大学英语3unit4的资料

Unit Four, Book Three Career Planning Differentiation of Word Family Work – general word; job, employment, or physical or mental effort or activity 工作 Career -- the type of work that you do or wish to do for most of your working life, especially where this involves several similar jobs over a long period of time. 职业，一生的事业 Occupation -- a word used especially in an official context meaning someone’s usual full-time job工作，职业 Profession-- a type of work which people usually regard with respect, such as teaching, medicine, or law, for which you need special training and have to pass special examinations.专业，职业 job -- the particular activity that someone does regularly in order to earn money, especially when they are employed by someone else工作，职业 In class reading career (l.1), 职业, 一生的事业: the type of work that you do or wish to do for most of your working life, especially where this involves several similar jobs over a long period of time e.g. I) Like his father, Tom chose a career in the army. II) Later on in his career he became first secretary at the British Embassy in Washington. occupation (l.7), (工作，职业): a word used especially in an official context meaning someone’s usual full-time job e.g. I) Please fill in the details of your present occupation. II) Men in manual occupations tend to be less prone to stress-related illnesses. professional occupation (l.8), (= profession) (专业，职业): a type of work which people usually regard with respect, such as teaching, medicine , or law, for which you need special training and have to pass special examinations. e.g. I) Teaching is a profession that requires total commitment. II) Medicine has always been a very male-dominated profession. job (l.11), (工作，职业): the particular activity that someone does regularly in order to earn money, especially when they are employed by someone else e.g. I) Paul starts his new job on Monday. II) The factory closed down last month and 1800 people lost their jobs. line of work (l.59), (行业，行当): the type of work or job that you do e.g. I) I meet some interesting people in my line of work. II) I didn’t realize we were both in the same line of work. Weight (l.2) -- the influence or importance place weight/emphasis on sth.: ＝ put weight/emphasis on sth. 【反义】lose weight/put on weight estimate (l. 4) & “estimation” Estimate -- “judgment or calculation of the approximate size, cost, value, etc. of something (估计，估价)”. e.g. The number of people who applied for the course was 120 compared with an initial estimate of between 50 and 100. Estimation -- the noun form of the verb estimate, meaning “one’s opinion of the value, nature, etc. of someone or something (评价，判断)”. It is often used in the phrase “in one’s estimation”. e.g. He was, in my estimation, not capable of doing the job. 【派生】estimator estimation underestimate overestimate estimate (l. 4) -- evaluate assess appraise value estimate表示的“估价”或“估价”只是猜测，甚至只是一种想法,有可能是错的。 e.g. I estimated his age at 40. evaluate 很少用来表示“估价”或“估计”某物的市场价值，而是用来表示“评价”。如“领导对他的评价很高”。 e.g. By marks in numbers or letters, the teacher evaluates a student's work. Assess 通常表示“估计”出某物的价值，以更有效地利用它。 e.g. Damages were assessed at 1000 RMB. appraise 表示的“评价”是行家的“估计”，常用于估计某物的价值或市场价格，也可用于评审某物的质量，或估计某人的才能等。 e.g. An expert came to appraise the value of my antiques. value与appraise的含义很近，即“估计某物的价值、价格”。其区别在于appraise强调“行家”的估计，而value用于一般人所作的“估计” e.g. He valued the house for me at ￡3,500. Efficient （l. 7）Efficient: (直接)生效的, 有效率的, 能干的 Effective : Effectual e.g. This new copy machine is more efficient than the old one. point out (l. 7)指出；把注意力引向 point at (= point towards) engage in (l. 10) 1）从事，忙于 (通常用被动态) e.g. He is engaged in writing a novel. 2）吸引 e.g. The new toy didn’t engage the children’s interest for long. 3) 雇用，聘用 e.g. His father engaged a private tutor to improve his math. 4) 预定e.g. I’ve engaged a room at the hotel. engaged: adj. 1)定婚的 e.g. Have you met the man she’s engaged to ? 2)（电话）占线 e.g. Sorry! The line / number is engaged. Flaw (l.15) flaw 指某种有价值的东西因为有裂缝、伤痕而影响了原来的价值，如宝石中有了瑕疵而失去应有的价值 The painting isn't flawless. fault指小的缺点，如道德修养不完善、做的事不完美、个人习惯上有毛病等 Soon she began to find fault with me. defect指由于缺少本质的或重要的东西而不完善 The hearing aid helps to overcome the defects in hearing. weakness指弱点或不足之处，是通用词，很少具有特殊的词义色彩 We all have our little weakness. Defensive (l. 22) & defensible adj. 1) 防卫的， 防御性的 defensive weapons a defensive position 2) （人或行为）防卫的， 自卫的 【反义词】 offensive 【派生】defensible: adj. a defensible position/fortress His behavior was perfectly defensible. confront (l. 23) and face (l.79) confront -- face, meet or deal with (a difficult situation or person)”指“遇到”、“面对”、“使...对立”， 此词系正式用语， e.g. I) When he returned to his office he was confronted by/with a great pile of work. II) She was confronted with the biggest crisis of her political life. III) We need to confront these problems before it’s too late. face – (cause or force to) recognize, think about, accept or deal with (a problem or difficulty)”.指“正视”、“面对”、“不想逃避”， 属口语体， 语气比confront强， e.g. I) They face / are faced with financial penalties. II) The country is now faced with the prospect of war. III) We have to face the reality that, so far, the treaty has had little effect. Resort to (l. 26) resort to -- “to” is a preposition e.g. I) I had to resort to violence to get my money. II) When she didn’t answer the telephone I resorted to standing outside her window and calling up to her. as a last resort/in the last resort e.g. I) Nuclear weapons should be used only as a last resort. II) We could ask our parents for the money, as a last resort. III) In the last resort we can always walk home. start over (l. 64)= start again, begin once more Let’s start from the beginning to see if anything goes wrong. start (all) over again = Start all over take a fresh start to start with start for Foresee (l. 84) Things turned out to be exactly as he had foreseen. In the foreseeable future. fore- : 1) in advance; before： forewarn, foresee, foretell 2) placed at the front her forenames 3) the front part of the stated thing： forearm, foreleg, forehead Word building: Accept – Acceptable Bliss -- blissful – bliss-less Complacency (n.) = Complacence (n.) -- complacent (adj.)– complacently (adv.) Contingency -- Contingence -- contingent necessity and contingency in case of contingency contingency reserves contingency plans contingency fund Crystallize (v.明确) -- crystal (adj. & n) Formula (n.) – Formative – formularize -- formulate 名词复数：formulas & formulae Hastily (adv.) -- haste (n.) -- hasten (v.) -- hasty (adj.) ( More haste, less speed.) Implication－Imply implicative implication Instability－Stability stabilize stabilization stable Moral －Morality moralist moralize Occupation －Occupy occupant occupancy occupational pursue －pursuable pursuance Pursuant In pursuit of Talk over （p.161 － 词组选择）Talk over The obedient child always talked things over with his parents. I have something important to talk over with you. 【扩展】Talk about Talk to/ with Talk sb. Into doing Talk around Talk out Talk big Talk at sb. 1. Career planning includes gathering information about themselves and about occupations, estimating the probable outcomes of various courses of action and finally choosing alternatives that we find attractive and feasible.（l. 3-6） Find sth.+adj. Keep sth. + adj. Think sth. + adj. Everyone should keep the class room clean. I think it difficult to cope with this situation. These flaws seen to be associated with the patterns people use to cope with problem. (l. 15-16) Associate A with B= connect A with B We associate China with the Greet Wall. Cope with = deal with It’s difficult for a new driver to cope with traffic in this city. People who ignore challenging information about the choices they make demonstrate complacency.(l. 17) challenging information ＝ factually difficult and detailed information Demonstrate = show; indicate1）证实, 证明2）表示, 表明; 举例说明 How do you demonstrate that the earth is round? The salesman demonstrated (how to use) the washing-machine. When confronted with a decision and unable to believe they can find an acceptable solution, some people remain calm by resorting to wishful thinking or daydreaming. ( l. 23) 合适的解决方法 如意算盘，想入非非 白日梦 保持平静 A third flaw is hypervigilance7(l. 34) “hyper-”是一个前缀，与形容词、名词结合，意思为“过度，在……之上”。 如：hyperactive, hypercritical, hypersensitive, hypertension。 Ignorance about one’s career is not bliss (l. 87) “Ignorance is a bliss”-- an idiom, meaning “If you stay ignorant, you’ll be happy.” After class reading 1 Conceive (l. ) 1) v. ( not in progressive forms) 设想；想出； 怀孕conceive of: ( as) to think of; imagine It was difficult to conceive of living without electricity. The world was once conceived of as flat. 目的的表示方法： the purpose is to do… the goal is to do the aim is to do 目光短浅的 一系列的可能性 那样的话敢情更好 想方设法 人事经理 暑期工 与将来的事业相关 在上下班乘坐的火车上 研究生院。 夏季分店 全年营业的 大减价时 After class reading 2 Conform (l. 32)遵守， 符合conforming adj. You must either conform to the rules or leave the school. This piece of equipment does not conform to the official safety standards. confirm v. 证实， 进一步确定 This new evidence confirms my opinion that they are lying. affirm v. (fml) to declare (usu. again, or in answer to a question or a doubt) 确认 The minister affirmed the government’s intention to reduce taxes. infirm adj. weak in body or mind, esp. from age（年老而）衰弱的 old and infirm 现实型职业 Realistic Jobs Realistic people describe themselves in interviews as “conforming, frank, genuine, normal, persistent, practical, stable, thrifty, materialistic, and shy.” 传统型职业 Conventional Jobs People who enjoy conventional jobs describe themselves as “conforming, conscientious, efficient, obedient, orderly, persistent, practical and calm.” 研究型职业Investigative Jobs They describe themselves as “analytical, curious, independent and reserved.” 艺术型职业Artistic Jobs People who enjoy working in artistic jobs describe themselves as “complicated, disorderly, emotional, idealistic, imaginative, impractical, impulsive, independent, introspective, intuitive, nonconforming and original.” 社会型职业Social Jobs People who enjoy working in social jobs describe themselves as “cooperative, friendly, generous, helpful, idealistic, responsible, social, tactful and understanding.” 领导型职业Jobs of Leadership People who enjoy working in jobs in leadership describe themselves as “adventuresome, ambitious, argumentative, domineering, energetic, impulsive, optimistic, self-confident, sociable and talkative.” 择业规划 1 进行择业规划不一定要遵照常规的或合乎逻辑的步骤。我们每个人对不同的因素有不同侧重，也许在不同的时候会考虑择业规划的某些方面。进行择业规划，要备齐有关我们自身以及职业的信息资料，估计采取各种举动可能出现的结果，最后作出我们认为有吸引力并且可行的选择。 2 许多观察家指出学生在择业规划方面不是很在行。他们列出了以下事实：1）大部分学生选择职业的范围很窄；2）多达40%至60%的学生选择专业性的职业，而实际上只有15%至18%的从业人员在做专业性的工作；3）男青年对文书、销售以及服务性行业兴趣索然，尽管这些领域会提供许多就业机会；4）多达三分之一的学生说不出选择什么职业好。 3 欧文·贾尼斯和利昂·曼在他们的《决策》一书中指出，许多人的决策方式很成问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 ，而这些问题似乎与人们处理问题的方式有关。第一个问题是自满。有些人对于要费心思考虑的择业信息置之不理，这种人自满。有些人采取“这不会影响我”或“这永远也不会发生”的态度，他们这种做法主要也是自满。当然，对于那些不决定成败的决策，自满是可以的，但涉及职业方面的决策，来不得自满。 4 人们在决策方式上存在的第二个问题是消极回避。每当面临抉择而又自认为找不到合适的解决方法时，一些人或想入非非或做白日梦，以此来保持平静。有些学生没有考虑到职业抉择会产生的影响，往往采取文过饰非（对自己的行为所作的解释虽能自我满足但却是错误的，以此来欺骗自己）或者拖延（推迟或耽搁）的态度。面对现状也许会令人焦急不安，但认真考虑一下各种方案也许能给人宽慰。 5 第三个问题是过份地提心吊胆。当人们面对职业选择而又感到没有足够时间找到解决方法时，会感到惊慌失措。他们紧张地寻找各种就业机会，然后采取匆忙产生的决定，忽视了这样的选择会带来的后果，也忽视了其他的择业机会。惊慌失措的人往往会思路不清，缺乏逻辑。 6 最好的做法就是眼观六路耳听八方。当人们确信以下三点时，会做出机敏的决策：1）应该做出选择；2）自己能找到解决问题的办法；3）有足够的时间。这样，学生才能够有效地寻求各种可能的职业，仔细地掂量每一种可能性，并且制定出应变 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 ，以便应付各种风险。 7 以下是择业规划的关键步骤： 8 1．研究自我。这是择业规划的关键所在。了解自己是怎样一个人，看重什么以及想成为怎么样的人 ，这些是整个择业规划的依据。在研究自我的过程中，你审视自己的长处与弱点，自己的目标以及自身发展的方向。对自己的了解使你能够设想哪些职业最符合你的个性、兴趣、能力和目标。所有的职业抉择都要求我们既要了解自己又要了解有关工作，并把这两方面的情况结合起来(加以考虑)。 9 2．把自己的事业目标写下来。要把自己事业发展的设想归纳起来，一个切实可行的做法是，把这些设想按照你一生的各个时间段一一写下来。写的过程能使你的想法变得具体明确，并知道哪些是模糊不成熟的想法。这会使你对自己的发展前途有新的了解，并有助于你看清新的关系、模式及方向，或者明确你在考虑自己事业发展方面还有哪些不到之处。 10 3．定期地与他人一起审度你的规划与所取得的进展。时不时地估量一下自己的情形，考虑下一步该采取什么步骤。评估一下自己的进步并计划下面的步骤，有助于你应对自己要经历的变化以及劳动力市场的变化。与你的大学辅导员、父母与朋友探讨你的计划，这有助于你明确目标，改进择业规划，或使计划得以实施。 11 4．如果你选择的职业不适合你，你可以重新开始。如今，越来越多的男男女女在变换职业，或者重新开始一份对他们更有吸引力的职业。其中许多人一旦发现自己所从事的行业不尽如人意，他们就重新参加培训以谋求不同的职业。这些新的职业常常是他们年轻时所忽视的，或者是由于当时的经济或别的原因而没有机会从事的。 12 社会学家们说几乎没有什么职业的变换是“走下坡路”的，大部分都是按传统的关注“往高处走”的。社会已不再像过去那样把跳槽看成是一种“不安分”难为情的事了。 13 换工作和改职业在任何年龄都会发生。据估计, 20岁到25岁年龄段的男性中多达四分之一的人更换职业。而在25岁到44岁的年龄段，该比例大约是八分之一。 14 择业规划并不能保证，你将来所面临的所有问题、困难或决策形势都能得到解决或变得容易。没有任何妙方能解决这一切。但是，择业规划能够帮助你面对或更好地处理新的问题，诸如决定是否要接受某方面的教育或培训，是否要更换工作，还能帮助你分析所面临的困境或与某人交往中所存在的难题。 15 没有人能预见我们任何一个人的未来。有一些未来的社会、情感、道德等方面要考虑的因素是无法预见的。但是这个往往不尽如人意的现代世界给予了我们一个最重要的教训，那就是进步来自于规划。对自己职业的无知并不是一种洪福，理智比机遇和命运更重要。尽管没有一种万无一失的方法能保证我们的择业规划成功，但是要营造自己未来的事业，有些事是你现在所能做的。 III. Post-Reading Reading Comprehension 1. 1) Introduction (Para. 1): Career planning does not necessarily follow routine or logical steps. 2) Students’ weaknesses in career planning (Para. 2): i. Most students choose from a very narrow group of occupations. ii. 40 to 60 percent of the students choose professional occupations, but only 15 to 18 percent of the work force is engaged in professional work. iii. Young men lack interest in fields that offer many job opportunities. iv. A third of the students are unable to express any choice of occupation. 3) Serious flaws in the ways of decision making (Para. 3-5) i. Complacency – ignoring challenging information. ii. Defensive avoidance – resorting to wishful thinking or daydreaming. iii. Hypervigilance – searching frantically for career possibilities and seizing on hastily invented solutions. 4) Keys to career planning (Para. 6-11) i. Study yourself. ii. Write your career goals down. iii. Review your plans and your progress periodically with another person. iv. If you choose a career that does not fit you, you can start over. 5) Changes in careers (Para. 12-13) i. Few changes involve downward movement; most involve getting ahead. ii. Job changes and career shifts occur at all ages. 6) Conclusion (Para. 14-15) Although there is no sure way to make career plans work out, there are things that you can do now to shape your career possibilities. 2. 1) T 2) T 3) F 4) T 5) F 6) T 7) T 8) T 9) T 10) F 11) T 12) F 3. Job Application and Recruitment An alternative activity for the teacher to organize for the class: The teacher may organize an interview in the following way: 1) Choose an interview panel of three or four students. Choose three students for the panel to interview for the job of a store detective. Hold the interviews. When they are over, the panel should discuss the qualifications of the applicants and choose the one they think is best. 2) Ask the class to talk about the interviews. Ask questions such as: A. Do you agree with the panel’s decision? B. How could the applicants have done better? C. Were the interviews fair? Sample answers -- I agree with the panel’s decision. First, the applicant is very confident in answering the questions and he knows what he is supposed to do. Second, he is quick-minded and very strong. Third, he is interested in the job and is ready to dedicate himself to the job. Finally, he has previous experience in working as a store detective. -- I don’t agree with the panel’s decision. I think the panel puts too much emphasis on the appearance of the applicants. I think Applicant B is much more suited for the job. He has a warmer personality. He can be a good store detective as well as a good staff member, because I don’t think the sole responsibility for a detective is to check on the shoppers. He should also help the customers when possible. -- Generally speaking, I think the panel has made a wise decision and chosen the right one for the job. Yet I think the applicant could have done better by not being so conceited and bragging about his own ability. After all, people cannot trust too much what a person says about himself without further investigation. What’s more, team spirit is very important. If he is not easy-going and feels too good about himself, it will be difficult for others to cooperate with him. Also I doubt whether he will be listening to the boss. Vocabulary 1. 1) acceptable 2) efficiency 3) implications 4) instability 5) rationalize 6) evaluation 7) foreseeable 8) invention 9) hastily 10) probability 11) professional 12) challenging 13) defensive 14) personality 2. 1) in case 2) Every so often 3) resort to 4) talk over 5) start over 6) in reality 7) at stake 8) seized on 9) leading to 10) take stock of 3. 1) programs 2) way 3) technical 4) both 5) provided 6) who 7) such 8) needed 9) opportunities 10) when 11) to 12) Completion 13) holding 14) early 15) hire 16) promote 17) up 18) educating Translation 1. He underwent a major heart surgery several years ago. 2. We estimated that it would take a week to finish the work. 3. I used to enjoy photography, but I now have no time to pursue any hobbies. 4. You may love someone but not necessarily have to marry him. 5. Terrorists resort to violence to achieve their political aims. 6. He says he’ll stay in the office this afternoon in case you want to see him. 7. Scientists have identified the gene that causes abnormal growth. 8. These examples demonstrate how badly some students write their résumés. After-Class Reading 课内阅读参考译文 Passage I 暑期打工计划 假设你知道自己大学毕业后想干什么（在当今社会里，如果在进了大学时你还没选中一种职业，也许会被看成是目光短浅的），你早在毕业前就应该考虑找一份工作了。 哪些公司或机构会有你想要的工作呢? 假定你的专业是英文或历史，你想要写一部了不起的小说，那么你需要一份工作来支付生活和教育费用。你必须从一系列的可能性中进行选择，就像你从个人电脑屏幕的“菜单”中挑一个选项一样。你可能有下列选项： A．到一家出版公司工作 B. 给一家科技公司当笔杆子 C. 到一家公关公司工作 D. 读研究生先不做决定 E．其他 假如你选中A，有一个好主意，就是最好在大学期间就向十几家出版社写信, 并请求与人事主任面谈。假如你碰巧有个熟人是编辑, 而他愿意见你，那样的话敢情更好。 要想方设法争取面试机会。在面试前你应该熟悉这家公司，而面试目的是向人事经理表达自己在这家公司工作的兴趣。你可以打听是否能做暑期工(可能的话，要有酬劳)或实习生。在很多情况下实习生有少量薪水，但也有无报酬的情况。 在人生的这一阶段，找一个能促进未来事业的暑期工作很重要。如果在自己的专业领域找不到工作，那么你可以选另一类暑期工作——救生员、房屋油漆工、园林工、女侍者、或者零售店或超级市场的工作人员。这些工作通常薪酬优厚，你可以存下足够的钱应付大学里的很多开销；但这些工作可能无助于你的择业规划，你必须在这两个方面权衡一下。任何一个需要你付出艰苦努力以及要求有一定责任心的暑期工作，写在你的 简历 个人简历下载免费下载简历模版总经理简历下载资料员简历下载资料员简历下载 上都是好的。要是这份工作与将来的事业相关，你的简历看起来自然就更吸引人。 有一天，在上下班乘坐的火车上，我坐在两位女中学生的前面，其中一个女孩对另一个说：“我上大学不会花我父亲一分钱。至少我觉得不会。”她解释说，周末、暑假、圣诞节和春假她都在一家餐馆当服务员。她的小费很可观，她已存下了一万美元。她计划上拉特格斯大学, 住在家里走读。如果她在大学期间继续打工，她估计不用借债就能毕业并上研究生院。 我在大学期间开始寻找暑期工作的时候，我发现除餐馆外唯一愿意雇我的单位是法林百货公司——波士顿的一家大百货公司，它在科德角开了家夏季分店，我家就在那儿度假。我在大学 一年级 小学一年级数学20以内加减练习题小学一年级数学20以内练习题小学一年级上册语文教学计划人教版一年级上册语文教学计划新人教版一年级上册语文教学计划 时，去过马萨诸塞州北安普敦的分店，是全年营业的。我要求在周六以及接下来的暑假当售货员。（我）当场就被录用了。那年夏天，北安普敦分店经理负责管理科德角分店的夏季营业，她要我过去做营业员。 大学期间, 我都为法林公司工作，暑假在科德角的分店，学期当中就在周六和大减价时工作，赚取了我整个大学期间的费用。冬季法林公司在我校校报上刊登广告，我为其构思编写广告词，一位绘画专业的学生按我的设想配图。当我读到大四的时候，我知道，自己不想从事零售业，但它是我未来谋生的应急手段。我在与商店经理的谈话中了解到，如果我找不到报刊记者的工作，我可以在法林公司培训小组得到一个职位，并以此为跳板从事写作。 Passage II 哪种职业适合你? 你在努力规划自己事业的时候，要尝试各种职业，在各种不同环境中工作并主动承担不同的任务。 职业基本上分为六大类。琼斯·霍普金斯大学心理学教授约翰·L·霍兰列出了这六类职业，下面将它们较为详细地描述一下。当我谈到从事这些职业的人员的特点时，请注意，没有哪个人会具备所有这些特性。我谈的是倾向性的特点，但都是很明显的倾向。 第一类——现实型职业 主要是手艺或技术性职业，通常需要使用工具或机器，常常被称为“蓝领”职务。 喜爱现实性职业的人往往身体结实、讲求实际、身强力壮、常常怀有积极的人生观。他们通常具有良好的身体协调性，但有时候在自我表达或与他人交谈方面有困难。他们宁愿与物体而不愿与观念或人打交道，他们喜爱动手搞创作。尽管他们的肌肉协调性很好，但在社交场合经常感到不自在，缺乏语言和人际交往技能。他们通常认为自己擅长于机械操作和做体力活，个性稳定、不做作、执着。他们往往重具体、轻抽象。注重现实的人倾向于用简单、明确和传统的方式看世界。财富对他们很重要，而他们的休闲消费通常是汽车、船、摩托车或其它机械装置。 注重现实的人在接受采访时将自己描述为“循规蹈矩、直率、真诚、正常、执着、实际、稳定、节俭、唯物和腼腆”。 总体而言，在现实性职业中，既没有个人或机构之间错综复杂难以理解的矛盾, 也没有要在相互冲突的人生哲学之间的艰难抉择，生活不会被弄得很复杂。 第二类——传统型职业 这些通常是办公室工作，处理的是机构事务、档案资料和常规日程。 传统性职业包括簿记员、统计员、银行出纳员、秘书、财务分析员、办公室主任、电脑操作员、银行财务经理和会计师。传统性职业通常需要做一定的笔头工作，但一般都是写商务信函和常规 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 。 喜欢从事传统性职业的人把自己描述