaStationoftheMetro”wouldserveasatypicalexampleoftheImagistideas.△TheotherimportantaspectsofPound’spoeticworkincludehisuseofmythandpersonae.△Astohislanguage,hislinesareusuallyoblique间接yetmarvelouslycompressed.凝练△InastationoftheMetro.ThispoemisanobservationofthepoetofthehumanfacesseeninaParissubwaystation.△ARiver-Merchant’sWife:ALetter.Thisisaverseletterinwhichthespeakercommunicatesindirectly,bymeansofvividimagesandshiftingtones,thehistoryofherfeelingsforherabsenthusbandtowhomshewrites.△APact:inthispoem,Poundstartedtofindsomeagreementbetween“whitmanesque”freeverse,whichhehadattackedforitscarelessnessincomposition,andthe“verselibre”oftheImagistwhoshowedmoreconcernforformalvalues.第二位：RobertLeeFrost△ThoughheisusuallyconsideredasaregionalpoerwhosesubjectmattersmainlyfocusonthelandscapeandpeopleinNewEngland,hewrotemanypoemsthatinvestigatethebasicthemesofman’slifeinhislongpoeticcareer:theindividual’srelationshipstohimself,tohisfellowman,tohisworld,tohisGod.△HisfirstcollectionABoy’sWill,whoselyricstraceaboy’sdevelopmentfromself-centeredidealismtomaturity,ismarkdebyanintensebutretrainedemotionandthecharacteristicflavorofNewEnglandlife.△NorthofBostonisdescribedbytheauthoras“abookofpeople”,whichshowsabrilliantinsightintoNewEnglandcharacterandthebackgroundthatformedit.△ManypoemssuchasMendingtheWall.HomeBurial.MountainInterval.△TheRoadNotTaken,inthismeditativepoem,thespeakertellsushowthecourseofhislifewasdeterminedwhenhecameupontworoadsthatdivergedinawood.Forcedtochoose,he“tookthelesstraveledby,andthathasmadeallthedifference.”Birches,NewHampshirethatwonFrostthefirstoffourPulitzerPrizesincludesStoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening.Thisisadeceptivelysimplepoeminwhichthespeakerliterallystopshislovehorseinthewintertwilighttoobservethebeautyoftheforestscene,andthenismovedtocontinuehisjourney.△WestRunningBrook.△CollectedPoemsandAFurtherRange,更远的山whichgatheredFrost’ssecondandthirdPulitzerPrizes△Frost’sfourthPulitzerPrizewasawardedforAWitnessTreewhichincludes“TheGiftOutright”- 直率的礼物△Areligiousquestion:“AfterApple-picking”canaman’sbesteffortsatisfyGod?Thispoemissovividamemoryofexperienceonthefarminwhichtheendoflaborleavesthespeakerwithasenseofcompletionandfulfillmentyetfindshimblockedfromthesuccessbywinter’sapproachandphysicalweariness.△AMasqueofReasonandAMasqueofMercyarecomic-seriousdramaticnarratives,inbothofwhichbiblicalcharactersinmodernsettingsdiscussethics伦理andman’srelationstoGod.第三位EugeneO’Neill△EugeneO’NeillisunquestionablytheAmerica’sgreatestplaywright,andthefounderoftheAmericandrama.HewonthePulitzerPrizefourtimesandwastheonlydramatistevertoaNobelPrize.△JamesO’Neill—TheCountofMonteCristo△One-actmelodramaticplaysatfirst,includingBoundEasttoCardiff,whichdescribesthedyingsailorYankandhisdreamaboutsecurityandpeacethatcouldneverexist.△O’Neill’sfulllong-lengthplayBeyongtheHorizon.ThethemeoftheBeyongtheHorizonisthechoicebetweenthelifeanddeath,interactionofsubjectiveandobjectivefactors.ThisthemeisdramatizedmoreexplictlyinTheStrawandAnnaChristie.AnnaChristieismoreofasuccessbecauseitdeploysthedevelopingcomplexityofO’Neill’spersonalvision,showingusthatlifeisaclosedcircleofpossibilitiesthatitisimpossibletoescape.△Symbolicexpressionism:theEmperorJones,HairyApe,AllGodsChillunGotWings,DesireundertheElms.Theseplaysaredaringfarays攻击intoracerelations,classconflicts,sexualbondage,socialcritiques,andAmericantragediesonGreekmodel,whatismore,theexpressionistictechniquesareusedintheseplaystohighlightthetheatricaleffectoftherapturebetweenthetwosidesofanindividualhumanbeing,theprivateandthepublic.△Withthenon-realisticformtocontainhistragicvision:LazarusLaughed,(wonthethirdPulitzerPrize)strangeInterlude.TheGreatGodBrown△TheIcemanComethishismasterpiece△LongDay’sJourneyIntoNighthasgaineditsstatusasaworldclassicandsimutaneouslymarkstheclimaxofO’Neill’sliterarycareerandthecomingageofAmericandrama.△OfallplaysO’Neillwrote,manyof