牛津引注规范

OSCOLA 2006 The Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities http://denning.law.ox.ac.uk/published/oscola.shtml Faculty of Law, University of Oxford INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................3 PART I GENERAL NOTES ON CITATION ........................................................5 1 Footnotes................................................................................................................................................5 2 Quotations..............................................................................................................................................5 3 Cross-citation and cross-reference .....................................................................................................6 4 Tables of cases, legislation, etc............................................................................................................7 5 Abbreviations.........................................................................................................................................7 PART II: CITING UK PRIMARY LEGAL SOURCES ........................................8 A CASES......................................................................................................................8 1 Domestic cases ......................................................................................................................................8 2 Scottish cases .......................................................................................................................................13 3 European Community cases..............................................................................................................13 4 European Court of Human Rights...................................................................................................14 5 Cases from other jurisdictions ..........................................................................................................14 B LEGISLATION......................................................................................................15 1 Domestic primary legislation.............................................................................................................15 2 Secondary legislation...........................................................................................................................16 3 EC legislation.......................................................................................................................................17 4 Legislation from other jurisdictions .................................................................................................18 PART III CITING LEGAL COMMENTARY.....................................................19 A BOOKS AND ARTICLES ....................................................................................19 1 Books ....................................................................................................................................................19 2 Articles ..................................................................................................................................................20 B OTHER SOURCES ...............................................................................................21 1 General principles ...............................................................................................................................21 2 Law Commission reports...................................................................................................................22 3 Command papers ................................................................................................................................22 4 Hansard and parliamentary reports ..................................................................................................22 5 Theses ...................................................................................................................................................23 6 Conference and other papers ............................................................................................................23 7 Websites................................................................................................................................................23 8 Newspaper articles ..............................................................................................................................24 9 Interviews .............................................................................................................................................24 10 Personal communication (inc email)..............................................................................................24 PART IV CITING INTERNATIONAL LAW SOURCES...................................25 A TREATIES ETC ....................................................................................................25 1 International treaties ...........................................................................................................................25 2 Regional treaties...................................................................................................................................27 B INTERNATIONAL CASES AND DECISIONS ................................................28 1 International Court of Justice publications.....................................................................................28 2 Other sources of international decisions.........................................................................................29 C NON-GOVERNMENTAL AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS....................................................................................................32 1 United Nations documents................................................................................................................32 1 2 Regional bodies’ documents..............................................................................................................36 3 International Yearbooks.....................................................................................................................36 4 Collected Courses of The Hague Academy of International Law ..............................................37 5 International Law Association ..........................................................................................................37 6 International Law Digests..................................................................................................................37 APPENDIX.................................................................................................................38 1 Abbreviations in the names of law reports and journals ..............................................................38 2 Abbreviations in case names .............................................................................................................39 3 Abbreviations in footnotes ................................................................................................................40 4 Abbreviations of names of international instruments...................................................................41 5 Guides for other jurisdictions ...........................................................................................................41 6 Other useful references ......................................................................................................................42 2 INTRODUCTION The Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities was devised by Professor Peter Birks, in consultation with students and faculty at Oxford University, and with Oxford University Press and Hart Publishing. It is used by the Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal, and the editors of the Journal have contributed to its development. The standard is designed to facilitate accurate citation of authorities, legislation, and other legal materials. Professor Birks planned a revision of OSCOLA in 2004; after his untimely death in 2004, we have revised the standard in consultation with students and faculty members and with publishers. The aim has been to make changes (some of which Professor Birks had in mind) to promote the ‘consideration for the reader’ which he made a golden rule of OSCOLA. Minor alterations and clarifications were made for the 2006 edition. We hope that the revised standard also shows the consideration for authors that motivated Professor Birks to design a uniform and simple standard for legal citation. Sandra Meredith and Timothy Endicott 6 September 2006 3 4 PART I GENERAL NOTES ON CITATION 1 Footnotes Use footnotes, not endnotes. Close footnotes with a full stop (or question mark, or exclamation mark). OSCOLA uses little punctuation otherwise, except single inverted commas around journal article titles, and commas to separate items that would otherwise run together. Where more than one citation is given in a single footnote, separate them with semi-colons. The footnote marker should appear after the relevant punctuation in the text (if any) and normally at the end of a sentence. It may sometimes be necessary, for the sake of clarity, to put the footnote after the word or phrase to which it relates. A quotation need not be footnoted separately from the case or text from which it is derived if the two appear in the same sentence. Otherwise, separate notes should be used. Where a case name is given in the text, it is not necessary to repeat it in the footnote, as shown in the following example: It is well represented in the case law, perhaps most notably in the expression of the no-conflict rule advocated by Lord Upjohn in Phipps v Boardman,31 and in the earlier Court of Appeal decision in Boulting v Association of Cinematograph, Television and Allied Technicians.32 In Boulting [or ‘in the Boulting case’], Upjohn LJ said that the rule ‘must be applied realistically to a state of affairs which discloses a real conflict of duty and interest and not to some theoretical or rhetorical conflict’.33 In Phipps, Lord Upjohn developed his view of the rule further by adding that there must be a ‘real sensible possibility of conflict’.34 The relevant footnotes would appear thus: 31 [1967] 2 AC 46 (HL). 32 [1963] 2 QB 606 (CA). 33 Boulting (n 32) 638. [or] 33 ibid 638. 34 Phipps (n 31) 124. Examples of citations of cases, legislation, books and journals are given in each section of OSCOLA. The Appendix includes a list of abbreviations that can be used in footnotes. 2 Quotations Quotations from other works, judgments, statutes, etc must be faithful to the original, except where it is necessary to change quotation marks from single to double, or vice versa. Do not change errors in the original or use [sic]. Any comments on the quotation should be in the text or in a footnote. Incorporate quotations of three lines or less into the text, within single quotation marks. Quotations within short quotations take double quotation marks. Punctuation follows the closing quotation mark, unless it is part of the quotation. The superscript footnote marker comes last, after both the punctuation and the closing quotation mark. 5 Present quotations longer than three lines in a double-indented single-spaced paragraph, with no further indentation of the first line. Do not use quotation marks, except for single quotation marks round quotations within quotations. Generally, use a colon to introduce a long quotation. However, when the lead-in moves seamlessly into the quoted material a comma or no punctuation may be preferable. Begin with an ellipsis (…) when a quotation starts mid-sentence, for example: Lord Radcliffe stated the position as follows: … there is no precise formula that will determine the extent of detail called for when a director declares his interest or the nature of his interest. ... His declaration must make his colleagues ‘fully informed of the real state of things’ ... If it is material to their judgment that they should know not merely that he has an interest, but what it is and how far it goes, then he must see to it that they are informed.16 (emphasis added) Indicate omissions from a quotation with an ellipsis, and any change of emphasis in a parenthetical clause after the citation by use of ‘(emphasis added)’. If you omit citations or footnotes from a quotation, put ‘(citation(s) omitted)’ or ‘(footnote(s) omitted)’ after the source. To attribute a quotation within a quotation to its original source, omit the footnote from the quotation, and state the original author’s citation in your footnote, as follows: … the House of Lords also concluded that the civil standard of proof (on the balance of probabilities) should be applied in such a way as to be sensitive to the ‘seriousness of the matters to be proved and the implications of proving them,’ which in effect means proof beyond reasonable doubt (i.e. the criminal standard).27 27 Andrew Ashworth ‘Social Control and “Anti-Social Behaviour”: The Subversion of Human Rights’ (2004) 120 LQR 263, 276, citing Clingham and McCann [2003] 1 AC 787 [83] (Lord Hope of Craighead). 3 Cross-citation and cross-reference Cross-citation directs the reader to source material cited in another footnote. Cross- reference directs the reader to some other passage in your work. Both techniques cause work for the reader; use them only when that work will be rewarding. Do not cross-cite to a footnote in a different chapter. In a cross-citation, briefly identify the case, book or other item and specify the note in which the full citation is to be found: 35 Ashworth (n 27). For repeated citations of a case, you can simply give the full citation each time, or use cross-citation; in either event, you can abbreviate the names of the parties after the first citation. So if you cite Barrett v Enfield LBC [2001] 2 AC 550 (HL) in footnote 1, cite it afterwards in whichever of the following ways is most convenient: 5 Barrett v Enfield LBC [2001] 2 AC 550 (HL). 5 Barrett v Enfield LBC (n 1). 5 Barrett (n 1). 6 On Latin gadgets: do not use supra, infra, ante, id, op cit, loc cit, contra, as they are not widely understood. ‘Ibid’, which is an abbreviation of ‘ibidem’ and means ‘in the same place’, can be used to repeat a citation in the immediately previous note. Standing alone, ‘ibid’ means strictly ‘in the very same place’ while ‘ibid 345’ means ‘in the same work but this time at page 345’. In general it is equally possible to repeat the immediately previous citation without using ‘ibid’: Ashworth (n 27) 265–67’ thus does the trick even in n 28. Do not switch back and forth from one to the other. Similarly, use ‘cf’ for ‘compare’: ‘Cf. Ashworth (n 27) 265–67.’ Cross-references to points of substantive discussion elsewhere in your work may perform a useful function. But avoid sending the reader off to another part of the text when a short point could as easily be restated. Never make a cross-reference that will be difficult for the reader to find. ‘See above’ is worse than useless. ‘See chapter VII above’ is no better. A good cross-reference takes the reader straight to the very place: ‘109’ or, within the chapter, ‘text to n 32’. Do not cross-refer to ‘Chapter 6A2(c)’ unless you have running headers on each page showing the sequence of sub-headings. Use ‘see…’ only when you actually want the reader to look at the place indicated, for example ‘See 109, above’, or ‘See n 27, below’. Remember that pagination changes from draft to draft, especially in preparation for publication. A reference to 198 is not much use when 198 has become 132. To save time, you can cross-refer to footnote markers, which change much less: ‘Text to n 107 in chapter 7’ should sufficiently pin down the location. 4 Tables of cases, legislation, etc In a book or thesis, compile the table(s) of cases (generally located in the preliminary pages) alphabetically. Unless there are very few cases, divide the tables into separate sections for separate jurisdictions. Arrange EC cases (distinguishing between ECJ, CFI and Commission cases) in chronological and numerical order. Where there are sufficient international cases to merit it, sub-divide the table with headings for each individual country. Alphabeticize cases by the significant name. Thus, ‘In re the Estate of Farquar’ or ‘Re Farquar’s Estate’ should be tabled under ‘Farquar’s Estate, Re’. Compile shipping cases and trade mark cases under the full case name, but insert an additional entry in the tables under the name of the ship or the trade mark, with a cross- reference to the full name. Compile tables of legislation with similar divisions as to jurisdiction. 5 Abbreviations In an article, avoid unfamiliar abbreviations and define any that you use in a footnote or in the text. In a thesis or book, define abbreviations in a ‘List of Abbreviations’ in the preliminary pages. But you need not define an abbreviation that is part of everyday usage (eg, ‘eg’ or ‘etc’). And every lawyer can be taken to know some additional abbreviations. The Appendix provides tables of common abbreviations that need no definition. 7 PART II: CITING UK PRIMARY LEGAL SOURCES A CASES 1 Domestic cases (a) General principles A case citation identifies where a report of the judgment can be found. For example, Pepper v Hart [1993] AC 593 (HL) indicates that the case involving Pepper and Hart, decided by the House of Lords, is to be found in the 1993 volume of the series of the Law Reports called the ‘Appeals Cases’ at page 593. Dates are put in square brackets when the volume uses the date to identify itself. Dates in round brackets are additional information about the date of the judgment. For example, the citation Pepper v Hart (1993) 143 NLJ 17 indicates that there is also a report of this case in volume 143 of the New Law Journal at page 17, and that it was published in 1993. This practice with square and round brackets applies to journals as well as law reports. Use italics for the names of the parties, with an unpunctuated italic v to separate the names of adverse parties. Use roman for the rest of the citation. Use punctuation only where its omission would cause information to run together. Hence ‘QB’ rather than ‘Q.B.’and ‘WLR’ rather than ‘W.L.R.’. Use commas to separate numbers that might otherwise run together, such as the first page of a report and a pinpoint (on pinpoints, see paragraph (f), below). If you give parallel citations, use commas to separate the citations. Indicate the court before the pinpoint. Use ‘(QB)’, ‘(Ch)’, and ‘(F)’ for the divisions of the High Court. The Commercial Court within the QBD is ‘(Com Ct)’. A Scottish case in the House of Lords is indicated by (HL Sc). Citations before 1865 do not require the court, nor do citations that include a neutral citation. (b) Neutral citations Since 2001, judgments in the House of Lords, Privy Council, Court of Appeal and Administrative Court have been issued with neutral citations. This system was extended to other parts of the High Court in 2002. Judgments with neutral citations are freely available on the British and Irish Legal Information Institute website (www.bailii.org). Neutral citations identify judgments independently of any series of reports, and cite only parties, year of judgment, court and case number. For example, Rottman v MPC [2