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人民大学2005年考博英语试题
I LISTENING TEST (20 points)
(略）
II Vocabulary (10 points)
Part A (5 points)
Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C
and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter
with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET I.
1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present
organization of the Olympics somehow encourages ________patriotism.
A. obsolete B. aggressive C. harmonious D. amiable
2. One can understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of
their eyes and ________ to expressed thoughts.
A. dilemmas B. countenances C. concessions D. junctions
3. People innately ________ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the
form of an exaggerated lust for power.
A. strive B. ascertain C. justify D. adhere
4. Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of zoo or wildlife ________ for
intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals
to develop naturally while we observe them.
A. conservation B. maintenance C. storage D. reserve
5. According to the latest report, consumer confidence ________ a breathtaking 15 points
last month, to its lowest level in 9 years.
A. soared B. mutated C. plummeted D. fluctuated
6. Melissa is a computer ________ that destroyed files in computers and frustrated
thousands of users around the world.
A. genius B. virus C. disease D. bacteria
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7. The ________ emphasis on examinations is by far the worst form of competition in
schools.
A. negligent B. edible C. fabulous D. disproportionate
8. The boy seemed more ________ to their poverty after seeing how his grandparents lived.
A. reconciled B. consolidated C. deteriorated D. attributed
9. During his two‐month stay in China, Tom never ________ a chance to practice his Chinese.
A. passed on B. passed up C. passed by D. passed out
10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his ________ can be distributed.
A. paradoxes B. legacies C. platitudes D. analogies
Part B (5 points )
Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase underlined. Below
the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that is closest in
meaning to the underlined part. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the
square bracket on ANSWER SHEET I .
11. He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditional roles such as
cooking or taking care of the baby.
A. depict B. advocate C. criticize D. analyze
12. They achieved more than they had ever dreamed, lending a magic to their family story
that no tale or ordinary life could possibly rival.
A. confirm B. achieve C. match D. exaggerate
13. The most urgent thing is to find a dump for those toxic industrial wastes.
A. imminent B. recyclable C. smelly D. poisonous
14. British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate that guns would not be fired
without an attempt to win a further U.N. sanction.
A. allies B. delegates C. voters D. juries
15. The analysis suggests that the tradeoff between our children’s college and our own
retirement security is chilling.
A. frightening B. promising C. freezing D. revealing
16. Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the British Crown.
A. secret plan B. bold attack C. clever design D. joint effort
17. Evidence, reference, and footnotes by the thousand testify to a scrupulous researcher
who does considerable justice to a full range of different theoretical and political positions.
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A. trustworthy B. intelligent C. diligent D. meticulous
18. Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, there are no stories of women being raped or
wanton violence against civilians in the region.
A. intriguing B. exasperating C. demonstrative D. unprovoked
19. The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing and blacked up faces for
nocturnal raids in the forest.
A. illegal B. night‐time C. brutal D. abusive
20. Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has a more avidfondness
for the limelight.
A. mercurial B. gallant C. ardent D. frugal
III Cloze (10 points )
Directions: Read the following passage. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and
mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on Answer Sheet I.
Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, __21__ into a hobby
and lately has __22__ into a full‐time passion. The two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and
Jerry Yang, Ph. D candidates __23__ Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started
their guide in April 1994 as a way to keep __24__ of their personal interest on the Internet.
Before long they __25__ that their homebrewed lists were becoming too long and __26__.
Gradually they began to spend more and more time on Yahoo.
During 1994, they __27__ yahoo into a customized database designed to __28__ the needs
of the thousands of users __29__ began to use the service through the closely __30__
Internet community. They developed customized software to help them __31__ locate,
identify and edit material __32__ on the Internet. The name Yahoo is __33__ to stand for
“Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Orale”, but Filo and Yang insist they selected the __34__
because they considered themselves yahoos. Yahoo itself first __35__ on Yang’s workstation,
“akebono”, while the search engine was __36__ on Filo’s computer, “Konishiki”.
In early 1995 Marc Andersen, co‐founder of Netscape Communication in Mountain View,
California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files __37__ to larger computers __38__ at
Netscape. As a result Stanford’s computer network returned to __39__, and both parties
benefited. Today, Yahoo __40__ organized information on tens of thousands of computers
linked to the web.
21. A. became B. grew C. turn D. intend
22. A. made B. saw C. looked D. turned
23. A. in B. on C. about D. for
24. A. touch B. contact C. track D. record
25. A. founded B. found C. argued D. reported
26. A. unwieldy B. tough C. tamable D. invaluable
27. A. exchanged B. shank C. sold D. converted
28. A. explain B. serve C. discover D. evaluate
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29. A. which B. that C. actually D. eagerly
30. A. relative B. interactive C. bound D. contacted
31. A. fluently B. efficiently C. exactly D. actually
32. A. transmitted B. purchased C. sold D. stored
33. A. about B. bound C. going D. supposed
34. A. fable B. model C. name D. brand
35. A. supported B. resided C. lived D. launched
36. A. connected B. lodged C. introduced D. linked
37. A. over B. away C. inside D. beneath
38. A. housed B. caught C. hosed D. hidden
39. A. average B. normal C. ordinary D. equal
40. A. attains B. detains C. maintains D. contains
IV Reading Comprehension (20 points)
Directions: Read the following passages, decide on the best one of the choices marked A, B,
C, and D for each question or unfinished statement and then mark the corresponding letter
with a single baracross the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET I.
Passage 1
Guthrie’s contiguity principle offers practical suggestions for how to break habits.
One application of the threshold method involves the time young children spend on
academic activities. Young children have short attention spans, so the length of time they
can sustain work on one activity is limited. Most activities are scheduled to last no longer
than 30 to 40 minutes. However, at the start of the school year, attention spans quickly
wane and behavior problems often result. To apply Guthrie’s theory, a teacher might, at the
start of the year, limit activities to 15 to 20 minutes. Over the next few weeks the teacher
could gradually increase the time students spend working on a single activity.
The threshold method also can be applied to teaching printing and handwriting. When
children first learn to form letters, their movements are awkward and they lack fine motor
coordination. The distances between lines on a page are purposely wide so children can fit
the letters into the space. If paper with narrow lines is initially introduced, students’ etters
would spill over the borders and students might become frustrated. Once students can form
letters within the larger bordens, they can use paper with smaller borders to help them
refine their skills.
The fatigue method can be applied when disciplining disruptive students who build paper
airplanes and sail them across the room. The teacher can remove the students from the
classroom, give them a large stack of paper, and tell him to start making paper airplanes.
After the students have made several airplanes, the activity should lose its attraction and
paper will become a cue for not building airplanes.
Some students continually race around the gym when they first enter their physical
education class. To employ the fatigue method, the teacher might decide to have these
students continue to run a few more laps after the class has begun.
The incompatible response method can be used with students who talk and misbehave in
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the media center. Reading is incompatible with talking. The media center teacher might ask
the students to find interesting books and read them while in the center. Assuming that the
students find the books enjoyable, the media center will, over time, become a cue for
selecting and reading books rather than for talking with other students.
In a social studies class some students regularly fall asleep. The teacher realized that using
the board and overhead projector while lecturing was very boring. Soon the teacher began
to incorporate other elements into each lesson, such as experiments, and debates, in an
attempt to involve students and raise their interest in the course.
41. The purpose of this passage is to ________.
A. inform B. persuade C. debate D. narrate
42. Guthrie identified three methods for ________.
A. educating students B. altering bad habits
C. avoiding undesired action D. forming good hobbies
43. Which of the following is not the example of applying the threshold method?A. Parents
introduce spinach in small bites or mixed with a food that the child enjoys over time so that
the child will not refuse to eat it.
B. Teachers introduce academic content in short blocks of time for young children and
gradually increase session length but not to where students become frustrated or bored.
C. Paper with wider lines is first used and then paper with narrow lines is introduced step by
step to help children learn printing and handwriting.
D. A child might be made to throw toys until it is no longer fun by his parents in order to
change his behavior of repeatedly throwing toys.
44. To stop snacking while watching television, people should keep their hands busy by
sewing, painting, working crossword puzzles, and so forth. Over time, watching TV becomes
a cue for engaging in an activity other than snacking. What method is used in this example?
A. The threshold method. B. The fatigue method.
C. The incompatible response method. D. The punishment method.
45. We can draw the conclusion from the passage that ________.
A. The incompatible response method is to force child to make unwanted response
repeatedly in presence of stimulus until he or she becomes exhausted
B. The threshold method refers to introducing undesired behavior with a response
incompatible with the undesired response so they cannot be performed simultaneously
C. The fatigue method means that engaging in the behavior is transformed into avoiding it
by introducing the stimulus at full strength so it becomes a cue for not performing it
D. The fatigue method is that in presence of stimulus teachers have child make response
incompatible with unwanted response
Passage 2
The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make
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costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive.
Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the
keys to successful international marketing. Too many companies, however, have jumped
into foreign markets with embarrassing results.
Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international advertising.
General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it introduced its
Chevrolet Nova to the Puerto Rican market. “Nova” is Latin for “new (star)” and means
“star” in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it can sound like “nova”, meaning “it
doesn’t go”. Few people wanted to buy a car with that cursed meaning. When GM changed
the name to Caribe, sales “picked up” dramatically.
Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies. One American
food company’s friendly “Jolly Green Giant” (for advertising vegetables) became something
quite different when it was translated into Arabic as “Intimidating Green Ogre”.
When translated into German, Pepsi’s popular slogan, “Come Alive with Pepsi” came out
implying “Come Alive from the Grave”. No wonder customers in Germany didn’t rush out to
buy Pepsi.
Successful international marketing doesn’t stop with good translations—other aspects of
culture must be researched and understood if marketers are to avoid blunders. When
marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate,
superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to capture their target market. For
example, an American designer tried to introduce a new perfume into the Latin American
market but the product aroused little interest. The main reason was that the camellia used
in it was traditionally used for funerals in many South American countries. Having awakened
to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming much more
conscientious in their translations and more sensitive to cultural distinctions.
The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target
language and its idiomatic usage, or to use a technique called “back translation” to reduce
the possibility of blunders.
The process used one person to translate a message into the target language and another to
translate it back. Effective translators aim to capture the overall message of an
advertisement because a word‐for‐word duplication of the original rarely conveys the
intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings.
In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be short and simple.
They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may
not be so humorous in another.
46. The best title of this passage might be ______.
A. Culture Is Very Important in Advertising
B. Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding between Nations
C. Overcome Cultural Sock in Different Countries
D. Advertisements Reflect Various Life Styles
47. What does the word “blunder” mean in this passage?
A. hesitation B. mistake C. stutter D. default
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48. Which of the following statements can be used to summarize the gist from Paragraph 3
to Paragraph 6?
A. Cultural shocks B. Faulty translations
C. Avoid cultural oversights D. Prevent blunders
49. We can learn from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word “camellia” most probably
mean ______.
A. an animal used in perfume for its smell
B. a piece of fabric used both in perfume and at funerals
C. a flower used in perfume for its fragrance and used for funerals
D. an ornament used in perfume and at funerals
50. One way to prevent errors in advertising in different countries is to ______. A. fire the
translators who don’t know the target language
B. use the technique called “literal translation” to reduce the possibility of blunders
C. avoid cultural oversights and avoid certain jokes
D. explain in details when designing advertisement for other countries
Passage 3
It is not unusual for chief executives to collect millions of dollars a year in pay, stock options,
and bonuses. In the last fifteen years, while executive remuneration rose, taxed in the
highest income bracket went down. Millionaires are now commonplace.
Amiability is not a prerequisite for rising to the top, and there are a number of chief
executive officers with legendary bad tempers. It is not the boss’s job to worry about the
well‐being of his subordinates although the man with many enemies will be swept out more
quickly in hard times; it is the company he worries about. His business savvy is supposed to
be based on intimate knowledge of his company and the industry so he goes home nightly
with a full briefcase. At the very top‐and on the way up—executives are exceedingly
dedicated.
The American executive must be capable of enough small talk to get him through the social
part of his schedule, but he is probably not a highly cultured individual or an intellectual.
Although his wife may be on the board of the symphony or opera, he himself has little time
for such pursuits. His reading may largely concern business and management, despite
interests in other fields. Golf provides him with a sportive outlet that combines with some
useful socializing.
These day, he probably attempts some form of aerobic exercise to “keep the old heart in
shape” and for the same reason goes easy on butter and alcohol, and substances thought to
contribute to taking highly stressed executives out of the running. But his doctor’s
admonition to “take it easy” falls on deaf ears. He likes to work. He knows there are younger
men nipping at his heels.
Corporate head‐hunting, carried on by “executive search firms,” is a growing industry.
America has great f
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