ielts雅思考试小作文复习资料

ielts雅思考试小作文复习资料 一、 明确写作要求: Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant. a:总结信息;b:选择和汇报主要的特点;c:如果合适的话，进行比较。 总结信息出现在两个地方:一是在文中，用文字概括一个特征，再用数据支持;二是出现在文末，总结数据。 二、 段落结构 开头段 主体段 (1+X句)(有几张图 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 就写几段中间段) 结尾段 开头段: 转述原题(包括时间，地点，对象和数据形式) 注:时态永远是一般现在时 改变关键词的词性/改变关键词的位置/同义词替代/灵活加入图表中的其它文字信息 主体段: 主体部分1+X句 第一句总结总体趋势 1 之后分步描述(起点，极值(大，小)，终点) 结尾段: 趋势句;总结最有特征的点 三、步骤: 动态图 静态图 步骤1 确定图的类别:只有一个时间或 没有时间的数据就是静态图， 而多于一个时间的数据就是动 态图 步骤2 确定描述的对象 确定描述的对象: 静态图一般不要以 国家、性别、年龄 群体等作为描述对 象，也就是不要国 家自己和自己相比 步骤3 确定每个对象的趋类似的数据可以归 势:1上升类 (upward) 2 下 降(downward) 3 平稳(level off) 4 2 先升后降或者先降 后升 步骤4 从最高值开始描述 四、 开头段的写法: 1、 出现提供信息的字眼:The chart(or graph) below provides(or presents) information(or data) about„„ 2、 出现“show/illustrate+名词”: The chart shows the change in„„ 3、 出现“compare+名词”: The chart compares„„ 4、 出现以“how”引导的宾语从句:The chart(or graph) shows(or illustrates) how„changed(or varied)„ 5、 出现以“that”引导的宾语从句，可能将总体趋势粗略 地描述下:The chart(or graph)shows(or reveals/indicates/suggests)that„„ 动态图 静态图 级别1的数字 最高值(以时间段最高值 (必须要读) 最终的数据决定) 级别2的数字 时间段最终的数第二高值 (必须要读) 据，因为这决定了 3 最后的排名和每个 对象的趋势 级别3的数字 时间段最早的数最低值 (有选择地读) 字，因为这可以确 定每个对象的趋势 级别4的数字 反转的数据(如从其他的值 (有选择地读) 升到跌的数据)，趋 势变化的数据(如 升势加速的数据) 和排位变化的数据 (如被其他对比物 体超越的数据) 例: 1990 1995 2000 2005 China 5% 10% 10% 22% France 12% 20% 30% 30% Australia 25% 25% 20% 18% US 18% 16% 19% 17% 步骤1:确定是动态图，因为有4个时间。 步骤2:确定有4个国家，4个对象 步骤3:确定中国、法国上升趋势，澳大利亚下降，美国基本保持不变。 4 步骤4:从最高值法国开始说起。 数据的选择: 总共有16个数据，说明要有取舍。 级别1的数字:法国在2005年的数据 级别2的数字:2005年的4个数据。 级别3的数字:1990年的4个数据。 级别4的数字:中国1995年和2000年的数据，因为保持一致;美国1995年的数据，因为是最低值;法国2000年的数据，因为和2005年的数据一致。 中间段:第一句表达: a) The overall trend/ general trend indicate that … b) There is an overall + 某种趋势的名词 X句:分段描写 引出句:To be more exact/precise/specific/ = more exactly/precisely/specifically 单词储备:动词:上升:rise to/ increase to/ go up to/ climb to 名词:a rise in/ an increase in/ a growth in/ an upward trend in/ a boom in 急剧上升:jump/ surge(激增)/ shoot up/ soar(高涨) 5 下降 动词:fall to/ decrease to/ dip to/ drop to / go down to/ slumped to 名词:a fall in/ a decline in/ a decrease in/ a slump in/ a reduction in 急剧下降: plummet (垂直落下)/ plunge(陷入) 速度快 Sharp/ dramatic/ drastic/ rapid/ steep 缓慢 Gradual/ steady/ gentle/ slow 波动 Fluctuate around/ a fluctuation in 稳定在 Level off at/ level out at/ stabilize at/ remain constant/ remain steady at 最高点 Peak at/ reach the highest point of 最低点 Reach the bottom of/ the lowest point of / bottom out at 达到 Reach/ arrive at/ amount to/ hit/ stand at/ register 占多少 6 Account for / represent/ constitute/ make up/ 预测 It is suggested/ predicted/ expected/ projected 大约 Approximately/ roughly, just over/ under/ around 分别 Respectively/ separately 常用时间过渡词 Then/ from this time onwards / from then on After / before ( prior to) 其他关联词 while/ whereas However/ by contrast/ conversely/ on the contrary Similarly/ likewise 关于 as for/ in terms of/ concerning/ regarding 曲线图 Direction: You should spend no more than 20 minutes on this task. The graph contains information about the price in US dollars 7 of a barrel of oil from 1995 with predictions to 2015. Summarize the main features and make comparisons where relevant. 曲线图表达句式: 重要句型 1.There be 句型:“变化 <名词>” 作表语——there is an increase /decrease in the number of ; There are increasingly more … 2.纵坐标作主语:+“变化<动词>”——the number / percentage go up / go down; 8 3.横坐标作主语:+“见证”+“变化<名词>”——the years from.... to.... saw a rise in...... (see/ witness/ experience) 4.地点作主语:+“见证”+“变化<名词>”——US saw a rise in... from.... to.... ; 5.描述对象作主语: The price of oil were in position from.... to.... 6(“趋势”作主语 : A very noticeable trend was the steady increase in the oil price/ The trend showed the steady increase in oil price. 开头段 1.The graph provides information about the changes of crude oil price per barrel in US dollars since 1995 and predicts the tendency of the oil price till 2015. 2. The chart presents the change in crude oil price per barrel in US dollars since 1995 and predicts the tendency of the oil price till 2015. 开头段常用 词汇 英语3500词汇语境记忆pets3考试词汇二年级反义词和近义词初中词汇词汇大全考研英语二高频词汇表 : The graph / the chart / the line graph shows /indicates/ unfolds/ displays/ reveals/ reflects/ relates/ illustrates/ demonstrates/ describes/ depicts/ portray/ outlines/ provide an overview of…… 9 中间段 总体趋势 Overall, oil prices increased by nearly four hundred percent from 1995 to 2010, with the most dramatic increase in the three years from 2006 to 2010 and this rise is predicted to continue into the future. 分步描述(X) Prices started at twenty US dollars a barrel during 1995, and then rose slightly to approximately twenty-four dollars in 1998.(起点) The cost of a barrel then dropped for two years, to the lowest point of about eighteen dollars during 2000. After that, there was a steady price rise, reaching about fifty dollars a barrel in 2006.(极值) This was followed by a dramatic climb to one hundred dollars in 2009, and after that, the data continue to rise but slightly, finally reaching the highest point of 130 by 2015.(终点) 10 结尾段: 趋势句;总结最有特征的点 In summary, it is predicted that oil prices tends to increase. Besides, the price in 2015 is projected to be more than six times that in 1995. 高分语言示范: Number of full-time teachers of regular schools (in millions) in China (1960-1990) 1. There be + 定语从句 There was a rise from …, which was followed by an increase/ decrease …// which led to// which preceded.. 11 According to the figure, there was a sharp decrease in the number of teachers from five million in 1960 to three million in 1962, which was followed by a rapid increase over the next two years. 2. Before+ V-ing. From 1960 to 1962, the number of full-time teachers went down from 5 million to the bottom of 3 million before rising to 5 million in the following two years. 3. 并列结构and + 状语从句when The number dropped again from almost six million in 1964 to five million in 1966 and then went up gradually until 1976 when there was a leveling-off at eight million for the next ten years. 4. 定语从句+非谓语动词 From that time onwards, there was a slow decrease to 5 million in 1966, which was followed by a rapid increase of 3 million, leveling off/ out at 8 million in 1976 and remaining constant at that level in the next 10 years. 5. 年代作主语 + 非谓语动词 1986 to 1990 witnessed a rising number of teachers, peaking at / reaching the highest point of 10 in 1990. 6. 同位语 12 From 1986 to 1990, the figure/ data climbed steadily to 10, the peak of all time. 双线图和多线图 得分技巧 分开描述，最后比较 The graph below shows radio and television audiences throughout the day in 1992. Percentage of UK population over 4 years old Time of day and night 13 第一段 The graph shows the percentage of radio and television audiences over 4 years old in the UK throughout one day of 1992. 中间段 Generally/ on the whole，both graphs increased before a decrease afterwards both line graphs fluctuated during a day. (整体趋势) Radio The data indicates that radio listeners increased (grow, go up) substantially (dramatically, sharply) from 10 percent in 6 am to 25% in 8 am, a peak of all time. The percentage then declined (decrease, drop) steadily to 11% at 4 pm and 2% until 4 am, a bottom of all time. The hour from 4 am to 6 am experienced a gentle rise. TV As for/ concerning TV viewers/ the graph of Television viewers, from 6 am to 8:30 am the percentage went up from no more than 2% to 8%, leveling off at that line in the 14 following two hours, which was followed by a slight decrease until 12 am. From then on, the figure went up gradually to 15%. Despite a little drop afterwards, the percentage of TV viewers went on an upward trend from 2 pm to the peak of no less than 45% at 8 pm. After that, the line graph dropped rapidly, reaching a bottom of 2% at 4 pm and experienced little change in the next two hours. 结尾段 From the chart, it is found that before 2 pm, the number of radio viewers outperformed / outweighed / prevailed over that of TV viewers while the opposite was true after 2 pm. Besides/ in addition, the prime time for radio and television was 8 am and 8 pm respectively. 饼图 特点:图形本身信息量少，多以多个饼图和混合图表的形式 出现 解题思路:分类描述百分比，说明极值，描述对比结果 Energy consumption by type (2005) 15 常用语言: 1. 动词 占据:takes up/makes up accounts for consist of forms/constitutes/comprises X% of total 2. 框架: The biggest component is_A___, which accounts for ____ while B ranks the second/ is the second largest, taking up____/ __ lower than A and followed by C. In contrast/ on the contrary, D, E and F make up a small percentage, which are__ and respectively. 16 例子: The biggest component is oil, which accounts for 37 per cent, while coal ranks the second/ is the second largest, taking up 28 per cent/ 9 per cent lower than oil and followed closely by natural gas. 框架: Top on the list is ____, which accounts for_____, followed by ____ and _____, constituting ____ and ____ respectively. __ and __ contribute to the remaining part. 例子: Top on the list is oil, which accounts for 37%, followed by coal and natural gas, constituting 28% and 26% respectively. Nuclear and hydro-electric contribute to the remaining part. 框架: First on the list is __, taking up __, which precedes __ and __, which represent __ and __ separately. On the other hand, __，__ and __ are far less popular / enjoy 17 relatively low popularity, both accounting for 6%. 例子 First on the list is coal, taking up 37%, which precedes oil and natural gas, which represent 28%and 23% separately. On the other hand, Nuclear and hydro-electric are far less popular / enjoy relatively low popularity, accounting for __, __ and __ separately. 3. 数据读法: 办公室里225个年轻人，其中有25个能上网。 ?数字:25 out of the 225 young people get online in their offices. ?分数:A tenth of the young people get online in their offices. ?概括:All, almost all, the vast majority of, many, most, a lot, quite a lot, some, quite a few 18 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 :因为没有时间，所以要用一般现在时，从最高值说起， 然后第二、第三高值，最后最小的值。 The pie chart shows that there are four main causes of farmland becoming degraded in the world today. Globally 65% of degradation is caused by too much animal grazing and tree clearance, constituting 35% and 30% respectively. A further 28% of global degradation is due to account for only 7% over-cultivation of crops. Other causes collectively. 多饼图 常用表达: 19 1 More than 2 Exceed 3 A 是B的 5倍大 The size of A is 5 times that of B. A is 5 times the size of B. A is 5 times as big as B A is 5 times bigger than B. 增加到5倍/ 增加4倍 Increase 5 times / 5 fold Increase by 5 times A 是B的 1/5 A is 5 times as small as B A is 5 times smaller than B 减少到 1/5 Decrease 5 times Decrease by 5 times reduce increase 20 21 柱图 按图例分类描写 说明极值和趋势 描述对比结果 句法结构参考线形图(上升，下降，相比之下，可以转化 成线形图) 22 Obese children in different household types Percentage Children whose parents are both overweight bear the largest possibility to become obese, arriving at 25%, doubling that of the children with only one obese parent. As to children whose parents have healthy weight, the percentage stands at only 5%. The children with at least one parent having a weight problem are more likely to be obese than those with parents having a healthy weight. Worldwide Carbon Dioxide 23 Emissions by sector Billion tons Almost all the areas are expected to witness a rise in carbon dioxide emissions. Industry is expected to be the major producer of carbon dioxide, rising to more than 10 billion tons in 2003. Next comes the consumer sector, which is projected to more than double its emissions from less than 4 billion to 8 billion or more tons. Transportation, the third largest producer, will see a huge growth to 6 million, triple the amount in 2002. By comparison, waste combustion and other sectors make up a much lower proportion, each producing an estimated 1 billion carbon dioxide. 24 While industry is responsible for the highest amount of carbon dioxide emissions, consumer and transportation experience the greatest increases. 表格图 特点:数字较多，规律不明显 纵向和横向双向对比总结 所以有两种写法:1.按照纵向描述对象分类写。2 按照横向 时间段或者具体内容写 (根据情况而定) 描述最大和最小值 中间数字可粗略交代，描述对比结果。 重点掌握对比倍数、排列名次的表达方法。 例: Industrial Domestic Agricultural water use water use water use UK 23% 65% 12% Japan 20% 60% 20% China 10% 50% 40% US 22% 43% 35% 25 步骤1:确定是静态图，因为没有时间 步骤2:确定有三个对象(工业，农业和家庭用水)，不要以 国家为描述对象，国家自己和自己比较不好。 步骤3:类似的数据可以归类，比如工业用水，美国和日本 的数据类似。 步骤4:从最高值1.英国的工业用水;2英国的家庭用水;3 中国的农业用水开始说起 The table below describes the proportion of smokers in males and females (between the age of 15 and 20 ) in Britain. 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Males 10% 22% 35% 37% 36% 30% 28% Females 5% 13% 22% 34% 37% 32% 27% 确定图形属于动态图，这些数字可以转画成线图(两根线)， 因为只有描述对象，男人和女人，所以要把数据分时间段写， 不然字数不够， The table reveals how smoking evolved into a fad among 15-to-20-year-old Britons in the period 1970 to 2000. In 1970, smoking was not very popular among youngsters 26 aged 15 to 20, with only 10 per cent of males of smoking, and 5% in females.// The following decade saw a dramatic change: the smoking rate among males leapt nearly 13% every five years to 35% in 1980, compared to a slower growth in females, rising approximately 8% every five years to 22% in 1980. //Over the final years of the last century, the smoking craze in the 15-20 age group abated, either for males or for females. //In 2000, an estimated 27% to 28% of people in this age group were reported as smokers, lower than previous years, albeit still more than three times higher than 30 years earlier. From the table, it is clear that the 15-to-20-year-old population in Britain has a much higher percentage of smokers by the end of the last century than in the early 1970s. The table below shows carbon dioxide emissions from transport in three European countries in 1994 and 2004. Carbon Dioxide emissions from transport (by source): 1994 27 and 2004 All Road Civil domestic transportatioRailways Shipping aviation transpor n t 1994 2004 199200199200199200199200 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 UK 30.6 32.6 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.0 32.5 35.0 France 32.6 36.2 0.2 0.2 1.2 1.4 0.5 0.7 34.7 38.7 German43.9 43.7 0.7 0.4 0.9 1.2 0.6 0.2 47.2 46.7 y The given table provides an overview of carbon dioxide emissions from four main transport sources (namely, road transport, railways, civil aviation and shipping) in the United Kingdom, France and Germany in 1994 and 2004. Germany, although having higher emissions than either the United Kingdom or France did, saw the amount decrease slightly from 47.2 to 46.7 million tons. By comparison, France recorded an increase of four million tons from 34.7 million in 1994, while the United Kingdom had a smaller 28 growth, 2.5 million tons over the same period. In all the three countries, road transport was responsible for the majority of emissions. In the United Kingdom, road transport produced emissions up to 32.6 million tons in 2004, 2 million more than ten years earlier, while other three transport sources did not show any remarkable growth. A similar pattern was seen in France, where road transport added 3.6 million tons to the total emissions within ten years. Germany, by contrast, was the only country of the three to experience a drop in road transport emissions. Other three transport sources had a lower emission volume as well, except civil aviation, with the amount rising to 1.2 million. As shown in the table, both UK and France failed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from transport sources during the period 1994 to 2004, in contrast to the decrease in Germany. Road transport continued to account for the biggest source of emissions. 29 30 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 信: 1. 关于格式: 从2006年开始就明确规定考生不需要写日期和地址，因此格式分为三个部分:称呼、主体部分、署名 1. 称呼 开头段(2句) 信件 2. 主体部分 主体部分(8-10句) 结尾段(2句) 3. 信末礼貌语和署名 31 2 关于称呼: 三种:第一:收信人是企业、团体或者机构，而不知道收信人的名字和性别，就用Dear Sir or Madam, 或者To whom it may concern. 第二:收信人是认识的人，知道这个人的姓名和性别，但是不是熟悉或亲密的朋友，一般用Dear Mr(orMs)+收信人的姓 第三:如果收信人是熟知的朋友，那么一般用Dear+收信人的名 3 关于主体部分的变化: 因为按照信件的分类，可以分为:投诉信、询问信、建议信、求助信、道歉信(解释信)、感谢信、邀请信和求职信，所以信件种类不同，语气和用词都不一样。 投诉信:语气可以比较强烈，其他信件语气比较礼貌和客气。 收信人和你的关系:a 比较熟悉，不建议用正式语言 b 不熟悉，用正式语言 4 关于信末的礼貌语和签名 a 如果是不熟悉的人，用yours faithfully，yours truly b 除此之外，用yours sincerely c 写给很好的朋友，用yours，best wishes，best regards， 32 with love and best wishes，lots of love 签名可以随便写，不一样要写自己的真名， Mary，Jane， Bill，Tom 5 书信的分类 33 34 6.书信的常用语 35 36 地图题: 1.时态问题 如果出现了过去的时间，就用一般过去时， 如果没有出现时间，歇着present，now等单词，也是一般现在时 如果预测变化，就用be predicted/projected/likely to 2. 语态问题:地图题中塑造的句子一般都是用被动态。 3. 地图题书写的顺序，按照时间顺序和空间顺序。 ?A 在B 的东方/西方/南方/北方 A is/ lies/ is located/ is situated in/on / to the east/west/south/north of B ?A 在B 的对面 A is on the opposite side of B/A is opposite B ?临近马路的地区 37 The area adjoining/neighboring/ adjacent to/ near /next to/ just off the road ?在道路或河流的北端 At the northern end of the river ?A 在B„..角落 A is at/in the south-eastern corner of B ( at 表示A 在B 外部， in表A 在B 内部) 4. “变化”词汇 变化包括两种:图形原有事物的改变，图形新添事物。 ?原有事物可说成: The preceding/original/previous/former building ?原有事物尺寸上变大/变小 The size of the library has been enlarged/extended/broadened/expanded/halved/reduced /diminished(by half) ?原有事物在数量上增多或减少: The number of homes has increased/risen/grown/reduced /decreased/dropped/fallen/doubled/ tripled/ quadrupled to 500. ?原有事物没了: The farms completely disappeared/were removed. 38 ?原有事物被改为: A becomes B A is transformed/reconstructed/redeveloped/converted/changed/t urned over to/ into B A is replaced /substituted by B = A gives way to B ?图形新添事物 A newly-built road A new car park was built/established/set up/constructed/completed A new IT centre has been added to the library 5. 顺序推移 起先:At first/initially/originally/in the beginning 接下来:in the next/subsequent period/afterwards 最终:enventually/in the end 6. 地图题句型。注意句式的变化，特别是主语的多变，在我 们的地图题中也同样如此，事物A,B，地点，时间都可以用 来做主语。 7. 叙述 流程 快递问题件怎么处理流程河南自建厂房流程下载关于规范招聘需求审批流程制作流程表下载邮件下载流程设计 的步骤: 39 1) 确定描述对象:一个个描述 2)将对象的具体方位确定:a 图上的地理位置 b 参照物的 位置 3)选择动词:见上表 历史变迁图 40 Chorleywood is a village near London whose population has increased steadily since the middle of the nineteenth century. The map shows the development of the village. According to the map, the first period stretched from 1868 to 1883. At this time, Chorleywood was only a small area of inhabited land. As for transportation, the residents of Chorleywood only had two main roads available to them. Over the next period(1883 to 1922), the village extended southward and more than doubled in land area. The 41 Chorleywood railway station and the railway line were built in the middle of this new patch of land. The subsequent period between 1922 and 1970 saw the village slowly expanding alongside the railway. Finally, from 1970 to 1994 Chorleywood again increased significantly in size. In 1970, a motorway was built to the east of the original village. As can been seen from the map, new settlement were established alongside this motorway and by this time, the size of Chorleywood nearly doubled again. 选址比较图 42 贴答案 43 流程图 结构: Introduction Preparation procedure(time/sequence) Conclusion 注意事项: 1) 常用的表达 44 2) 词语的转换和连接词的使用 3) 确定流程的第一步 4) 确定写作的句型 1)不同的阶段有不同的连接词 开头段功能句 The picture illustrates.... The whole procedure can be divided into...stages The...production starts with... In the first stage/phase/procedure/process The next/subsequent/following/second/final/eventual/ultimate step is that.. ..., which is followed by the step, where/during which... Next comes the step, where/during which... After/before … After the step is finished, … ..., which then goes into... Heated../mixed... 45 2)单词的转换主要体现在名词转换成动词，流程图当中出现的器具的名称，grinder，mixer，heater，考生换成动词ground，mixed，heated 传送:deliver，send，transfer，transport 转化:convert into，transform into 使用:utilise，employ，use 连接词:afterwards，subsequently，then，in the next step，after that，next， finally 3)关于流程图的顺序。很多流程图都是以一个循环的形式出现，方法就是从描述比较简单的地方开始(除非题目中有明确的序号标明) 5) 关于句型:千万不能用祈使句～～，要用完整的句子 Put these materials in the heater These materials are put in the heater. 6) 关于写作步骤 步骤1:确定材料 步骤2:确定工具 46 步骤3:确定动词，然后将信息整合成一句话 第一个步骤 1. 材料是limestone和clay 2. 工具是crusher 3. 动词是crush 改写成句子:Limestone and clay are crushed by the crusher into powder. 第二个步骤 1 powder 2 mixer 3 deliver，mix 47 Powder is delivered to the mixer，where it is mixed. 第三个步骤: 1 mixture 2 rotating heater 3 send，heat，rotate The mixture is sent to the rotating heater，in which it is heated and rotated. 第四个步骤: 1 powder 2 conveyor belt，grinder 3 place，grind Powder is placed on the conveyor belt 第五个步骤: 1 powder 2 grinder 3 grind Powder is ground by the grinder into cement. 第六个步骤: 48 1 Cement 2 bags 3 pack Cement is packed in bags 第七个步骤: 1 cement，water 2 concrete mixer 3 rotate，sand，gravel 15% of cement，10% of water，25% of sand and 50% of gravel，four ingredients of concrete，are rotated in the concrete mixer. 49 The first diagram shows that there are four main stages in the life of the silkworm. First of all, eggs are produced by the 50 moth and it takes ten days for each egg to become a silkworm larva that feeds on mulberry leaves. This stage lasts for up to six weeks until the larva produces a cocoon of silk thread around itself. After a period of about three weeks, the adult moths eventually emerge from these cocoons and the life cycle begins again. The cocoons are the raw material used for the production of silk cloth. Once selected, they are boiled in water and the threads can be separated in the unwinding stage. Each thread is between 300 and 900 metres long, which means they can be twisted together, dyed and then used to produce cloth in the weaving stage. Overall, the diagrams show that the cocoon stage of the silkworm can be used to produce silk cloth through a very simple process. 51