词汇学

Chapter1AGeneralSurveyofEnglishVocabularyⅠ.Definitionof“word”:Awordisafundamentalunitofspeechandaminimumfreeform,withaunitofsoundandmeaning(bothlexicalandgrammatical),capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction.Thisdefinitioncoversthefollowingpoints:theminimalfreeformofspeech;asoundunit;aunitofmeaning;aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.Ⅱ.TheDevelopmentofEnglishVocabularyHistoricaldevelopmentofEnglishvocabularyGrowthofPresent-dayEnglishVocabularyModesofVocabularyDevelopmentHistoricaldevelopmentofEnglishvocabulary-threeperiods:OldEnglishMiddleEnglishModernEnglish1)OldEnglish(alsocalledAnglo-Saxon,449-1100)before449,FirstSettler:CeltsspokeCeltic1449-1100,conquerors:threeGermanictribes:Angles,SaxonsandJutesspokeAnglo-Saxon,whichhad50,000-60,000wordsTwobigevents:①theintroductionofChristianityin597②theScandinavianConquestin9thcenturyMoreLatinwordsrelatingtoreligionandOldNorsewordsentered2)MiddleEnglish(1100-1500)TheNormanConquestin1066broughtalargenumberofFrenchwordsintotheEnglishvocabulary.French–officiallanguageusedbyrulingclassesEnglish–despisedlanguageusedbyboorsandserfs;notuntiltowardstheendofthefifteenthcentury,oncemorethelanguageofthewholecountryModernEnglish(1500uptothepresent)Earlymodern(1500-1700)-Renaissance-GreekborrowingsLatemodern(1700uptothepresent)2-BritishBourgeoisRevolution-IndustrialRevolutionfourmajorcontributorsareLatin,French,GreekandScandinavian.GrowthofPresent-dayEnglishVocabulary-threesourcesforneologisms:Markedprogressofmodernscienceandtechnologye.g.atomictechnology,computer,space,bio-chemistry,etcSocial,economicandpoliticalchangese.g.drugaddition,economiccrises,racialdiscrimination,womanliberationmovement,educationchanges,etc.influenceofotherculturesandlanguagesModesofVocabularyDevelopment-threechannels:creation----theformationofnewwordsbyexistingmaterialssemanticchange----establishedwordwithnewmeaningborrowing----6-7%ofallnewwordsIII.ClassificationofEnglishWords-Threecriteria3---byoriginbyfrequencyofusebysyntacticfunction1)byoriginnative/Anglo-Saxonwords-smallinnumber,basicwordstockloan/borrowedwords/borrowingsdenizens同化词aliens非同化词translation-loans译借词semanticloans语义借词basicwordstockFeatures:allnationalcharacterstability(notchangeable)productivity(word-formation)collocability(phrases,idioms,etc.)Ofallthesecharacters,allnationalcharacteristhemostimportant.2)byfrequencyofuse4popularandnon-popularwords-mostpopularwords→basicwordstock.-non-popularwords:literarywords-usedinwritingcolloquialwords-usedmainlyinspeakingslangwords-usedamongparticulargroupsorpeopletechnicalwords–usedinprofessionals3)bysyntacticfunction:content/notional/lexicalwords-constitutethemainbodyoftheEnglishvocabulary,-thenumberisevergrowingfunction/grammar/formwords-constituteaverysmallpercentageofthevocabulary-stable,mostfrequentlyused,basicwordstockChapter2MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWordsI.MorphemesAmorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunit,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.Oritisthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords.II.ClassificationofMorphemes5Twoways:freevs.boundmorphemesrootsvs.affixes1.Freevs.bound自由语素与粘着语素1)FreemorphemesFreemorphemesareindependentofothermorphemes,havecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.自由语素是能独立运用的语素，它有完整的意义，在句中能充当一个自由的语法单位。2)BoundmorphemesMorphemesthatcannotoccurasseparatewordsareknownasBoundMorphemes.Theyboundtoothermorphemestoformwordsortoperformaparticulargrammaticalfunction.粘着语素不能独立成词，只能依附于其他语素上以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。E.g.–less-er-ing-(e)scon-re-Rootsvs.Affixes词根与词缀1）RootsArootisthebasicunchangeablepartofawordand6conveysthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.Twotypes:freerootsandboundrootsFreeRootsFreerootsarefreemorphemes.Theyarecapableofbeingusedaswordsorasword-buildingelementstoformnewwords.自由词根都是自由词素，能用作词或作为构成新词的构词要素。②BoundRoots粘着词根Aboundrootisapartofthewordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaningjustlikeafreeroot,butitcan’tstandaandhastocombinewithothermorphemestomakewords.E.g.–ceive:seize;cred-:believe;-phone:sound;tele-distant;-tain:hold,-gram:drawingorsth.writtenorrecorded2)Affixes（词缀）Affixesareboundmorphemes.Theyareattachedtofreeorboundrootstomodifymeaningorchangefunction.Twotypes:7inflectionalvs.derivationalInflectionalAffixes(屈折词缀）Anaffixattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsandfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers.Inflectionalmorphemesareconfinedtosuffixes.屈折语素作为语法标记 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示词的语法意义，屈折语素只限于后缀。Derivationalaffixes（派生词缀）Affixesaddedtoothermorphemestoderivenewwordsareknownasderivationalaffixes.Twotypes:prefixesandsuffixesDiagramFree–FreerootMorpheme｛boundrootBound｛inflectionalAffix｛prefixDerivational｛suffixII.Allomorph形素变体8Anallomorphisanyofthevariantformsofthesamemorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.同一形素在不同构词环境中的不同形式。e.g.in:im,il,irIII.Root,Stem,BaseandhybridAroot（词根）isthatpartofawordwhenalltheaffixeshavebeentakenaway.stem（词干）isthatpartofawordformwhenalltheinflectionalaffixeshavebeentakenaway.Abase（词基）isaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.Hybrid(混合词)Itisawordmadeupofelementsfromtwoormoredifferentlanguages.E.g.Englishwordswithforeignaffixes:rewrite(Latin)(Eng.)ForeignwordswithEnglishaffixes:stately（（（（(Latin)(Eng)Foreignwordswithforeignaffixes:maltreat(French)(Latin)9Wordsofmorethantwoorigins:comically(Gk)(Gk)(L)(Eng.)Chapter3WordFormation(1)Teachingfocus:Compounding:(1)characteristicsofcompoundsclassificationofcompoundsAffixation:(1)prefixationsuffixationConversion:(1)conversiontonounconversiontoverbThreeMajorProcessesofWord-formationI.Word-formationRulesWord-formationrulesdefinethescopeandamethods,bywhichspeakersofalanguagemaycreatenewwords.Butnotallwordswhichresultfromtheapplicationoftherulesareacceptable;theyarefreelyacceptableonlywhentheyhavegainedaninstitutionalcurrencyinthelanguage.Generalintroduction:Affixation(30%-40%)Compounding(28%-30%)｝-----ThemostProductivemethods10Conversion(26%)Shortening(8%-10%){clippingandacronymyBlending1%-5%BackformationSoundreduplicationII.Compounding（复合法）DefinitionCompoundingCompoundingorcompositionisawordformationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit---acompoundword.2)Thedefinitionofcompound复合词compoundisawordformedbyjoiningoneormorebasesandfunctioningasasinglegrammaticalunit,sotheinternalstructurecannotbechanged.CharacteristicofCompoundsFourcriteria:Orthographicfeaturesthreemodes:a.solid:blackboard,airport11b.hyphenated:forget-me-notc.open:greenhousePhoneticfeaturescompoundsfreephrases(′——)(—‘—)E.g.′blackbirdblackˊbird′blackboardblackˊboard′greenhousegreenˊhouseSemanticfeaturesidiomatic:Thereisatransferofmeaningratherthanthesumtotalofitscomponentmeanings(e.g.greenhand新手).non-idiomatic:Themeaningisnothingbutthesumtotalofitscomponentmeanings(e.g.washingmachine).Grammaticalfeaturesthefirstelementsoffreephrasesmay1)bemodifiedbyadverb“very”haveinflectionalsuffixes(e.g.agreenerhouse;thegreenesthouse)FormationofcompoundsCompoundsmaybeformedfromvariousparts12ofspeech:n+n:ash-try,handbag;n+v:toothache,story-tell;adj.+n:blackboard,greenhouse;adv.+n:downtown,v+adv.:handout,makeup,etc.Walkingstickvs.workingclassSimilarmorphologicalstructureDifferentsyntacticmeaningoftheircomponentsParaphraseofsyntacticrelations:walkingstick:verbandadverbialworkingclass:subjectandverbClassificationofCompoundsthemostproductivethree:CompoundnounsCompoundadjectivesCompoundverbs(1)CompoundnounsClassificationaccordingtomorphologicalstructuresn.+n.mooncake,spaceship,handbag13a.+n.blackboard,deadline,blueprintv.–ing+n.boilingwater,living-roomd)n.+v.-ingsightseeing,housekeepinge)n.+v-erbabysitter,stockholderv.+ad.Handout,makeup,breakthroughad.+v.income,downfall,out-look,outbreak#Classificationaccordingtothesyntacticrelation:Subjectandverb:headache,heartbreakverbandobject:pickpocket,birthcontrolverbandadverbial:swimmingpoolsubjectandobject:steamboatrestrictiverelation:raindrop,moonwalkf.)appositiverelation:pinetree,fairytale(2)Compoundadjectivesn.+a.:life-long,world-famous,snow-white,bus-sickn.+-ing:peace-loving,breathtaking,English-speakingn.+-ed:heartfelt,snow-covered,home-made,suntanned–ing+a.:freezing-cold,boiling-point,soaking-weta.+-ing:easy-going,good-lookingf)a./ad.+v-edquick-frozen,ready-made,well-informed,14hard-earnedg)ad.+-inghard-working,ever-lasting,h)n./a.+n-edhoney-mouthed,short-sightedi)num.+nfirst-rate,second-hand,j)num.+n-edone-eyed,four-leggedk)adv.+v.-ingup-bringingCompoundverbsMorphologicalstructure:n.+v.:tohousekeep,tobaby-sitn.+n.:window-shop,nicknamea.+n.:white-wash,safe-guardad.+v.:overestimate,download#Syntacticalrelationsa)object+verb:sightsee,housekeepb)adverbial+verb:tobaby-sit(tositwithababy);tovacuumclean(tocleanwithavacuum-cleaner)#II.Derivation(orAffixation)1.DefinitionDerivationoraffixationisaword-formationprocessbyadditionofaffix(es)orcombiningformtoabase.Thewordsthus15formedarecalledderivatives.PrefixationPrefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingaprefixorcombiningformtothebase.(generallynotchangingtheword-classofthebases)Onasemanticbasis,prefixescanbeclassifiedintoninegroups:Negativeprefixes:a-,ab-,dis-,in-(il-,im-,ir-),non-,un-,etcReversativeprefixes:de-,dis-,un-,etc.Pejorativeprefixes:mal-,mis-,pseudo-Prefixesofdegreeorsize:arch-,extra-,hyper-,mini-,out-,over-,ultra-,Prefixesoforientationandattitude:anti-,pro-,counter-Locativeprefixes:extra-,fore-,inter-,trans-Prefixesoftimeandorder:ex-,fore-,pre-,re-,post-Numberprefixes:mono-,bi-,tri-,dia-,multi-,poly-,semi-,hemi-,uni-,etc.Miscellaneousprefixes:auto-,neo-,pan,vice-SuffixationSuffixationistheformationofanewwordbyaddingasuffixtothe16base,andusuallychangingtheword-classofthebase.Onagrammaticalbasis,suffixesmaybeclassifiedintofourgroups:nounsuffixes,adjectivesuffixes,adverbsuffixesverbsuffixes.(1)NounsuffixesDenominalnounsuffixes(加到名词上的名词词缀)A.-eer,-er,-ette,-let,-sterE.g.engineer,teenager,hostess,booklet,gangster,kitchenette(小厨房)B.-age,-dom,-(e)ry,-hood,-ing,-ism,-shipE.g.postage,kingdom,slavery,neighborhood,farming,terrorism,kinshipDeverbalnounsuffixes(加到动词上的名词词缀)A.-ant,-ee,-ent,-er,-orE.g.assistant,dependent,refugee,actorB.-age,-al,-ance,-ation,-ence,-ing,-mentE.g.linkage,survival,performance,protection,existence,savings,judgment3)De-adjectivenounsuffixes:-ity,-ness17e.g.popularity,productivity,happiness4)Nounandadjectivesuffixes:-ese,-an,-iste.g.Lebanese,Chinese,Japanese,linguist,Australian,Canadian,socialist,pianistAdjectivesuffixesDenominaladjectivesuffixes:-ed,-ful,-ish,-less,-like,-ly,-y,-al,-ic,-ouse.g.absent-minded,successful,foolishetc.2)Deverbaladjectivesuffixes:-able/ible,-ive，-ative，-sivee.g.washable,divisible,decisive,active(3)Adverbsuffixes-ly,-ward,-wise,-widee.g.beautifully,naturally,forward,clockwise,nationwide(4)Verbsuffixes-ate,-en,-(i)fy,-ize/-isee.g.originate,deepen,strengthen,widen,beautify,classify,modernize,categorize,symbolize,etc.18ConversionDefinitionConversionisaprocessofword-formationbyturningwordsofonepartofspeechtothoseofadifferentpartofspeech.Sincechangingofword-class,itisalsoknownasfunctionalshiftorderivationprocesswithzeroaffix.Threemodes:ConversiontonounsConversiontoadjectivesConversiontoverbsConversiontonounsv.→n.a.→n.fullyconvertedE.g.awhite(白人)，aliberal(自由主义者)，anative(本地人)，necessaries必(需品)partiallyconvertedE.g.thepoor,theold,thewounded,thedeadthepoorer更穷的人，themostcorruptC.Miscellaneousconversion19convertedfromconj,mod,finitev,prep,etc.E.g.Wouldyoulikeawithorawithout?Hisargumentcontainstoomanyifsandbuts.Lifeisfullofupsanddowns.ReformisamustinChina’seducation.2.Conversiontoverbs1)Nountoverbe.g.toelbowone’swaythroughthecrowdcf.topushone’swaythroughthecrowdwithone’selbows.Wenoweatbetterfood,liveinbetterhousesandwearbetterclothesthaneverbefore.cf.Wearebetterfed,betterhoused,andbetterclothedthaneverbefore.2)AdjectivetoverbTomean‘tomakesth./sb.adj’(使成为),orintransitively‘tobecomeadj.（变’得）E.g.Watchout,nottowetyourshoes.Photographyellowedwithage.20Miscellaneousconversionconvertedfromadv.,conj.,prep.,etc.Theintellectualsaremuchedagain.知识分子又吃香了Wedownedafewbeers.又干了几杯啤酒。Butmenobuts.别找借口。Chapter4Word-formation(II)(TheMinorProcessesofWord-formation)TeachingFocus:????AcronymyClippingBlendingBackformation1.Acronymy首字母缩略法Acronymyisaprocessofword-formationofanabbreviationorshortening,inwhichwordsareformedfrominitiallettersofaterm.Twogroups:initialismsandacronyms1)Initialism首字母缩略词Initialismisanunpronounceableabbreviationcomprisingtheinitiallettersofatermandcommonlyusedinplaceofthatterm.21(Eachletterofaninitialismispronouncedindependently.)TwokindsofinitialismsLettersrepresentfullwords首字母代替整个词E.g.GMT:GreenwichMeanTimeLettersrepresentconstituentsinacompoundorjustpartsofaword一个复合词的部分或一个单词的部分字母代替整个词E.g.TV:television;bld,Rd,blbetc.2)Acronyms首字母拼音词Acronymsisapronounceablewordformedfromtheinitiallettersofaterm.E.g.NATO,OPEC,UNESCO,TESOL,SALT,AIDS,IELTS,NASA2.Clipping截短法istheprocessofword-formationbycuttingoffoneormoresyllablesfromaword(usuallyanoun).fourmaintypes:Frontclipping首部截短2)Backclipping词尾截短Frontandbackclipping首尾部截短Phraseclipping短语截短22Blending拼缀法1)Definition:Blendingisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms.Wordsthusformedareknownasblends.2)Typesofblends①Head+tail:firstpartofthefirstword+lastpartofthesecondonee.g.autocide(automobile+suicide)，motel(motor+hotel)②Head+head:firstpartofthefirstword+firstpartofthesecondonee.g.comsat(communications+satellite)，sitcom(situation+comedy)Head+word:firstpartofthefirstword+wholeformofthesecondonee.g.medicare(medical+care)，Eurasia(Europe+Asia),psywarWord+tail:wholeformofthefirstword+thelastpartofthesecondone23e.g.lunarnaut(lunar+astronaut)，workfare(work+welfare)4.Back-formation逆生法isthemethodofcreatingwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixesFourTypesofBackformationAbstractnouns:donate←donationAgentnouns:burgle←burglarCompoundnounsandothers:babysit←babysitterAdjectives:gloom←gloomySoundreduplication语音重叠法Itistheformationofcompoundwordsbyrepeatingthesameelementwithlittleornochange.Wordsthusformedareknownasreduplicatives.ClassificationWordstoimitatesounds:tick-tuck(ofclock)Wordstosuggestalternatingmovements:ping-pongWordstodisparagebysuggestinginstability,nonsense,insincerity,vacillation:hocus-pocus哄骗④Wordstointensify:tip-top非常好6.Wordsfrompropernouns专用名词普通化24Namesofpeople人名Namesofplaces地名Namesofbooks 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 名Tradenames商品名称Chapter5WordMeaningandSemanticFeaturesTeachingfocusMeaningsof‘meaning’FourtypesofmotivationDifferenttypesofmeaningⅠ．RelatedConcepts1)Referent（所指/指称对象）anobject,aphenomenon,orapersonintheworld,aphysicalobjectorgoods(实物)2)Reference能指/指称关系/意义therelationshipbetweenlinguisticsymbolandtheobjectiveworldConcepttheresultofhumancognition,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind客观世界在人脑中的反映Sense语义25-semanticrelationsbetweenonewordandanother-intra-linguisticrelationII.MotivationMotivationreferstotheconnectionbetweenlinguisticsymbolsanditsmeaning.理据是指事物和现象获得名称的依据，说明词义与事物或现象的命名之间的关系。Fourtypes:phoneticmotivationmorphologicalmotivationsemanticmotivationetymologicalmotivation1.phoneticmotivation拟声理据Soundssuggestmeaningse.g.ChineseEnglish（钟表）嘀嗒ticking(鸭叫)嘎嘎quack（鸡叫）喔喔crow（羊叫）咩咩bleat2.MorphologicalMotivation形态理据26StructuresuggestsmeaningE.g.airmail-mailreadinglamphopelessBut:cookertypewritereggplantpineapplesweet-toothnight-cap3.SemanticMotivation语义理据thementalassociationsbasedontheconceptualmeaningofaword(Metonymy,Metaphor)themouthofariverthefootofthemountainHeisfondofthebottleThepenismightierthanthesword.4.Etymologicalmotivation词源理据1)Thehistoryofthewordexplainsthemeaningoftheword.(e.g.pen)Allcommonizedpropernounscanbeinterpretedintermsoftheirorigins.(e.g.laconic)II.MaintypesofmeaningWordmeaningismadeupofvariouscomponentswhichare27interrelatedandinterdependent.Thesecomponentsarecommonlydescribedastypesofmeaning.词义有各种相互联系与相互依存的不同成分组成，这些成分就是词义的种类。Grammaticalmeaningword-classandinflectionalparadigminflectionalparadigm:alltheinflectionalformsofawordincludepluralityofnouns,tensesofverbs,comparativeandsuperlativedegreesofadj.andadv.,etc.2.LexicalmeaningLexicalmeaningisthemeaningofanisolatedwordinadictionary.Thiscomponentofmeaningisidenticalinalltheformsoftheword.(林承璋： 词汇 英语3500词汇语境记忆pets3考试词汇二年级反义词和近义词初中词汇词汇大全考研英语二高频词汇表 意义是词典中一个独立词的意义。在该词的所有形式中，其词汇意义相同。）Twosubtypes:ConceptualmeaningAssociativemeaning1)ConceptualmeaningConceptualmeaningisthedefinitionofawordgivenin28thedictionaryandformsthecoreofwordmeaning.概念意义是词典中所给的意义，是词义的核心。2)Associativemeaning(关联意义)Associativemeaningisthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.Itdiffersfromtheconceptualmeaninginthatitisopen-endedandindeterminate,liabletotheinfluenceofsuchfactorsasculture,experience,religion,classbackground,educationetc.联想意义是概念意义的补充意义，是次要意义。它受语言外界因素如文化、经历、宗教、地域、出身、教育等的影响而变化，所以是开放性的，是不定的.AssociativeMeaningConnotativeStylisticAffectiveCollocativeMeaningMeaningMeaningMeaning内涵意义文体意义情感意义搭配意义Connotativemeaning(内涵意义)29theemotionalassociationnotanessentialpartoftheword-meaningWhatconnotationsdoyouthink“home”“,dragonand”“mother”mighthave?Stylisticmeaning（语体意义）Apartfromtheirconceptualmeanings,manywordshavestylisticfeatures,whichmakethemappropriatefordifferentstyles.很多词除了其概念意义外，还有文体色彩，以适应不同的文体风格。E.g.1)adultvs.grown-upchildrenvs.kids2)charger(军马)steed（骏马）horse（马）nag（老马）plug（马）domicile,residence,abode,homeAffectivemeaningspeaker’sattitudetowardsthepersonorthinginquestionThismeaningcanbeovertlyandexplicitlyconveyedsimplybythechoiceoftherightwords.情感意义反映作者或说话人对所谈论的人或物、事态等表示的个人情感或态度。这种意义可以通过选用表情词直接了当地表现出30来。Collocativemeaning搭配意义Itisthatpartofthewordmeaningsuggestedbythewordswithwhichitco-occurs.搭配意义即与之一起使用的词语所赋予的那部分意义。E.g.PrettyandhandsomePlumpandchubbyTrembleandquiverToSumUp:TypesofMeaningGrammaticalLexicalMeaningMeaning语法意义词汇意义ConceptualAssociativeMeaningMeaning概念意义联想意义ConnotativeStylisticAffectiveCollocativeMeaningMeaningMeaningMeaning内涵意义文体意义情感意义搭配意义III.CAandSemanticFeaturesConcept1)Whatiscomponentialanalysis?31TheprocessofbreakingdownthesenseofawordintoitsminimalcomponentsiscalledComponentialAnalysis.Componentialanalysisisonthebasisofsemanticcontrast.2)Semanticfeatures:Theyareconceptsabstractedfromhumanexperience.Theybelongtometa-language,usedtodescribesemanticuniversalsthatmaycharacterizealllanguages.是(用来描述语言中普遍存在的意义).3)Binaryoppositesman[+HUMAN+MALE+ADULT]woman[+HUMAN-MALE+ADULT]child[+HUMAN±MALE±ADULT]boy[+HUMAN+MALE-ADULT]girl[+HUMAN-MALE-ADULT]bullock[-HUMAN+MALE-ADULT]cow[-HUMAN-MALE+ADULT]Advantages&disadvantagesofCAAdvantages:1)Exactknowledgeoftheconceptualmeaning2)HelptochoosetherightwordDisadvantages:32ManywordsnotfitintosuchcontrastsImpossibletomakealistofinfinitenumberofsemanticfeaturesnotalwaysworkChapter6PolysemyandHomonymyTeachingFocusTwoapproachestopolysemyTwoprocessesofdevelopmentTypesofhomonymsOriginsofhomonymsPolysemy(多义关系)Whatispolysemy?Polysemyisasenserelationinwhichalexicalitemhastwoormoremeaningsatthesametime.Polysemygivesrisetoagreatnumberofpolysemouswords.ApproachestoanalysisofpolysemyDiachronicapproach历时研究方法Synchronicapproach共时研究方法1)DiachronicapproachPolysemy:theresultofgrowthanddevelopmentofthe33semanticstructureofoneandthesameword一.词多义是同一个词的语义结构历史发展的结果。thefirstmeaning:primarymeaning原始意义latermeanings:derivedmeanings派生意义2)SynchronicapproachSynchronically,polysemyisviewedasthecoexistenceofvariousmeaningsofthesamewordinahistoricalperiodoftime.从共时的角度看，多义关系是同一个词的各种意义共存于同一个历史时期的结果。Thebasicmeaningofawordiscalledthecentralmeaning中心意义.Thederivedmeaningsaresecondaryincomparison.3.ProcessesleadingtopolysemyRadiation辐射型Concatenation连锁型1)RadiationRadiationreferstoaprocessofsense-shiftinwhichtheoriginalmeaningofawordistobeconsideredasthecentralmeaningandtheothermeaningsarederivedfromitineverydirectionlikerays.34Thiskindofdevelopingprocesscanbedemonstratedbythediagram.Breakthedefinitionintopointstheprimaryorcentralmeaningstandsatthecenterderived/secondarymeaningsradiatefromtheprimarymeaningineverydirectionlikerays.eachofthesecondarymeaningsisdirectlyconnectedtothecentralmeaning,somaybetracedbacktoitscentralmeaning.eachofthesecondarymeaningsisindependentofalltherest.Consequently,anyofthemmaygooutofusewithoutaffectingtheothersintheslightestdegree.2)Concatenationanotherprocessofsense-shiftinwhichthewordmeaningmovesgraduallyawayfromitsoriginalmeaningasaresultofsuccesssemantic35changes,likethelinksofachainuntil,inmostcases,thereisnotraceofconnectionbetw