毕业论文关于旅游景区经营公司进入股票市场问题的初步讨论(1)

毕业论文关于旅游景区经营公司进入股票市场问题的初步讨论(1) 关于旅游景区经营公司进入股票市场问题的 初步讨论 前言 近年来，随着改革开放的深入，一部分地处旅游景区的企业加快了适应市场、自我完善的转机建制步伐，积极开展了进入股票市场的新探索(以下简称景区公司上市)，目前已有泰山旅游、黄山旅游、峨嵋山、京西旅游等四家以旅游景区为依托的上市公司。 景区公司上市是我国经济生活中的一个新现象，这一现象的产生有着多方面的原因，也有其客观必然性。这一现象的存在，对我国风景名胜区事业的发展、旅游事业的发展和证券市场的发展都起到了多方面的作用。从操作过程来看，景区公司上市基本上都是由地方政府组织、占用地方上市指标，经证监会审批后上市的。其中，泰山旅游是占用国家旅游局和山东省的上市额度，由地方组织上市的。 作为一种新的探索、新的现象，我们原本可以不必着急，看一看情况，在新的实践基础上形成新的认识，得出新的评价。但是，自1998年以来，由于一部分同志对此提出了尖锐的反对意见，致使此项工作很难再进行下去。去年7、8月份围绕着桂林旅游上市的问题召开了两次专题讨论会。今年1月，中国证监会就此问题专门召开了座谈会，并在此基础上产生了证监会给国务院的请示。4月，建设部又召集了工作会议，就此事的调研论证工作专题进行研究，之后，中国社会科学院环境与发展研究中心课题组就此又进行了辨析，并形成了总报告和相关的报告。 目前，我国有风景名胜区512处，其中国家风景名胜119处，四家公司上市仅占不到百分之一。就股票市场来看，现在拥有900多只股票，四家上市公司仅占不到二百分之一。就问题自身来说是一their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 个小规模的问题，但由于上述的过程，使之形成了大的影响，被提到了一种不恰当的高度:一是把它作为一个国家级的问题提出，以产生“惊天动地”的效果;二是把景区公司上市称之为“一种倒退的逆流”，形成一种类似定性的语言模式，这无助于讨论的深入。本来，处在不同的角度，对问题有不同的认识和意见，这是一种正常现象，而且由于不同意见的交锋，也会在这个过程中碰撞出更多更好的东西来，有助于政府决策的清醒，有助于企业行为的 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 ，也有助于学术的发展。因此，首先应该形成一个良好的讨论气氛。另一方面，如果从防微杜渐的角度来看，这个问题又被缩小了，也就是说这个问题不仅涉及到国家风景名胜区，也涉及到国家自然保护区、国家森林公园、文物景区和城市公园等一系列的问题，应该把视野放得更大一点，眼光放得更远一点，以助于讨论的扩大和深化。 第一部分 涉及讨论的三个基础性问题 一、讨论什么 看起来，这似乎是一个不成问题的问题，经过了一年多的讨论，到现在还需要提出讨论什么的问题吗,实际上，在这个问题上并不清楚，因此，应该作为一个基础性的问题首先提出。 1、到底是资源上市还是资产上市。表面上看或者简单化地看，讨论的意见无非是两种:一种是赞同上市、支持上市，一种是反对上市，或者认为不宜上市，两种意见折衷的结果就是目前的现状，即在论证清楚之前暂不批准上市。但如果我们具体一点就可以看出，各种不同意见论述的基点和角度是不同的，实际上在讨论的内容上也有所不同。如中国社会科学院环境与发展研究中心课题组的总报告名称为《国家风景名胜资源上市的国家利益权衡》，把重点放在资源上，并且把问题提到了国家利益的高度。中国证监会给国务院的报告名称是《关于国家风景名胜区旅游公司上市经营问题的请示》，其重点是旅游公司的上市经营，而且较为平实。国家旅游局给证监会提出的函的their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 名称为《关于报送对旅游景区上市公司经营问题的基本意见》，提出的概念是旅游景区，重点也是在上市公司经营的问题上。可以看出，由于出发点不同、认识角度不同而各有侧重，所形成的情况是在基本名称和概念上实际上都有不同，这样就很容易造成“公说公有理，婆说婆有理”的局面。在这一点上，实质性的问题是资源上市还是资产上市。 2、到底保护和开发是一种什么关系。在已有的讨论中似乎形成一种模式，赞成上市就意味着只要开发不要保护，而反对上市则形成了只要保护不要开发，这种非此即彼的模式显然是不准确的。但在具体的讨论中，甚至有个别专家把这个问题上升到了是爱国还是卖国的高度，也有的把它上升为赞成上市就是为腐败制造温床这样的高度，这是把一种实证性的分析演化成一种情绪性的表述，把保护和开发作为一种对立关系提出。实际上，保护和开发的关系决非对立的关系，应当是在保护的前提下开发，在开发中促进保护，这个观点相信大家都是赞成的。但这里的要点是一个度的问题，即我们既要适度保护，又要适度开发，而不能过度保护，也不能过度开发。从这个角度来看，景区公司上市的问题是一个手段，也可以说是一个中性的问题，关键是在操作的过程中能否适度把握。 3、到底景区公司上市的动力来自哪里。现在这种表面上的争论是否掩盖着深层的更实质性的问题，即部门关系之争和上下关系之争。毋庸讳言，在目前这种“部门割据”和“地方割据”的体制现状下，很多不同意见产生的实质都是部门的权力之争或上下的利益之争，但这种争论往往都以比较冠冕堂皇的形式体现出来。客观来说，在景区公司上市的问题上，这方面的影响因素也是存在的。 首先看一下部门关系。在景区公司上市的问题上，实质上并不存在部门之争，但是在观念上、在形式上始终存在，包括在专家们的论述中也有意无意地把旅游业和风景名胜事业相对立、相割裂，这就是一种观念上的部门之争在形式上的反映。 their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 之所以说实质上不存在部门之争，主要原因有三个。一是由旅游行政管理的现状所决定。经过二十年的发展，中国旅游业已经发展成为一个大的产业，但是这个产业的发展不同于传统产业的发展，是较早走上市场化道路的。在八十年代后半期，旅游系统的概念就逐步淡化，而旅游行业的概念则逐步强化。行业概念的强化意味着不论旅游企业资产的所有关系，也不论旅游企业行政的隶属关系，从大旅游的概念来说，均纳入旅游行业的范畴。在这种情况下，旅游行业管理的概念已经不可能局限于管理旅游企业的人、财、物，而把工作重心和主要工作内容都集中在为旅游企业创造一个好的经营环境，为旅游者创造一个好的旅游环境，规范旅游市场秩序，提高旅游服务质量等方面。简单地说，旅游局的工作就是环境、质量、秩序、规划、发展、促进。这样，旅游管理部门和旅游企业之间并无直接或间接的利益关系，完全可以超脱、客观地看待这件事情。二是为目前证券市场的操作规程和现状所决定。在景区公司上市的问题上，旅游部门没有审批权，充其量有一个推荐权。前些年还存在部门上市指标的问题，在上市指标拥有很高含金量的情况之下，国家旅游局为了支持景区公司上市的探索，提供了自己的股票上市额度来支持泰山旅游上市，也是从市场导向出发，积极促进基层发展的本意。目前部门的上市指标已经取消，在这个问题上，旅游行政管理部门尽可以更加超脱。三是从中国证监会来看，作为证券市场的主管机关，其目的是为了促进中国资本市场的发育，规范市场的秩序。通过景区公司上市这种方式，可以丰富股票市场的品种，起到活跃市场的功能。但在目前上百家甚至几百家公司已经准备好各种条件排队上市的情况下，景区公司上市的问题在中国证监会是一个极其微小的问题，同样也不会存在深层的利益关系。 如果从现实来看，风景名胜区在行政管理序列上是属于建设部管理范围的，风景名胜区内的旅游企业同样在这一个行政序列范围内，并不因为叫做旅游企业而实质上纳入旅游行政管理的范畴。从这个角their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 度看，景区公司上市如果讲部门利益的话，真正有可能产生利益的反而是建设部门。这样就产生了一个非常奇怪的现象，没有利益关系的部门支持景区公司上市，或赞成景区公司上市，有利益关系的部门或有可能从中得到利益的部门反而反对景区公司上市，这在逻辑关系上造成了一种混乱，道理何在呢?我们可以理解为各级建设部门同志觉悟非常之高，宁可牺牲部门的眼前利益，也要保证国家的长远利益，这是非常值得赞赏的态度。但同时也有一个因素，就是有些同志仍然以传统的部门行政隶属的概念来理解这个事情，把景区内的旅游企业笼笼统统地认为是各级旅游局的直属企业，从而得出支持景区公司上市就是为旅游业或者旅游管理争地盘的错误认识，因而加以反对。直到今天为止，高层管理部门和相当一批专家学者仍然认为，一些景区旅游企业的盲目发展、或者盲目的开发建设都是旅游局所支持、所赞成的，并且在这种认识的基础上把保护与开发的不协调和矛盾引申成为一种部门之争。 具体到景区公司上市的问题上还有一个重要的影响因素，就是旅游企业上市之后在股票市场上形成了一个旅游板块，对于不了解股票市场的同志来说，自然而然就把这种板块引申为由旅游局负责管理、负责审批等等，实际上，旅游板块的形成只是一个股市分析的概念性工具，并不能具体反映出资产的所有关系，更不符合传统观念中的行政隶属关系。目前股市上的旅游板块一共有28只股票，即使是按照传统的行政序列归属来看，只有一只股票即中国泛旅是属于原国家旅游局直属企业的，还有一只是属于地方旅游局的，政企脱钩之后，这种关系也进行了改变。这些企业之所以被称为旅游股，主要原因是企业经营的主业是旅游业或相关关系比较密切。另一个因素是因为旅游概念在股市上还称得上是一个比较好的概念，从市场导向出发，会对股民形成比较大的吸引力，由此被统称为旅游板块。但是，对于这些现代经济生活中的复杂现象，我们如果总是习惯于用传统的观念来理解、来看待，对这些事情就很难得出正确的判断。总之，在实质上their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 并不存在的部门之争，在形式和表述上却自觉不自觉地、有意无意地体现了出来，并且强化了这种观念，所以造成了一种逻辑上的混乱。 再看一看上下关系的问题，应该说这个问题才是涉及到实质性的，也是影响程度最大的问题。因为在景区公司上市的过程中，地方政府是操作的决定性环节，或者说主要是在地方政府组织和支持之下，由上市公司筹备组形成主体进行操作，一些表面上的部门之间的纷争，实质上主要是由此而产生的，又突出表现在上下关系方面。 首先，需要研究的问题是地方政府为什么有如此高的积极性。其中，一是由于宏观经济发展的影响。几年来，中国的宏观经济经历了一个调控、软着陆的过程，进而形成了通货紧缩、需求不振的局面。在这种情况之下，地方经济的发展需要龙头，需要新的增长点，而旅游需求成为目前经济生活中不拉自动的需求扩大领域，因此，自然而然地引起了各地政府的高度关注。这也是目前全国24个省、自治区、直辖市政府把旅游确定为支柱产业或先导产业的主要原因，1998年中央经济工作会议上又明确旅游业作为国民经济新的增长点。二是由于景区在旅游发展中的特殊作用。旅游需求的膨胀所形成的首先的消费领域就是旅游景区，各个旅游景区基本都成为旅游消费的热点地区。但是，在目前这种状况之下，需求膨胀，相应的供给条件难以满足，要全面地满足旅游消费，从而使其真正起到拉动经济增长的龙头作用，就必须加大投入，加大投入又势必涉及到资金来源的问题，所以，一些地方不约而同地选择景区公司上市这个新途径来解决供求之间的矛盾也是题中应有之义。 其次，对地方发展的这种积极性，我们是应该保护、引导还是应该反对、压抑。答案本来应该是清楚的，但是由于涉及到景区环境保护的问题，所以这个问题就变得不清楚了，并由此而进一步提出了中央集权的思路。但这里边又隐含了一个内部矛盾，即由于在这个问题上容易产生市场失效，所以政府必须进行干预，采取政府主导的方针。但是，由哪一级政府主导,如果说只由中央政府来主导，甚至是their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 由中央政府来集权，历史经验证明在我们这样一个大国是完全不可能的。如果把权力下放到地方，又涉及到对地方积极性的保护还是反对的问题。 再次，中央集权的可行性问题、可操作性问题。如果说中央集权仅限于规划层次，在实际情况中会发生一些作用，但是不会发生根本性的作用，如果说中央集权要到项目审批的层次，如此庞大的工作量需要成立一个新的部专门来处理才行。进一步是管理到什么范围，管理到什么层次，如果说连国家自然保护区、国家森林公园、文物景区、风景名胜区、城市公园统统管住，就范围来说是非常之大的;如果说不仅管到国家一级，而且管到省级、甚至市、县一级，就层次来说也是非常多的。这样的管理无异于以前的计划经济管理格局，在市场经济大行其道的今天，形成中央集权的思路即使是正确的，但是从操作的角度来说也是绝不可行的。在这种情况面前，地方仍然会采取上有政策，下有对策的方式，来全面地抵御这种不合理的管理体制，从而使良好的设计初衷最终产生更加扭曲的结果。因此，在这个问题上比较合适的思路，应当是在保护积极性的基础之上适度地加以规范和引导。 综上所述，在讨论什么这个问题上到现在为止并没有完全清晰。归结起来可以说是三个问题:第一个问题是资源上市的问题还是资产上市的问题;第二个问题是如何在保护和开发中适度把握的问题;第三个问题是如何在保护地方积极性的基础之上适度加以引导和规范的问题。这样，就不能把问题仅仅简单地归结于支持上市还是反对上市之争上。 二、讨论涉及的前提问题 讨论景区公司上市的问题，基本的前提就是我们的国情。必须从现实的国情出发来研究现存的问题、解决的 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 和发展的方向。 their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 1、中国的基本国情是人口多、底子薄、资源少、环境差。从这个基础出发，对于环境保护的问题怎么强调也不为过。我们要在旅游景区发展的过程中，时时刻刻以环境保护为前提，努力避免建设性的破坏和破坏性的开发，使我们的发展沿着一个正确的方向进行。但是，这个问题的要害不仅在于强调和宣传环境保护观念，同时更在于使环境保护怎样具有更强的可操作性，使环境保护真正落到实处。 首先是范围问题。我国的风景名胜区与国际上国家公园的概念不能简单地相对应，实际上的范围要大的多。就目前来看，我国已建立各类自然保护区763处，总面积约占国土面积的百分之二，风景名胜区512处，约为全国面积的百分之一，国家森林公园874处，总面积7.48万平方公里，这三个方面加在一起，大体上可以和国际上国家公园的概念总体对应。就我们目前的国情来说，这一面积已经不能说小。 其次是保护方式的问题。对应于不同类型的地区应有不同的保护方式。国家自然保护区，尤其是核心区保护是绝对的，严格地说，自然保护区的核心区，应当是除了科研人员之外，任何人都不得进入，但是自然保护区也可以划出一些实验区来进行适度地开发利用。国家环保总局局长解振华同志在一次讲话就提出:“在自然保护区的管理中可以充分利用市场机制，在不影响其保护功能的前提下，通过在实验区适度发展旅游业来积累资金，促进核心区的保护，实现保护与开发的良性发展。”对于国家风景名胜区来说是开发与保护并重，促进经济、社会、环境效益的统一，对于国家森林公园来说，是以利用为主，尽可能减少建设性的开发，这种利用是以永续利用为前提的，用林区员工通俗的话来说，就是要把原来的砍树转变成看树，把原来的木头经济转化成旅游经济。在这一指导思想下，我国国家森林公园得到了迅速发展，五年来，直接收入达20亿元，社会综合旅游收入100多亿元，有近10万农民依托森林公园摆脱了贫困。从这个角度来看，我们应当参照而且必须参照发达国家在这些方面的经验，但是无法照their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 搬他们的经验，事实上也不可能照搬。比如，发达国家的城市公园作为一种典型的社会公共产品，基本上都是免费入园，但是对我们来说，这一条就很难做到，各个城市的市政府在财政上都无法负担。所以，他们的作法纵然好，也深受广大人民群众的欢迎，但是我们却无法做到。 2、从现实情况来看，旅游景区的破坏问题始终没有能够从根本上得到解决，或者说伴随着我们取得重大成就的同时，破坏的步伐也始终没有停止。这种破坏主要通过三个方面体现出来: 一是由于旅游景区的吸引力较大而引致社会资金纷纷进入，造成过度性的开发。在很多景区我们都可以看到这样的现象，宾馆、培训中心林立，大量的城市型的娱乐设施进入景区，不但破坏了景区的自然和人文的风貌，而且造成了巨大的污染，给环境带来长久的甚至是不可逆的破坏。 二是由于开发不足而造成的破坏。在任何景区都有大量的当地人口居住，这些当地人口不但要求得生存，而且要寻求发展，在开发不足的情况下没有新的财源，甚至没有足够的生活来源，只能靠破坏景区的自然环境来维持生活，所以山林遭到砍伐，环境受到污染，使本来可能永续利用的景区在不长的时期内就被毁坏。 三是由于景区的行政管理人员和相应的工勤服务人员数量急剧膨胀。这批人员本身就变成了一个比较大的财政负担，这种负担大多是依靠乱收费或高收费来得到补偿，但仅仅形成了一个自己养活自己的局面，而不可能有更多的资金投入到完善管理、加强保护、提高质量、规范秩序等更必要的工作上来，这种状况又使得相应的建设资金大量严重匮乏。旅游景区的厕所问题、污水处理问题、燃料污染问题等等，是多年来影响景区环境的几个重要因素，但是始终不能得到妥善的解决。 their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 这样来看，我们强调旅游景区的保护，强调国家的长远利益，首先要解决基本问题:第一，钱从哪里来?如果没有保护的本钱，任何良好的愿望最终只可能变成一句空话。其次，人到哪里去?所谓人到哪里去，就是要妥善地解决旅游景区当地居民的生活问题和旅游景区各类管理服务人员的生活问题，这些基本问题得不到解决，就会内生一种对环境的破坏力量，而且这种力量是任何其它因素都无法扼制的。之所以地方政府对景区公司上市的事情具有如此大的积极性，恐怕更多的还不是从政绩的角度考虑，而是从现实的、眼前的威胁出发。 这里面还有一个固有的特点，即旅游景区尤其是风景名胜区，一般来说都是经济比较落后的地方，所谓“深山出美景”的道理就在其中。在风景名胜区这一巨大吸引力面前，在市场经济逐步发育的今天，捧着金碗要饭吃的局面，不仅是当地政府所不能接受的，也是当地人民群众不能容忍的。但是，在这一过程中也涉及到一系列的投入问题，没有大的投入，再好的风景资源也不会转化成在市场上销售的产品。而任何投入都是需要回报的，所以利用风景名胜资源发展旅游事业、吸引多种投入、形成较好回报，就成为地方政府和人民群众的一种自然而然的、明智的选择。发达国家可以采取高度保护甚至绝对保护的方式，在中国的总体国情和旅游景区的现实情况面前就不可能。如果我们只是提出理想的目标，而不具备现实的可操作性，目前的这种普遍性的破坏仍然会长期持续下去。 三、讨论的目标问题 讨论景区公司上市问题的直接目标当然是要解决能不能上市或如何管理的问题，但从长远目标来看却不是一个简单的是或否，而是涉及到一个目标体系的综合平衡问题，涉及到一个目标选择的方向问题。 1、现在，对于旅游景区已经形成了庞大的市场需求。1998年中国国内旅游人次为6.9亿，今年在国民经济各行各业普遍需求不振their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 的情况下，旅游需求仍然成为一个引人注目的亮点，1999年上半年海外旅游需求比去年同期增长了15%，国内旅游需求比去年同期增长了将近30%，这些数字充分 说明 关于失联党员情况说明岗位说明总经理岗位说明书会计岗位说明书行政主管岗位说明书 了旅游消费现在已经成为中国人民群众日常生活的一个要素。从发展阶段来看，我们已经迎来了一个矩形推进的排浪式消费的旅游发展阶段，由于目前节假日制度安排的影响，这种排浪式的消费又更加突出地体现在每年的四个高潮之中，即春节、五一、暑期和十一中秋。这样的排浪式消费加上节假日高峰，使各旅游景区的需求达到了一种高峰低谷、大起大落的程度。在高峰之时，各个主要的旅游景区基本上都突破了接待的局限，甚至使景区的安全都成为重大的问题。这些年来，很多景区都发生过人员拥塞，造成多人死伤的事故。我们固然可以说名山修索道破坏了景区的风貌，但另一方面，在旺季时期，甚至在非旺季时期，排队坐索道登山长达三四个小甚至五六个小时的现象也是屡见不鲜的。 在这种数量巨大、时间集中的市场需求面前，我们面临着两难的选择:一方面，作为新兴的社会性的需求，我们应当尽最大的努力来加以满足，并且通过满足这一社会需求努力使其发生多方面的带动效益，改善当地人民的生活，拉动当地经济的增长，促进社会和文化的发展;另一方面，这种状况本身对各个旅游景区又造成了一种冲击性的破坏，急需我们采取多方面的措施来缓解这一问题。严格地说，彻底解决是不可能的，这也是由于我们的国情所限。比如，巨大的游客流本身即使在最严格的保护措施下也会产生相应的破坏，北京故宫的金砖被游客的脚步磨薄磨透就是一个典型的例证。同时，游客所造成的各个方面的生活污染，由于数量巨大，也自然而然形成了一个严重的问题。缓和这一问题或基本解决这一问题，一是要靠供给方面的发展，另外更主要的是要靠加强管理措施和保护措施，但管理和保护措施的加强都是需要成本的，有些甚至是需要高额成本的，这同样也面临着钱从哪里来的问题。 their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 2、在这样严峻的现实面前，我们的目标选择就不得不有所调整，这也是一种被迫的选择。目标选择主要涉及两个方面: 第一个方面是就旅游景区自身来说要形成一个目标体系。这个目标体系一是安全目标，要确保旅游者在旅游景区游览的过程中的人身安全、财物安全等。二是环境目标，要在尽可能少地破坏环境的情况下满足需求，或者说要在满足需求的情况下尽可能好地保护环境。三是质量目标，随着旅游的发展和旅游者的逐步成熟，对旅游景区的质量要求也会越来越高，因此质量方面的竞争也自然而然成为旅游景区吸引客流、提高知名度，从而取得更好发展的一个基本目标。四是效益目标，作为景区经营者、管理者和景区的群众来说，不能不考虑效益目标，效益目标的基本点是保证生存，其次是要促进发展。因此，就旅游景区自身来说，应该是安全、环境、质量、效益四个方面目标的综合平衡，这种综合平衡在不同的发展阶段有不同的侧重点。 第二个方面是群众、景区、地方、国家四个层次的目标问题，从根本上来说，这四个层次的目标应当是一致的，这种目标的一致性，不仅是由于我们社会主义制度等方面的原因所致，更具根本性的是由于旅游发展的内在要求和基本规律。良好的自然环境和文化氛围是旅游发展的基础，也是旅游发展的条件，同时更是旅游发展的市场卖点。因此，在经营过程和发展过程中，各个景区包括普通的老百姓都自然而然地体会到一条深刻的道理，破坏环境无异于自杀。在现实中不乏这样的例证，一开始，山里的农民不理解城里的人为什么要到山里来，经过一段时间的接触，他们从简单的热情好客转化为商品性的经营，在这个过程中深深地体会到青山绿水才是吸引城里人进山的最根本性的原因。所以，有些地方的群众自发地上山植树，保护环境，因为这是他们的根本利益所在，也正是在这种利益导向面前形成了群众、景区、地方和国家长远目标的一致性。在这一点上，旅游发展对环境的要求，或者说旅游发展对环境保护的意识是天然的，这不同于部分工业或矿业项目，以对环境的严重破坏换取企业的效益。因此，在这their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 个问题上，断言景区发展的资金投入必然会造成景区的破坏，是不合道理的。但是，我们目前为什么又存在着，或者说严重地存在着这方面的问题呢?这里面有多方面的原因，从目前来看主要原因是管理体制的原因。旅游景区在管理体制上应该说始终没有理顺，这里的没有理顺并不在于没有达到中央集权，而在于我们各个部门都在景区管理上形成了自己的干扰，这就是俗称“九龙治水”的局面，而且“九龙治水水更大”。尤其是对于一些面积较大、内涵较为丰富的景区来说，这些问题越发突出。一般来说，林业方面有林业部门管，寺庙有宗教部门管，风景名胜由建设部门管，有一些甚至由乡县政府来管，在这个过程中真正造成破坏、影响发展的是由于部门利益的不同而在景区里面形成的利益纷争，包括公安、工商、税务等方方面面的插手，使景区的管理体制更加混乱，这是我们多年来问题始终得不到解决的根本症结所在。 现在，凡是管理比较到位，安全、环境、质量、效益四方面目标都能够得到比较好地解决的景区，其基本原因都是比较妥善地解决了管理体制问题，形成了统一、高效、完备的运转机制，在这个基础上，景区环境保护的问题也得到了比较好的解决。 3、由此，我们讨论的目标就转化为三个问题:第一个问题是景区公司上市的眼前目标和景区全面发展的长远目标的结合问题;第二个问题是上述两个方面各项目标的综合平衡问题;第三个问题是目标选择问题。从我们的总体国情出发，从现实存在的问题出发，从环境保护和长远发展的严峻性出发，我们对目标的选择不是最优而是次优。最优是一种理想状态，是值得我们追求的，但也是我们达不到的目标。次优从目标选择上是一种差一点的状态，但是因为具有较强的可操作性，所以能够成为一个现实可行的目标。 第二部分 讨论涉及的五个方面的问题 their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 经过上述三个基础性问题的讨论之后，有些问题应当说已经明了了，但有些问题尚需要进一步深入讨论，主要涉及五个方面。之所以要分五个方面进行讨论，正是因为这五个方面的问题在现实中常常混在一起。但在认识上不能混在一起，混在一起的后果就是容易把因果关系搞乱，从而认识问题当中，抓不到本质，也抓不到重点。 一、理论问题 在景区公司上市的问题上，理论问题本来不应成为主要的问题，主要问题应当是现实的依据和实证的分析，但是由于一些专家把理论问题作为首要问题、前置性的问题，甚至是基础立论问题提出，因此，也有必要先讨论这个问题。概括起来，主要问题有三个: 1、资源上市还是资产上市 首先应该明确，资源本身是不能上市的，它必须通过一定的载体、一定的组织形式才能够在股票市场上体现出来，因此，准确地说可以说是一种资源性资产上市。目前的股票市场上，资源性资产占有一定的比重，如绝大多数上市公司都包含着土地资源的问题。再比如，林业性资源、矿产性资源也都通过资源性资产的形式进入股票市场，并且没有引起任何争议。也就是说，资源性的资产就其本身来说是可以上市的，就这一点来看，国家风景名胜资源上市这个命题本身在理论上就不严谨。相比之下，联合国教科文组织所命名的世界自然遗产和文化遗产确是比较科学的，这种命名一是明确了一个“产”，这里面有资产的概念在内;同时又明确了一个“遗”，即自然和前人遗留下来的。从遗留下来的角度看，这一类资产就有唯一性。有些立论者也把这种唯一性作为主要依据，从而否定景区公司上市。但是，如果从“产”字来说，资产的概念，包括资源性资产的概念又使它的上市在理论上成立。如果在“遗”字和“产”字两方面各执一词，这种笔墨官司永远打不清楚。 their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 所以，不但要全面地看待遗产的概念，全面地理解遗产的概念，同时要进一步地从遗产转化为现实旅游产品的这个角度来认识问题，如果形不成现实的旅游产品，即使有再大的文化价值也很难产生市场的吸引力。如北京周口店猿人遗址是联合国命名的世界文化遗产之一，从文物价值来说无可估量，但是从旅游价值来说可以说是一种低价值的旅游产品，或者说只是专业性的旅游产品，一般只对应于专业人员和部分学生，这样的文化遗产即使想上市也不具备现实的可能性。但是在现实中，周口店猿人遗址的破坏也仍然是每天在继续，主要是周边的小水泥厂，每日每时都在炸山、挖洞进行生产。 从旅游产品的角度看，这类资源转化成产品必须要解决三个问题，即可进入，可逗留和可享受。其中可进入的问题主要是解决交通基础设施的问题，可逗留的问题主要是解决相应的接待服务设施的问题，可享受主要是解决美学价值和文化品位的问题，这就必须以环境的保护为前提，必须以环境的保护为基础，否则，美学价值和文化品位就很难得到完美的体现和永续的利用。旅游者的基本心理是求知、求新、求乐、求美，很难设想在一个恶劣的环境之内能够满足旅游者这四个方面的需求。而要达到“三可”和满足“四求”都要求相应的投入，有些甚至需要巨额的投入。自然遗产和文化遗产不可能直接转化为可消费的旅游产品，而这种投入仍然涉及到资金来源问题，涉及到投资回报问题，没有相应的资金来源，没有合理的投资回报，就不可能变成永续利用的旅游产品，而只可能加剧环境的破坏。 进一步的问题是旅游产品所包容的资产通过具体的企业组织形式体现出来，这种具体的企业组织形式可以多种多样，也应当和必须努力加以规范，使其健康发展。所以，这里面的问题不是旅游景区盲目企业化的问题，作为旅游景区本身或者说作为风景名胜区本身就是一种客观的企业组织形式。它有别于其它类型的企业，主要是两点:一是旅游景区包容的范围比较大，在现实中，常常和行政管理形成一个班子两块牌子，因此，容易把景区经营与景区的行政管理相混淆。their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 同时，正因为范围比较大，所以在景区范围内又包容了一系列小的企业，甚至包容了大量的私营企业和个体户。二是景区经营不仅是依托环境，而且也在销售环境，因此，好的环境自身就是景区经营的一个主体内容，这也是与其它工商企业的根本区别。但是这两个根本区别点并不意味着景区经营就不是企业化经营，所以对这个问题的分析不应当是盲目企业化，而是应当注意企业盲目化。即在这个发展的过程中，由于方方面面的原因使景区经营有可能产生竭泽而渔的现象，但是这种竭泽而渔的现象并不是一种必然性，而只是一种阶段性，由于阶段性的原因而产生的阶段性的后果，最终是对应市场，满足市场需求的问题。从根本上说，旅游产品对于市场的满足不仅是经济性产品，同时也是文化性产品、精神性产品，是多功能、全方位地满足广大人民群众日益增长的物质文化需求，这也是旅游业的根本生产目的。这样来看，从资源到产品、到企业、到市场，形成一个内在的逻辑过程，也是一个自然而然的发展过程。 2、门票问题 门票问题是目前争论的焦点问题之一，也就是说将风景名胜区门票专营权上市或有偿转让给上市公司是否等于变相将风景名胜资源上市。由此涉及的问题主要有: 第一，门票是否是国家收益的唯一体现，应该说门票是国家风景名胜区经营中国家收益的一种体现，但并非是唯一体现。在旅游景区中的所有国有资产产生的收益应该说都是国家收益，之所以已经上市的几家景区公司把门票的专营权看得比较突出，是因为在现实中有庞大的市场需求，所以门票专营权成为一种比较稳定的收入来源，成为一种优质资产的体现，但是在上市公司中并没有把门票作为唯一的资产上市。 第二，“门票专营权不过是一种专收权，它基本上没有投入产出的含义”，这实际上已经不是一个理论问题，而是一个承认不承认their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 事实的问题。门票本身在目前的运作中，实际上已经变成了风景名胜资源价值的一种体现方式，另一方面也是对各种类型投入的一种回报要求。用最简单的事实来理解，收门票本身还要建一个门票房，这就是一种投入，更何况从资源转化成产品中需要的投入是多方面的，也是巨大的，否则这种门票的收取也就形不成市场的利益。在价格的行政管理方面也缺乏足够的定价依据，比如目前国家物价管理部门直接管理全国18个重要景区的门票价格，从物价管理的角度来说既要考虑资源本身的价值，同时也必须考虑市场的需求程度和适应程度。四川大足石刻是国家直接管理的18个景区之一，曾经有一次自己擅自把门票价格从60元涨到90元，最后被国家物价局通报批评，强令改回。 第三，门票所形成的市场关系问题。景区出售门票本身这一行为，客观上就意味着它进入了市场，至少是进入了商品市场，而且这些年来，景区的门票价格有愈涨愈烈之势，且基本呈刚性状况，这就是市场运行规律的客观表现。这个问题也是广大旅行社经营过程中头痛的问题之一。因为旅行社经营的规律大体上是一种远期销售，但是景区门票价格说涨就涨，这种无规则的涨价使旅行社不得不向旅游者临时额外加收费用，引起旅游者的不满，在旅游者拒绝临时加收的情况下，只好由旅行社自身来承担这笔费用。这种状况本身已经说明景区在旅游市场中的位置和全面参与影响市场的经营。从非产品、非企业、非市场转化到产品化、企业化、市场化，这是一个本质上的转变。而从商品市场进入资本市场，这只是一种程度上的转变，本质上的转变已经完成，程度上的转变本不应该成为障碍。因此风景名胜区门票专营权上市的问题也没有必要夸大到如此程度。 3、公共产品问题 一些专家把风景名胜资源定义为公共产品，而且由于它的唯一性还把它定义为超公共产品，并以此为立论基础，提出一系列的论证。应当说这个问题需要讨论。公共产品的问题是经济学上的一个专门问their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 题，一般来说公共产品是由政府提供的，也应当由政府来承担费用，公共产品不以收益性为最大目标，而以福利性为最大目标。但是，在各个国家的实际管理中，公共产品的普遍化和广泛化都成为政府财政难以负担的问题。因此，各国采取的普遍对策或者是缩小公共产品的范围，或者是把一部分公共产品实行企业化经营。因为就一般状况来说，政府直接管理的事物都是低效运转的，在这种情况之下，公共产品的范围越大，也就意味着在社会总体运转中交易成本越高，很难长期维持下去。 如果进一步讨论，涉及的第一个问题是公益性资产的问题。目前经营公益性资产的企业也有一批上市，例如水、电、道路等等，这些公益性资产公司的上市也没有引起任何争议。可见，公益性资产也可以上市的，之所以在风景名胜资产上市的问题上引起争议，恐怕还是由于它的唯一性和不可重现再造性。但如果只从这一角度来说，很多企业都具有这个特点。比如首都机场高速路既是公益性资产，也是唯一性资产，同样也具有不可再造性，所以这里边的问题并不在于唯一和不可重现，而在于唯一里面所包含的价值，这种价值更多地体现为遗产性价值。 第二个问题是对不同的情况应当有不同的定位。就我们讨论范围所涉及的几种情况来说，城市公园可以说是典型的公共产品，因此，我们现在的政策基本上是采取低价政策，以满足广大人民群众的福利性需要和日常休息性需要。国家森林公园可以说是一种非公共产品，虽然它也具有公共产品的某些形式。国家风景名胜区只能视为一种准公共产品，而不能把它看成一种公共产品，更不能看为一种超公共产品，否则就无法解释风景名胜区价格越来越高的现实。国家自然保护区则可以视为一种特殊类型的公共产品，这种公共产品更多地是从国家的长远利益出发，以保护生物多样性、保护自然、保护气候为主要功能而设立。文物资源作为资源来说具有唯一性，而在文物资源基础上形成的文物性景区也可以视为一种准公共产品。严格地说，这种划their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 分只是一种事实判断，里面并不包含价值判断，并不意味着准公共产品比公共产品在价值上就要低，或者超公共产品就比公共产品在价值上高。作为一种事实判断或者作为一种性质判断，准公共产品的存在本身既包含了公益性的成份在内，也包含了经营性的成份在内;既包含了资源和环境保护的成份在内，也包含了资源利用和开发的成份在内。最终的选择必然是走可持续发展之路。这与上文所述的两个方面的目标体系的平衡也是相符的。从准公共产品的角度来定位风景名胜区以及涉及到的一系列问题，就能够得到比较合理的、比较全面的解释。比如在保护和开发方面总体方针是一致的。作为公共产品，保护是政府的主要职能，作为准公共产品，开发是企业的主要职能。方针的一致性在实际操作中体现为各有侧重点，而并非形成一种截然对立的关系，这恰恰是准公共产品的内在规律和经营特点。 二、技术问题 在景区公司上市的问题上，技术问题也被作为一个重要问题提出，其中包括以下几点: 资产评估问题 无论是自然遗产还是文化遗产，对其进行资产评估在技术性方面基本上是不成立的，或者是不存在的，这也是国际上始终探讨但是始终没有解决的问题。其基本原因不仅在于唯一性和不可重现再造性，更主要的在于其内含的精神和文化价值无法通过资产评估的技术手段进行，因此只能采取一些间接手段进行技术性评估。这种间接性手段一是市场的吸引力;二是社会的需求程度，具体就通过门票价格体现出来;三是以投入的各项资产来评估。这就如同文物一样，文物的唯一性体现的是最充分的，但是文物有市场价格，市场价格只能说是曲折地或间接性地反映其根本价值，但是永远不可能完全涵盖或者完全体现。对风景名胜的资产评估来说，也只是在放大的程度上、在不同规模上体现这一点。 their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 证券市场的成熟问题 证券市场不成熟，股份制改造不完善，上市公司存在的问题及潜在风险等等，也都可以视同技术性问题，只不过这种技术性问题主要反映在发展的阶段性上。这些问题就目前来看都是存在的，但是不等于说存在问题的事情我们就不能操作。如果按照这种逻辑推演，中国的证券市场就不应该存在，因为不成熟。但是何时能成熟呢?只能在证券市场发育的过程中逐步规范、逐步成熟，否则就会陷入一种鸡生蛋、蛋生鸡的怪圈中。反过来说，假设上述技术性问题都能够得到解决，阶段性问题也能够得到解决，是否就可以赞成景区公司股票上市呢,如果可以赞成，就和一些专家的理论发生内在的逻辑冲突;如果不能赞成，这些技术性的问题就不应该成为反对景区公司上市的理由。 三、政策和法规问题 从目前来看，不仅是在景区公司上市的问题上，从根本上说是在景区的全面管理上，在现实中普遍都是混乱的，只不过由于景区公司上市的问题又增加了一重观念的混乱。现在在政策和法规问题上也逐步突出了。 1、政策的针对性问题。从目前来看，相关政策的制定首先要在认真分析现状、全面研究问题的基础上提出，这就要求政策必须有高度的针对性，才能比较好地缓解目前存在的问题。进一步要从政策的层面上升到法律法规的层面，里面涉及到的一系列常规性的问题实际上都没有明确。如立法目的，如果立法目的只是从保护的角度出发，这样的法律法规在执行中就非常困难，如果只是强调开发又会对保护造成影响，因此从立法目的来说，或者从政策制定的目的来说就必须是保护和开发的统一。再如立法的主体问题，这样的政策制定和法律法规的制定应当超越部门。不仅是要超越部门利益的问题，也包括部their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 门观念和部门的视野问题，所以立法主体应当是国务院法制办或人大法工委。 2、政策的可操作性问题。我们可以提出很多理想，也可以提出很多最高的目标，但是如果超越了现实，不具备可操作性，就只能成为一种空文。如果政策和法规只能成为一种空文还不如没有，有了反而影响政府的形象，影响政府的权威，更影响长久的操作能力。所以从可操作性的角度来说，前提和基础还是要达到各个目标的平衡，达到一种次优目标体系。 四、管理问题 1、管理体制问题。管理体制问题始终是影响我国旅游景区环境保护和长远发展的重大问题，在某种程度上也可以说是根本性的问题。我们目前存在一系列混乱现象，大体上都可以从管理体制方面找出原因来。所以我们与其在景区公司上市的问题上争执不休，不如把更大的精力放在研究如何改善和加强现在的景区管理，从而从根本上缓解现存的一些问题。 2、管理素质问题。目前景区管理干部从总体来看素质不高，其中既有历史性的原因也有现实性的原因。由于旅游景区的管理传统上基本上是一级行政区形成的一级政府的管理方式，因此在管理干部的配备上和管理观念上也总体上是按照行政管理和基层管理的方式进行。从现实来看，景区一般来说都处于生活比较艰苦、工作比较繁重的状况之中，因此需要比较强的牺牲精神，也很难吸引到具有现代化管理观念和管理能力的干部。反过来看，景区公司上市，进行了规范化的现代企业制度改造，加之证监会对公司经营管理人员的要求标准和考虑到对股民的吸引力，上市公司的管理素质有了质的提高。 3、企业化问题。企业化问题目前表现最突出的不是盲目企业化而是企业盲目化，这种企业盲目化与企业领导包括景区行政领导的盲目决策直接相关，同时也由于目前旅游景区的企业绝大部分或者说基their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 本上没有采取现代企业制度的，仍然按照传统的招待所，传统的接待单位这样的方式运作。一方面是总体的运营水平下降，应得的效益没有得到，另外一方面冗员充斥，加重了景区自身的财政负担，也在一定程度上加剧了景区环境的破坏。 4、景区内私营企业和个体户的管理问题，现在也缺乏一套行之有效的 管理制度 档案管理制度下载食品安全管理制度下载三类维修管理制度下载财务管理制度免费下载安全设施管理制度下载 。采取特许经营权和招投标制度，作为现代经济的一种特殊模式应当是比较理想的，但是也确有可操作性的问题。对于在旅游景区内生活的居民来说，目前他们的主要生活手段就是在景区内经营，如果对他们采取招投标制度他们不接受，或者在竞争中败北怎么办?这些人现在尚可自食其力，如果在竞争中败北又不可能把他们迁出去，莫非政府把他们包下来,这会更进一步加重政府的财政负担，这样细细想下来，一些良好的设想由于缺乏实际的可操作性也很难在实践中起到作用。 5、管理理论问题。旅游景区的管理是一种新的现象，我们对此缺乏足够的认识，现在更难把它上升为一种理论形成体系。而缺乏理论指导的实践行为很可能要多走弯路，多汲取教训才能最终摸索出来。现在，旅游景区的管理理论问题做为一种特殊的社会需求，也成为比较紧迫的需求，在这方面是需要我们的专家们多方努力，是大有用武之地的。 五、实践问题 实践是检验真理的唯一标准，这是自1978年以来已为全党全国人民所公认的。在景区公司上市的问题上我们也要更多地依赖于实践，从实践中汲取经验、改正错误，促其积极健康的发展，而不能观念当先，先立论后反对。从目前已上市的公司实践情况来看，总体上是基本成功的，一是形成了相应的发展能力，从而比较好地解决了供求之间的矛盾。二是这几家上市公司虽然在招股 说明书 房屋状态说明书下载罗氏说明书下载焊机说明书下载罗氏说明书下载GGD说明书下载 中不可能明确资金的保护用途，但在实际操作过程中都投入了相当的资金来解决景their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 区的保护问题和景区行政管理人员的开支问题。其中尤以黄山最为突出。也正是在黄山管委会和黄山股份有限公司的共同努力下，黄山成为安全山、文明山，得到了海内外广大旅游者的交口称赞。三是在这一过程中还没有发现加剧破坏环境的案例。与此相比较，相同规模或者大体相同的景区由于缺乏相应的资金，破坏情况反而屡屡发生，愈演愈烈。从目前看，已经做好了充分准备，申报上市的一些景区公司，也总体上是在向保护与开发相统一、眼前利益与长远利益相结合、企业目标与国家目标相协调的方向努力。总之，从实践的过程和实践的效果来看，总体上是成功的。退一步说，既使没有更好，至少没有更差。 若干建议和意见 通过以上的系统讨论，可以归纳出一些主要建议和意见。 1、对中国社会科学院环境与发展研究中心课题组的总报告《国家风景名胜资源上市的国家利益权衡》的评价。 总体来说，这份报告是下了功夫的，出发点是好的，其中不乏警醒之处，对促进我国风景名胜区以及其他类型的保护和发展有一定的积极作用。但是这份报告基本上是一份理论辩析报告，而不是一份调查研究报告，更不是一份实证分析报告。而且从理论辩析角度来看，又基本上是立论在先，即先形成观点再围绕观点进行论述，因此缺乏相应的说服力，也缺乏相应的客观性，如果以这份报告为基础上报显然是不足的。 2、对景区公司上市的建议。 按照已经上市的四家景区公司的实际情况来看，景区公司上市对于促进旅游景区的保护与发展都具有积极作用，因此还是应该努力支持，对于现有的几家准备上市的公司应区别情况尽快加以审批。从另一个方面看，上市本身是一个对企业规范化的改制过程，又是一个比较严格的评审过程，在操作方面也是一个比较漫长的过程，因此在their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 这个问题上我们不必担心刮风，也刮不起风。即使有更多的景区公司想上市也不可能成批上市，想刮风都刮不了。但是通过这种方式可能规范景区经营，开创景区管理的新局面。 从宏观发展角度看，上了市的景区公司发展更加顺利。如果我们把这条路断掉，全面禁止景区公司上市，又会产生一个什么局面呢?也就意味着我们多年来持续的现状还要持续下去，多年来积累的问题仍然得不到缓解。目前存在的供求之间的比较尖锐的矛盾会进一步突出，钱从哪里来，人到哪里去，旅游者的破坏性冲击等基本问题会变本加利地对景区发展形成影响，首先对景区环境产生巨大的破坏和冲击力。 3、对此项工作进展的建议。 首先是工作过程，要在充分调查、尊重客观事实的基础上进行论证，然后在充分论证的基础上尽可能统一认识，进一步形成政策，再进一步形成操作步骤。其次是方法问题，一方面应当以实地的调查研究为依据，不仅调查已上市公司的情况，也应调查拟上市公司的情况。另一方面是实行官、产、学相结合的方式，进行多层次多方面的研究。在专家方面不仅需要城建专家、园林专家、文物专家，同时也需要经济专家、金融专家和旅游专家，多方面的结合，多方面意见的吸取也许会形成比较一致的或更深入的看法。 从操作角度看，对景区上市的问题一是要分类，即按照国家自然保护区、国家森林公园、国家风景名胜区、文物景区等类型区别对待。二是要分区，即对东部、中部、西部或老少边穷地区，从积极支持、扶持发展的角度分地区对待。三是分步，即在具体的审批上市过程中分步操作，分步执行。四是分级，如果国家级的争议过大，认识难以统一，那么地方级的行不行;如果地方级的也不行，那么没命名的行不行。再退一步说，新发现的、新开发的景区算什么，比如北京的银狐洞是前几年由当地的村民发现的，发现之后由当地村民集资进their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 行开发，现在已经变成北京的一个比较有名的旅游景区，但是它既不是国家级的风景名胜区也不是省市级的风景名胜区，类似这样的情况可不可以考虑分级上市。只要它在市场上有足够的吸引力，能够通过上市融资形成更强的发展后劲，同时也有利于景区自身的保护，这样的项目可不可行。但是我们可以想象，假设这样的操作模式能够进行下去，国家的风景名胜事业就会由于强烈利益导向而逐步萎缩甚至全面萎缩，届时不但发展的目的达不到，保护的目的也很可能南辕北辙。 由于景区公司上市是一种新的经济现象，也是一种新的探索方式，一种新的发展途径，所以就目前来看，我们还是遵循小平同志所讲的“三个有利于、不争论，发展才是硬道理”等一系列理论，以这样的精神做为我们的指导原则。除了要克服我们自身认识的局限性之外，还应该更多地为地方、为企业想一想，办成一个公司上市不知在实际工作中要付出多少心血，在这个过程中，他们首先强调的是可持续发展，这是大局和主流，我们如果能够多做一点“换位思考”，认识也就统一了，旅游景区健康发展的步伐就会加快，现有的破坏也会相应减少，这才是讨论的真正目的。 1998年10月，在中国桂林举行了亚太议员环发会议第六次年会，这次年会的主要议题就是亚太地区的环境和资源保护及旅游业可持续发展所面临的挑战及有关的战略行动。在这次会议上，李鹏委员长和邹家华副委员长都致了词，国家旅游局在会上做了基调报告。在会上，国家环保总局局长解振华同志也做了发言，最后引用解振华同志的一段话来结束本次讨论:“我们认为，为了实现旅游业的可持续发展，在建立旅游与环境的良性互动关系时，应当遵循以下基本原则: 第一，合理规划、综合决策、协调发展。在发展旅游，开发利用旅游资源的过程中，应统筹考虑当地人口、社会、经济、环境和资源的现状和发展趋势，充分考虑环境与资源对旅游业发展的承载能力，防止因短期行为而过度开发资源，造成对环境的污染和破坏。为此，应制定包含环境保护的旅游可持续发展规划，使旅游设施的布局their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 和游客流量的设计建立在环境和资源可承受的能力之上;加强旅游景点建设的环境论证，促进人工设施与自然环境、区内环境与周边环境的和谐统一;在旅游开发的决策过程中，应保护各级政府、相关的各政府部门、社会各界和公众特别是当地居民有正常参与渠道。 与此同时，在制定区域环境保护规划时，应把旅游区域作为重点保护对象，充分考虑旅游区的特殊功能，保护旅游区的环境质量;应采取法律、行政和经济等强有力手段，消除外部因素对旅游区环境与资源的污染和破坏，从而保障旅游与环境的协调发展。 第二，开发与保护并重，促进经济、社会、环境效益的统一。坚持边开发边保护，加强旅游区污染防治与生态保护设施的建设，提高旅游管理和环境管理的能力;在旅游开发中，要尊重自然规律，按照当地自然环境的特点，选择合理的开发模式，特别应注意生态脆弱区、环境敏感区和珍贵自然景观与人文景物观特点，采取严格的保护措施;严格控制自然保护区内的旅游活动。 第三，建立合理的市场机制，确保旅游收益的公平分配。应保证当地居民获得一定份额的旅游收入，以调动他们保护旅游资源与自然环境的积极性;保证一定比例的旅游收入用于环境保护设施的建设、运转和维护，促进旅游区环境质量的改善”。 附:对一些具体观点的不同看法 1、“国家风景名胜区门票经营权与风景名胜所有权不能分离，倘若能分离将使国家所有成为一句空话”。这个观点在理论上是不能成立的，所谓所有权的主要体现是所有者权益，经营权的主要体现是具体的经营权利。应当说在任何一个领域，所有权和经营权都是可以相对分离的，只要经营权的运用能够切实保护所有者的权益就可以分离。现在有一些不能分离是由于管理问题或者实际操作问题，而不是在产权制度上不能分离，门票经营权益也是如此。当然如果把门票作their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 为所有者的唯一收益，不能分离的理由就基本成立，但是问题恰恰在于门票经营并不是所有者的唯一收益，所以这种分离不是套用概念。 2、“圆明园就是一个例证”，这个说法在文章中出现了三次，但是并没有说透。实际上，圆明园作为风景名胜资源一经破坏就是永久的不可逆的这个例证并不十分典型，圆明园的典型性在于对圆明园的二次利用上。十七年以前，中国圆明园协会就组织过几次论证会，讨论圆明园的二次利用问题，当时形成了三种意见:第一种意见是作为遗址公园，全面保留。第二种意见是按照历史原貌全盘复原。这两种意见当时争论是比较尖锐的，作为文化人讲，凡是有比较高文化品味，而且从爱国主义的精神文明教育出发，基本上都赞同做为遗址公园全面保留的意见。但是在现实中最后演变成一个不伦不类的旅游景区，既达不到全面复原的金碧辉煌的效果，也破坏了遗址公园肃穆深沉的效果。但是目前形成的状况恰恰是当地政府的一种理性选择，即在北京这一片黄金的宝地上闲置着如此大量土地而产生不了任何效益。相反，在圆明园里居住的居民本身就在无穷尽地进行破坏，所以区政府作为一种次优的选择，把它开发建设利用到了目前这样一个局面。但是真正从精神文化价值来说，目前的状况是恰恰是一个不好的状况，理性的选择形成了不好的状况，这恐怕是我们的专家们无论如何没有想到的后果。 3、“由于国家风景名胜资源是社会公众的共同财产而非私人财产，市场失效便会发生，这样就需要政府所有或政府直接管制”。这个观点也同样不成立，市场失效在任何情况下都会发生，并不是说私人财产就不发生市场失效，或公共财产就一定会有市场失效，这里边的关键是市场机制运作有达不到的层次。另一方面是市场的总体环境问题，市场总体环境差的情况之下，政府直接管制也未必有好的效果。市场环境好的情况下，政府不直接管制也未必有差的效果，但是就一般来说政府所有或政府直接管制产生的负面作用比市场失效产生的负面作用还要大，在风景名胜区的管理上更涉及到这个问题。目前是their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 行政管理与企业经营合一，因此有些问题是行政管理的问题，有些是企业经营的问题，但是在合一的情况下混杂在一起，往往张冠李戴，既造成了认识上的不同，也产生了判断上的混乱。 4、“风景名胜资源上市对国家的长远利益和公众的福利增加是否也有好处”，这个问题严格地说，提问题的角度不妥当。首先是风景名胜资源上市的概念不准确。其次这里边并不存在着破坏的必然性，更多的是管理问题和政策问题，而不完全是或不是景区公司上市的问题，既使不上市如果管理不当政策不对，对国家的长远利益和公众的社会福利增加同样也会有坏处。 5、上市公司国有法人股交易悖论。因为股民购买股票首先的概念是分红，然后是流通。法人股不允许流通是一个国家政策问题，目前证券法已经出台，新的政策在这方面已经开了口子，但是做为股票来说，分红的基础永远是胜利的。当然也不排除由于公司经营不当不分红的可能性。另一方面的问题，国有法人股进行控股公司的经营行为就一定好，这种逻辑也是不成立的，按照分报告中提到的材料，日本的国家公园24%是私人所有，如果按照这一逻辑，这24%的国家公园只能是不断的破坏，不断的毁坏，但我相信事实上并不如此。这里反映深层次问题恐怕还是一种对极端公有制的迷信和对极端政府行为的迷信。 6、“国家风景名胜区匆忙上市隐含着很大的风险”，这个问题可以分两层讨论。第一如果不匆忙上市可不可以。中国证监会审批景区公司上市的问题上是非常慎重的，也是相当规范的，里面并不存在匆忙问题，因此所说的隐含着很大的风险也就不成立。第二层是上市，如果说上市本身就隐含着很大的风险，至少从论述逻辑来说是自成一说，但是这种论述逻辑自身又隐含着一系列的逻辑悖论。 their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 7、1994年发表了中国风景名胜区形势与展望绿皮书，作为文件不能成立，做为法规性的文件更不能成立，所以也不存在至今仍然有效或坚决贯彻执行的问题。 8、国家风景名胜区都应由国家进行统一管理，这句话涉及到几个问题:第一国家风景名胜区是泛称还是专指国家级风景名胜区;第二由国家进行统一管理，具体的内涵是什么，就目前来说，119处国家级风景名胜区都由国家进行统一管理，在操作上的可能性成立吗?第三管理到哪一层，管理到什么程度。如果这种管理也包括经营在内，也就意味着国家要承担119处国家风景名胜区的全部具体经营决策和全部经营风险，这样的管理体制可能存在吗? 9、做为公共性的论证，文本中提出了具有非竞争性，具体的解释是在限定的游客量下额外的游客并不增加额外成本。如果仅仅从对风景名胜自身的观赏性角度来说这句话是成立的，但是从游览的全过程来看，这句话显然是不成立的。可进入、可逗留、可享受都是需要成本的，因此每增加一名游客都会增加额外的成本。 10、搭便车问题。搭便车问题是在公共产品中普遍存在的问题，但搭便车增加的是企业交易成本，政府介入后降低的是企业的交易成本而增加的是政府的交易成本。因此，政府干预的必要性和必然性里面提出了交易成本降低的观点是很难成立的。 11、对于政府干预国家风景名胜资源管理的可能弊病，可以通过完善法律法规等一系列措施加以克服，不能因为存在弊病便否定政府存在的优势作用。这句话自身逻辑是成立的，但是同等逻辑可以同等处理。即我们也可以用这样的语言模式来说，对于景区公司上市可能产生的弊病可以通过完善法律法规等一系列措施去克服，不能因噎废食，因为存在弊病便否定景区上市的促进作用，再以计划经济的方式去解决早就被历史证明失效的管理问题。 their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 12、在短期营利性活动与长期的环境保护问题上，就一般情况来说，或就一般的工商企业来说会成为一个比较尖锐的矛盾或焦点。但是在旅游企业的经营中，尤其是景区公司的经营中，这个问题具有内生的一致性。不用说旅游景区，就说我们城市的大商场都注重周边环境和停车场的问题，按理来说，周边环境和停车场的问题与商场的直接追求短期利益是相矛盾的，但是实际上也存在这内生的一致性。因此说景区公司上市只能忽视自然和文化资源的保护这种结论是片面的，是用一般工业企业的情况来套用景区公司。 13、我们现在的体制特点，不完全是新制度环境下新的方式的威胁，而基本上还处在新老交替和新老并存的阶段，其中更突出地体现在新老观念的交替和新老观念的并存上。 14、从资源的角度来看，所有资源都是多功能的，并不能说一种资源只存在一种功能。比如煤炭资源主要功能是做为燃料来使用，但是煤炭里面的煤晶却可以做旅游工艺品、旅游纪念品。因此这里面的关键不是说国家风景名胜区作为特殊公共资源，不能只视做旅游资源。这里边的关键是国家风景名胜区的资源应该转换利用为旅游产品。 15、文中提出在国家风景名胜区内建设旅馆饭店及其他经营设施，在理论上应该按照、参照城市繁华地段并依据景区的吸引力和资源性垄断地位来收取土地出让费，现在这一巨大的差额利润随企业带走，不可能落入资源保护的盘子中，这个观点基本是一种想象中的理论观点。就目前实际情况看，景区建设宾馆的总体效益是不好的，因此不存在巨大差额利润的问题。如果参照城市繁华地段来进行收补偿费，甚至高于城市繁华地段收补偿费，这种作法本身没有什么不对，但是就会使景区的接待不成体系，使供给严重不能满足需求。当然在特殊情况下必须严格控制。比如黄山提出了山上游山下住的总体思路，这种总体思路就兼顾了环境保护和发展，兼顾了供给和需求，应当说是一种比较好的思路。所以讲旅游业依靠国家风景名胜优质资their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 源，廉价占用所赚取的超额利润，既不符合现在的体制现状，也不符 合现在实际的运行状况。 their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.