小马备考包15（1.1版）

http://bbs.xiaoma.com 小马过河论坛备考包 15 小马过河论坛（bbs.xiaoma.com）——新托福备考小组专用 由马骏老师亲自打造——网络 IBT 学习重磅炸弹 小马托福备考包——包教包会包分配！ 引子： 考生备考为各种资料的选择而苦恼，为各种推荐的材料而困扰。缺乏果断的选择也不能完全 归因于考生自己。各种说法不一，各种老师推荐„„导致考生备考不能专心放在材料的使用 上，而得抽出大部分的时间把心思花在材料寻找，材料询问，材料怎样使用。。。。等问题的 探索上。 另外，听、说、读、写四项老师各自为政，推荐材料良莠不齐。就算是由 ETS 官方给出的 材料也存在着使用上的争议。 最致命的是，考试好不容易寻找到、下载到材料，但是 （1） 在备考过程里对于各项的备考材料分配及 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 制定仍旧缺乏专业的指导。 （2） 在材料使用后的疑问解决上，找不到老师及时的帮助。带着疑问进考场？ ————小马备考包解决了听、说、读、写、词汇、句子的一切困难，一包在手别无所求 ————小马备考包提供了 ETS 每一项材料的答案，特别适合考生独立备考使用 ————小马备考包专门为考生提供了备考 qq 群和备考小组，学习之余倾诉痛苦 点击查看托福备考小组：http://bbs.xiaoma.com/forum-210-1.html ————小马备考包————给力的包！！！！！！！ 是神马老师做出这样牛逼的包？ 对，是神马老师做的！ 有疑问请联系：woshimajun@hotmail.com 校内 ID：马骏 小马过河论坛 ID：Horse 点击访问：http://space.xiaoma.com/space-uid-2.html http://bbs.xiaoma.com 小马过河论坛备考包 15 小马备考包简介： 是由托福名师马骏老师在小马过河以听写训练营和备考小组为基础，为广大托福备考者制定 的托福备考任务包。托福备考的过程其实是人们备考材料的分配使用和计划实施的过程。小 马备考包将每个包分成 5 个任务模块，一共 10 个小时的任务，平均每个模块时间 2 个小时。 小马备考的 5 个模块是： （1）每日老托福听写任务。小马备考包里提供的是一个老托福的 PartC 演讲，并不提供音 频答案。这样的好处是逼着备考者自己在没有文本的情况下去独立听写出文本来。每个包的 听力模块的文本答案在第二天的解析锦囊里公布。 （2）每日托福 TPO 阅读文章翻译。每个包提供一篇阅读文章，在 2 个小时内翻译完成。翻 译的答案在在第二天的解析锦囊里公布。 （3）每日托福长难句。 每个包里提供 10 句，长难句的精解在下一个包里。长难句精讲中 含有：翻译，句子成分解析，词汇，意群训练等。目的是培训考生读句子的能力。 （4）每日真题词汇 100 个。真题词汇是从 TPO 阅读文章里筛选出来的。更精确，从此不需 要任何词汇书。 （5）每包提供口语真题或者写作真题一次。 小马备考包是结合了考生应对托福考试所必须的实力提高的 5 种能力： （1）听力语音识别能力 （2）句子理解能力 （3）翻译理解能力 （4）输出信息能力 （5）精准真词使用能力 小马托福备考包解决的就是考生备考中的无目的性，无计划性，无优质材料性，无法坚持性 等诸多问题。有了小马备考，你的托福备考更轻松更容易。 http://bbs.xiaoma.com 小马过河论坛备考包 15 小马备考包 使用说明 爱威a9效果器使用图word使用说明在哪儿钻床数控系统用户手册玻璃钢风机使用说明书控制器用户说明书 ： （1） 备考包使用的材料均为 ETS 真题。不要再使用 Barron，Delta，Langman 等备考材料 了。以小马过河论坛每日给出的 ETS 的真题为主。 （2） 每包的计划包含有五个模块： A：听力（旧托福/TPO）————做题+听写使用（不看文本） 听写的方法请参考：http://bbs.xiaoma.com/thread-81796-1-1.html 步骤&流程请参考：http://bbs.xiaoma.com/forum-viewthread-tid-81770-fromuid-254284.html B：阅读（旧托福/TPO）————做题+翻译使用（每个包都有翻译的答案） C：口语/写作（间隔一天轮流，机经为主）——写并校对背诵，口语有答案 D：小马真题单词包（记住，是来自真题的词汇，不是 abandon 这样的一万年夜遇不到的词） E：小马真题长难句阅读（来自旧托福和 TPO 的长难句整理） （3） 每个小马备考包内含的 5 个模块中的每个模块平均学习时间为 2-3 小时，组员根据 自己的个人情况选择自己的学习量。 （4） 记住：数量并不重要，质量才重要！每天最多不要超过一个包，最好 2-3 天一个包， 吃透为主 神马 敬上 神马 敬上 各位准备——下包、接包、做包、爱包、传播包吧 任意转载，没有版权，随便复制，到处传播，尽情拷贝。。。。。。吧 http://bbs.xiaoma.com 小马过河论坛备考包 15 小马备考包 15-阅读模块： 第一步： 限时在 20 分钟内第 1 遍做题，完成第二步 后第 2 遍做题并自己修改答案。本篇答案及 解析在明天的备考包解析锦囊中。 详情步骤百度搜索：“小马备考包使用攻略” AGGRESSION When one animal attacks another, it engages in the most obvious example of aggressive behavior. Psychologists have adopted several approaches to understanding aggressive behavior in people. The Biological Approach. Numerous biological structures and chemicals appear to be involved in aggression. One is the hypothalamus, a region of the brain. In response to certain stimuli, many animals show instinctive aggressive reactions. The hypothalamus appears to be involved in this inborn reaction pattern: electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many animals. In people, however, whose brains are more complex, other brain structures apparently moderate possible instincts. An offshoot of the biological approach called sociobiology suggests that aggression is natural and even desirable for people. Sociobiology views much social behavior, including aggressive behavior, as genetically determined. Consider Darwin's theory of evolution. Darwin held that many more individuals are produced than can find food and survive into adulthood. A struggle for survival follows. Those individuals who possess characteristics that provide them with an advantage in the struggle for existence are more likely to survive and contribute their genes to the next generation. In many species, such characteristics include aggressiveness. Because aggressive individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce, whatever genes are linked to aggressive behavior are more likely to be transmitted to subsequent generations. The psychobiological view has been attacked on numerous grounds. One is that people's capacity to outwit other species, not their aggressiveness, appears to be the dominant factor in human survival. Another is that there is too much variation among people to believe that they are dominated by, or at the mercy of, aggressive impulses. http://bbs.xiaoma.com 小马过河论坛备考包 15 The Psychodynamic Approach. Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior, including aggression. Sigmund Freud, for example, believed that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions to the frustrations of daily life. Children normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on other people, including their parents, because even the most attentive parents cannot gratify all of their demands immediately. Yet children, also fearing their parents' punishment and the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impulses. The Freudian perspective, in a sense: sees us as "steam engines." By holding in rather than venting "steam," we set the stage for future explosions. Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life. According to psychodynamic theory, the best ways to prevent harmful aggression may be to encourage less harmful aggression. In the steam-engine analogy, verbal aggression may vent some of the aggressive steam. So might cheering on one's favorite sports team. Psychoanalysts, therapists adopting a psychodynamic approach, refer to the venting of aggressive impulses as "catharsis." Catharsis is theorized to be a safety valve. But research findings on the usefulness of catharsis are mixed. Some studies suggest that catharsis leads to reductions in tension and a lowered likelihood of future aggression. Other studies, however, suggest that letting some steam escape actually encourages more aggression later on. The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively. One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings. These feelings, in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically. Cognitive factors intervene. People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people's motives. Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people's motives. For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not. Catharsis: In psychodynamic theory, the purging of strong emotions or the relieving of tensions. Paragraph 2: The Biological Approach. Numerous biological structures and chemicals appear to be involved in aggression. One is the hypothalamus, a region of the http://bbs.xiaoma.com 小马过河论坛备考包 15 brain. In response to certain stimuli, many animals show instinctive aggressive reactions. The hypothalamus appears to be involved in this inborn reaction pattern: electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many animals. In people, however, whose brains are more complex, other brain structures apparently moderate possible instincts. 1. According to paragraph 2, what evidence indicates that aggression in animals is related to the hypothalamus? A.Some aggressive animal species have a highly developed hypothalamus. B.Artificial stimulation of the hypothalamus results in aggression in animals. C.Animals behaving aggressively show increased activity in the hypothalamus. D.Animals who lack a hypothalamus display few aggressive tendencies. Paragraph 3: An offshoot of the biological approach called sociobiology suggests that aggression is natural and even desirable for people. Sociobiology views much social behavior, including aggressive behavior, as genetically determined. Consider Darwin's theory of evolution. Darwin held that many more individuals are produced than can find food and survive into adulthood. A struggle for survival follows. Those individuals who possess characteristics that provide them with an advantage in the struggle for existence are more likely to survive and contribute their genes to the next generation. In many species, such characteristics include aggressiveness. Because aggressive individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce, whatever genes are linked to aggressive behavior are more likely to be transmitted to subsequent generations. 2. According to Darwin's theory of evolution, members of a species are forced to struggle for survival because A.Not all individuals are skilled in finding food B.Individuals try to defend their young against attackers C.Many more individuals are born than can survive until the age of reproduction D.Individuals with certain genes are more likely to reach adulthood Paragraph 5: The Psychodynamic Approach. Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior, including aggression. Sigmund Freud, for example, believed that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions to the frustrations of daily life. Children normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on other people, including their parents, because even the most attentive parents cannot gratify all of their demands immediately. Yet children, also fearing their parents' punishment and the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impulses. The Freudian perspective, in a sense: sees us as "steam engines." By holding in rather than venting "steam," we set the stage for future explosions. Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life. 3. The word inevitable in the passage is closest in meaning to http://bbs.xiaoma.com 小马过河论坛备考包 15 A.Unavoidable B.Regrettable C.Controllable D.Unsuitable 4. The word gratify in the passage is closest in meaning to A.Identify B.Modify C.Satisfy D.Simplify 5. The word they in the passage refers to A.Future explosions B.Pent-up aggressive impulses C.Outlets D.Indirect ways 6. According to paragraph 5, Freud believed that children experience conflict between a desire to vent aggression on their parents and A.A frustration that their parents do not give them everything they want B.A fear that their parents will punish them and stop loving them C.A desire to take care of their parents D.A desire to vent aggression on other family members 7. Freud describes people as steam engines in order to make the point that people A.Deliberately build up their aggression to make themselves stronger B.Usually release aggression in explosive ways C.Must vent their aggression to prevent it from building up D.Typically lose their aggression if they do not express it Paragraph 7: The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively. Paragraph 8: One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings. These feelings, in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically. Cognitive factors intervene. People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people's motives. Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people's motives. For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not. http://bbs.xiaoma.com 小马过河论坛备考包 15 8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A.People who believe that they are fighting a just war act aggressively while those who believe that they are fighting an unjust war do not. B.People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified are more likely to act aggressively than those who believe differently. C.People who normally do not believe that aggression is necessary and justified may act aggressively during wartime. D.People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified do not necessarily act aggressively during wartime. 9. According to the cognitive approach described in paragraphs 7 and 8, all of the following may influence the decision whether to act aggressively EXCEPT a person's A.Moral values B.Previous experiences with aggression C.Instinct to avoid aggression D.Beliefs about other people's intentions 10. The word distort in the passage is closest in meaning to A.Mistrust B.Misinterpret C.Criticize D.Resent Paragraph 5: The Psychodynamic Approach. Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior, including aggression. Sigmund Freud, for example, believed that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions to the frustrations of daily life. Children normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on other people, including their parents, because even the most attentive parents cannot gratify all of their demands immediately. ■（A）Yet children, also fearing their parents' punishment and the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impulses. ■(B)The Freudian perspective, in a sense: sees us as "steam engines." ■(C)By holding in rather than venting "steam," we set the stage for future explosions. ■(D)Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life. 11. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. According to Freud, however, impulses that have been repressed continue to exist and demand expression. http://bbs.xiaoma.com 小马过河论坛备考包 15 Where would the sentence best fit? 12. Directions: Complete the table below by matching five of the six answer choices with the approach to aggression that they exemplify. This question is worth 3 points. Approach to Understanding Aggression Associated Claims Biological approach ● Psychodynamic approach ● ● Cognitive approach ● ● Answer choices 1. Aggressive impulses toward people are sometimes expressed in indirect ways. 2. Aggressiveness is often useful for individuals in the struggle for survival. 3. Aggressive behavior may involve a misunderstanding of other people's intentions. 4. The need to express aggressive impulses declines with age. 5. Acting aggressively is the result of a choice influenced by a person's values and beliefs. 6. Repressing aggressive impulses can result in aggressive behavior. 第二步：（建议时间 3 小时内完成） （1） 查生词 （2） 划出不理解的句子并分析句子结构 （3） 翻译全文并写出文章大纲 完成后更新到自己的备考日志里。 结束时间：__年__月__日__时__分 http://bbs.xiaoma.com 小马过河论坛备考包 15 小马备考包 15——长难句模块： 翻译以下 10 个句子（时间限定 1 小时），并总结单词。更新到自 己的备考日志里。 （141） The common kestrel roosts and hunts alone, but the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts in flocks, possibly so one bird can learn from others where to find insect swarms. （142） Thus, by the 1890’s, northern city dwellers could enjoy southern and western strawberries, grapes, and tomatoes, previously available for a month at most, for up to six months of the year. （143） Drying, smoking, and salting could preserve meat for a short time, but the availability of fresh meat, like that of fresh milk, was very limited; there was no way to prevent spoilage. （144） Halfway down, the cat pulls in its legs before reversing its twist and then extends them again, with the desired end result. （145） The ability of falling cats to right themselves in midair and land on their feet has been a source of wonder for ages. http://bbs.xiaoma.com 小马过河论坛备考包 15 （146） Grainy and quaint though they are, the photos show that the cat was dropped upside down, with no initial spin, and still landed on its feet. （147） Each SMSA would contain at least (a) one central city with 50,000 inhabitant or more or (b) two cities having shared boundaries and constituting, for general economic and social purposes, a single community with a combined population of at least 50,000, the smaller of which must have a population of at least 15,000. （148） In addition to persons living in incorporated units of 2,500 or more, the census now included those who lived in unincorporated units of that size, and also all persons living in the densely settled urban fringe, including both incorporated and unincorporated areas located around cities of 50,000 inhabitants or more. （149） While the Census Bureau and the United States government used the term SMSA (by 1969 there were 233 of them), social scientists were also using new terms to describe the elusive, vaguely defined areas reaching out from what used to be simple “towns” and “cities”. （150） In the 1500’s when the Spanish moved into what later was to become the southwestern United States, they encountered the ancestors of the modern-day Pueblo, Hopi, and Zuni peoples. http://bbs.xiaoma.com 小马过河论坛备考包 15 小马备考包 15——口语模块： Task 1 Describe a work of art, such as a song, poem or painting, which has made a lasting impression on you. Please explain the impression and include specific examples and details in your explanation Task 2 Some people prefer to keep reading a new book until it is finished. Others prefer to stop reading whenever they lose interest. Which method of reading do you think is better and why? Use specific reasons to support your answer Task 3 Reading: 【学校 通知 关于发布提成方案的通知关于xx通知关于成立公司筹建组的通知关于红头文件的使用公开通知关于计发全勤奖的通知 】：学校图书馆因为空间有限，将 reference 和 journal 改成 online，不 再提供纸本的材料。这样一来节省空间；二来方便学生。 Listening: 【学生议论】：男生同意。原因有二： 1) 图书馆这个 措施 《全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观软件质量保证措施下载工地伤害及预防措施下载关于贯彻落实的具体措施 很好，因为他在里面工作过，保存资料很占地方，扩建的话要花很多钱， 放到网络上的话可以节约经费。 2) 这个举措也能方便学生，因为学生宿舍很多都有计算机，可以直接在宿舍上网查阅资料。 Task 4 Reading: 【课文要点】讲了生态学中的 cyclic population change，说在一个生态系统 （ecosystem）中，生物之间的数量（population）是互相影响的，捕食者（predator）和被捕 食者（prey）的数量有一个均衡点。 Listening:【教授举例】讲一种 mice 和它的 predator(wolves)之间互相影响。分三个阶段： (1)prey (mice)多，predator 食物充足，population 增加； (2)prey 少了，predator 食物减少了，population 减少； (3)predator 少了，prey 又开始多起来了，如此循环，population 平衡。教授说实际上第三阶 段就是第一阶段，因为是 cyclic，不断重复这三个阶段。 Task 5 【学生困难】：男生急着要完成艺术 paper，但必须要去 museum 才能完成，而 museum 明 天就要关门了，只能今晚去，可是这个男生今晚又有课要上。 【解决 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 】：女生提供两个方案： 1) 向负责 paper 的教授请求延迟交，男