SAE AMS 2631B-1995(2007)钛、钛合金棒材和坯的超声波检测

AEROSPACE AMS 2631B Issued NOV 1972 Revised MAR 1995 Superseding AMS 2631A ULTRASONIC INSPECTION Titanium and Titanium Alloy Bar and Billet 1. SCOPE: 1.1 Purpose: This specification covers the procedure for ultrasonic inspection of wrought titanium and titanium alloy products 0.50 inch (12.7 mm) and over in cross-sectional thickness. 1.2 Application: This procedure has been used typically for locating internal defects, such as cracks, voids, spongy areas, and other structural discontinuities, which may or may not be exposed to the surface, but usage is not limited to such applications. 1.2 .1 Testing normally will be by longitudinal wave procedure, but shear wave procedure may be used when agreed upon by purchaser and vendor. 2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS: The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. 2.1 SAE Publications: Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. AMS 2380 Approval and Control of Premium-Quality Titanium Alloys AMS 4928 Titanium Alloy Bars, Wire, Forgings, and Rings, 6AI - 4V, Annealed SAE J300 Crankcase Oil Viscosity Classification MATERIAL SPECIFICATION SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright © 2007 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerService@sae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http://www.sae.org RATIONALE This document has been reaffirmed to comply with the SAE 5-year Review policy. Reaffirmed FEB 2007 Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAE Licensee=Defense Contract Mgmt Command/5935922100 Not for Resale, 07/02/2007 17:27:41 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS - - ` , , ` ` , ` ` ` , , , , ` , ` , ` , ` ` ` , ` ` , , - ` - ` , , ` , , ` , ` , , ` - - - AMS 2631B SAE AMS 2631B 2.3 2.4 2.6 ASTM Publications: Available from ASTM, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103-1187. ASTM E 127 Fabricating and Checking Aluminum Alloy Ultrasonic Standard Reference Blocks ASTM E 317 Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Systems Without the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments ASTM E 428 Fabrication and Control of Steel Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Inspection U.S. Government Publications: Available from DODSSP, Subscription Services Desk, Building 4D, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094. MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel, Qualification and Certification (Eddy Current, Liquid Penetrant, Magnetic Particle, Radiographic and Ultrasonic) ANSI Publications: Available from American National Standards Institute, Inc., 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036. ANSI B46.1 Surface Texture ASNT Publications: Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlingate Plaza, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228-8518. SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice, Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing ATA Publications: Available from Air Transport Association, 1301 Pennsylvania Avenue, Suite 1100, Washington DC 20004-1707. ATA-105 Guidelines for Training and Qualifying Personnel in Nondestructive Testing 3. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: 3.1 Qualification: 3.1 .1 Personnel: Shall be qualified and certified in accordance with MIL-STD-410. Alternate (R) procedures, i.e. ASNT-TC-1A or ATA-105, may be used if specified by the drawing or purchase order. It is the suppliers responsibility to ensure that personnel are certified and function within the limits of the applicable specification or procedure. - 2 - 2.2 2.5 Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAE Licensee=Defense Contract Mgmt Command/5935922100 Not for Resale, 07/02/2007 17:27:41 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS --`,,``,```,,,,`,`,`,```,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- AMS 2631B SAE AMS 2631B 3.1.2 Facilities: Shall be subject to survey and approval by purchaser. Reference specifications, procedures, and documentation necessary to verify the qualification of equipment and test personnel shall be available to purchaser, when requested. 3.1.3 Written Procedure: Ultrasonic inspections performed in accordance with this specification shall (R) be detailed in written procedures. Procedures shall identify the type of ultrasonic equipment, method(s) of test, ultrasonic test reference, search unit type, style, corrected beam/type focusing and frequency, method of reporting indications, and all other instructions that pertain to the actual test. Procedures shall be detailed sufficiently that another qualified investigator could duplicate the test and obtain equivalent information. 3.2 Equipment: 3.2.1 Basic Ultrasonic Test Instrument: Shall be capable of producing, receiving, and displaying high-frequency electrical pulses at the required frequencies and energy levels. The ultrasonic instrument shall be of the pulse-echo type capable of operating at 2.25 through 10 MHz except as permitted in 3.2.2.2. Gates, distance-amplitude correction systems, and other electronic aids to ultrasonic testing and interpretation shall be used as required. An alarm system, a recorder, or an auto-stop device, or combination of these, may be used. 3.2.1.1 Instrument Linearity: The instrument performance characteristics shall be evaluated in accordance with ASTM E 317 except as follows: 3.2.1.1.1 The calibration block used for evaluating vertical linearity shall be as shown in Figure 1. (R) 3.2.1.1.2 The vertical linearity plot and the tolerance limits shall be as shown in either Figure 2 or Figure 3. 3.2.1.1.3 The horizontal linearity check shall be made by plotting signal displacement against known thickness in the range of 1 to 5 inches (25 to 125 mm) in 1-inch (25-mm) increments; the allowable difference in thickness between that indicated by the signal displacement and the actual measured thickness shall be within ±3% of the measured thickness of the respective block. Substitute performance checks are permissible when agreed upon by purchaser and vendor. 3.2.1.2 Instrument Sensitivity: Instrument sensitivity or gain controls shall function so that a given amount or degree of sensitivity can be repeated or returned to with an accuracy of ±10% of the original pip height. If signal attenuators are used, they shall be accurate over the attenuation range and test frequency used so that the attenuation measurement will represent an amplitude ratio within ±10% of the correct value. The decibel (dB) attenuation value may be converted to an amplitude ratio by use of tables with dB versus voltage ratios. Alternately, it may be calculated from the relationship in Equation 1. Amplitude Ratio = Log - 3 - -1 dB 10 20 (Eq. 1) Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAE Licensee=Defense Contract Mgmt Command/5935922100 Not for Resale, 07/02/2007 17:27:41 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS --`,,``,```,,,,`,`,`,```,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- AMS 2631B SAE AMS 2631B 3.2.2 Ultrasonic Search Units: Shall be capable of transmitting and receiving ultrasonic vibrations at (R) the frequency and energy levels specified below. The frequency used shall be the highest practical ultrasonic frequency which will provide the required penetration, resolution, and signal to noise. 3.2.2.1 Search Unit Dimensions and Styles: For both contact and immersion tests with either longitudinal or shear mode, the choice of transducer dimension, style, type, etc is dependent on the test and the approved test procedure. In general, for immersion testing, flat-faced or corrected-beam transducers with diameters 3/8 through 3/4 inch (9.5 through 19.0 mm) are acceptable. Contact units with a maximum area of 1 square inch (6.5 cm2) with 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) minimum to 1-1/8 inch (28 mm) maximum dimensions are acceptable for longitudinal testing, while 1 square inch (6.5 cm2) or 1 by 1/2 inch (25 by 12.7 mm) transducers are acceptable for shear testing. Use of a focused, paint brush, liquid delay, special size, or other special transducer is acceptable when agreed upon by purchaser and vendor. 3.2.2.2 Shall be the highest practical frequency which will provide the penetration and resolution (R) required. Frequencies lower than 2.25 MHz for longitudinal inspections or 1.0 MHz for shear inspections shall not be used unless agreed upon by purchaser and vendor. 3.2.3 Voltage Regulator: If fluctuations in line voltage cause variations exceeding ±5% in a signal with an amplitude equal to the upper linearity limit of the instrument, a voltage regulator shall be used on the power source; this requirement does not apply to battery-powered units. 3.2.4 3.2.4.1 Immersion Method: For inspection by the immersion method, clean tap water shall be used as the couplant material; rust inhibitors, wetting agents, or both, may be added. The water shall be free of visible air bubbles which could interfere with the ultrasonic test. 3.2.4.2 Contact Method: For inspection by the contact method, SAE 30 motor oil in accordance with SAE J300 or cellulose gum shall be used as the couplant material. Other types of couplant materials that have been proven acceptable for a particular type of test may be used if agreed upon by purchaser and vendor. Chloroprene rubber sheet or similar materials may be used between the transducer and the product being tested to prevent excessive transducer wear provided adequate compensation for its use is made. 3.2.5 Longitudinal Reference Standards: Shall be fabricated from AMS 4928 titanium alloy or from other titanium alloy acoustically similar to the alloy to be tested. The procedures established in ASTM E 127 and ASTM E 428 are recommended for manufacturing ultrasonic reference blocks for straight beam testing. - 4 - Couplant: Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAE Licensee=Defense Contract Mgmt Command/5935922100 Not for Resale, 07/02/2007 17:27:41 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS - - ` , , ` ` , ` ` ` , , , , ` , ` , ` , ` ` ` , ` ` , , - ` - ` , , ` , , ` , ` , , ` - - - AMS 2631B SAE AMS 2631B 3.2.5.1 Acoustic compatibility between the reference standard material and the material to be tested shall be within 25 and 75% (-2.5 and -12 dB). If the acoustic compatibility is within 25% (-2.5 dB), no gain compensation is required for inspection. If the acoustic compatibility differences are greater than 25% (-2.5 dB) but less than 75% (-12 dB), the instrument sensitivity shall be increased to compensate for the differences in acoustic compatibility. 3.2.5.1 .1 The most acceptable acoustic compatibility comparison is the comparison of the first unsaturated back reflection from the reference standard and the part being tested. The db per inch (25 mm) comparison using back reflections is also frequently used. Other acoustic compatibility comparison measurements may be used when permitted by purchaser. 3.2.5.2 For testing flat surfaces, flat test blocks shall be used. For testing curved surfaces, the reference standards shall have similar contour within approximately ±25% of the radius of curvature of the dimensions being tested. Surface finish of the calibration standard shall be similar to that of the material being tested. 3.2.5.3 For longitudinal wave calibration, the calibration reflectors shall be flat-bottom holes. The distance from the entry face of the ultrasonic beam to the bottoms of the calibration holes are recommended as follows, based on the material contour and section thickness “T”. Alternate calibration points may be used when agreed upon by purchaser and vendor. 3.2.5.3.1 Rounds 0.5 to 2 Inches (12.7 to 51 mm), Inclusive, in Diameter: 1/2T and 1/4 inch (6.4 mm). 3.2.5.3.2 Rounds Over 2 to 5 Inches (51 to 127 mm), Inclusive, in Diameter: 1/2T, 1/4T, and 1/4 inch (R) (6.4 mm). 3.2.5.3.3 Rounds Over 5 Inches (127 mm) in Diameter: 1/2T, 1/4T, 1/8T, and 3/8 inch (9.5 mm). If frequencies below 5 MHz are used, the minimum metal travel of 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) may be used. 3.2.5.3.4 Flat-Faced Material 0.5 to 2 Inches (12.7 to 51 mm), Inclusive, in Cross-Section: T-1/8 inch (-3 mm), 1/2T, and 1/4 inch (6.4 mm). 3.2.5.3.5 Flat-Faced Material Over 2 to 5 Inches (51 to 127 mm), Inclusive, in Cross-Section: T-1/2 inch (-12.7 mm), 1/2T, 1/4T, and 1/4 inch (6.4 mm). 3.2.5.3.6 Flat-Faced Material Over 5 to 9 Inches (125 to 229 mm), Inclusive, in Cross-Section: 1/2T, 1/4T, 1/8T, and 1/2 inch (12.7 mm). 3.2.5.3.7 Flat-Faced Material Over 9 Inches (229 mm) in Cross-Section: 1/2T, 1/4T, 1/8T, and 1/2 inch (12.7 mm). If frequencies below 5 MHz are used, the minimum metal travel of 3/4 inch (19 mm) may be used. 3.2.6 Angle Beam Reference Standards: Angle beam testing may use the longitudinal mode with the beam refracted at a predetermined angle (usually 45 degrees) or the true shear (transverse) wave may be used with the refracted angle between 30 and 60 degrees, usually 45 degrees. - 5 -Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAE Licensee=Defense Contract Mgmt Command/5935922100 Not for Resale, 07/02/2007 17:27:41 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS --`,,``,```,,,,`,`,`,```,``,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- AMS 2631B SAE AMS 2631B 3.2.6.1 In immersion testing to establish an approximate 45 degree refracted longitudinal angle in titanium, a 10 degree incident angle is used. 3.2.6.2 In immersion testing to establish an approximate 45 degree refracted shear angle in titanium, a 20 degree incident angle is used. 3.2.6.3 For contact testing, the refracted angle in the part is determined by the angle of the wedge or shoe that is used between the transducer and the part being tested. 3.2.6.4 The same acoustical compatibility requirements between reference standard material and test material as is required for longitudinal wave standards applies to angle beam reference standards. 3.2.6.5 The style of angle beam reference standards shall be acceptable to purchaser.(R) 3.3 Surface Preparation: 3.3.1 The surfaces to be inspected shall be common geometrical sections such as round, square, and octagonal. Flat-face product shall be prepared to ensure flatness of the various faces. 3.3.2 Texture of surfaces to be inspected shall be not rougher than 250 microinches (6 µm). For(R) longitudinal mode tests to Class AA or A1 requirements and for shear mode tests, surface texture of approximately 125 microinches (3 µm) is desirable. Surface texture is defined in ANSI B46.1. 3.3.3 Surface discontinuities remaining after surface preparation shall not be removed before ultrasonic inspection because local grinding depressions will cause sonic wave attenuation, loss of back reflection, and inability to locally meet standards. Surfaces shall be free from loose scale, machining or grinding particles, oil, grease, cutting compounds, and other foreign material. 3.4 Calibration of Apparatus: Before inspecting the product, the apparatus shall be adjusted, using appropriate reference blocks, to produce, from the simulated imperfections, clearly defined indications of sufficient height to ensure that the product under test can be inspected as required to locate any imperfections of detrimental size, nature, and location. The minimum pip height shall be not less than 20%, the maximum pip height shall be not greater than 80% of the vertical limit or the upper linearity limit, whichever is less. Set up height shall be twice the noise level or as otherwise approved by purchaser. 3.4.1 Instruments of the vacuum tube type shall be warmed up for not less than 30 minutes before being used; instruments using solid state electronic components shall be warmed up for not less than 10 minutes before being used. Sufficient time shall also be allowed for temperature of water, reference blocks, and product to stabilize before calibration and testing. - 6 - Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAE Licensee=Defense Contract Mgmt Command/5935922100 Not for Resale, 07/02/2007 17:27:41 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS - - ` , , ` ` , ` ` ` , , , , ` , ` , ` , ` ` ` , ` ` , , - ` - ` , , ` , , ` , ` , , ` - - - AMS 2631B SAE AMS 2631B 3.4.2 Calibration Check: To ensure valid results, a calibration check shall be made prior to the test of each part configuration or start of each shift of operation and at the completion of each test or shift, as appropriate. Any change in equipment operation that requires a recalibration of the test system shall require retesting of all product or parts tested since the previous calibration. 3.5 General Scanning Procedure: 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.4 Calibration for determination of loss in the back reflection pattern shall be performed on parallel surfaces of the product being tested. The back reflection pattern from the full material thickness section of the test block at the scanning sensitivity shall be observed. If the back reflection pattern from the product being tested averages a variation of more than ±50% from that recorded from the test block, testing shall be stopped until corrective action is taken. The permissible background noise shall not exceed 50% of the response height from the reference standard of the same alloy as the product being tested. Greater background noise levels may be permitted by purchaser or lesser background noise levels may be specified. Whenever possible, a dynamic alarm check shall be made to determine the operational scanning speeds, pulse repetition rates, and index increments, and to ensure that the alarm system is capable of detecting all rejectionable defects at these operating conditions. If a dynamic alarm check cannot be made or if alarms cannot be used, the operational parameters shall be as follows: 3.5.4.1 Pulse repetition rate should be a minimum of 600 pulses per second (600 PPS). The exact (R) rate used shall be based on the beam diameter and surface speed. 3.5.4.2 For manual scanning without alarm systems, a scanning speed not greater than 5.0 inches (127 mm) per second is recommended. 3.5.4.3 For alarm systems with or without automatic scanning, a scanning speed not greater than (R) 20 inches (508 mm) per second is recommended. The exact speed shall be based on the beam diameter and repetition rate. 3.5.5 When the alarm system is used during testing, it shall be set at the equivalent of “Hold” or “Manual Reset”. 3.5.6 The instrument control settings and test parameters established during calibration shall not be changed during testing of the product. The pulse length and reject control shall be set at the minimum that will afford the proper resolution without affecting acceptable linearity. 3.5.7 Distance Amplitude Correction: Electronic d