语法讲座： 虚拟语气

虚拟语气掌握技巧讲解 时间：2011年11月9日 授课教师：杨德睿 授课地点：普定一中多媒体教室 教学过程 一、概念： 虚拟语气是动词的一种形式， 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示不可能存在的事情。 二、虚拟语气的种类 虚拟语气有状语从句、名词性从句、定语从句总三大类 状语从句中的虚拟语气 （ 一）if 条件句中虚拟语气的形式 从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件，主句会产生的一种不可能获得的结果。条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。 时间        从句                  主句 过去      had +动词过去分词      MSWD + have done 现在      动词过去式(be用 were)  MSWD + do 将来      should + 动词原形        MSWD + do were to + 动词原形 (be用were) 1. 实例 (1) 过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气。 If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it. If I had got there earlier, I would have met Mr. Li. (2) 现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气。 If he were free, he would help us. If he studied at this school, he would know you well. (3) 将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气。 If he should go to Qing Hua University, he would make full use of his time. If he were to come here, he would tell us about it. 2. 运用条件句中的虚拟语气时，须注意的几个问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 (1) 虚拟条件句中，主、从句的动作若不是同时发生时，须区别对待。(即从句管从句，主句管主句) If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. If they had informed us, we would not come here now. If he knew her, he would have greeted her. If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better. If he had been working hard, he would be working in the office now. (2) 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可省略，而将were, should, had等词置于句首。如： Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. Were she here, she would agree with us. Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. (3) 有时，句子没有直接给出假设情况的条件，而须通过上下文或其他方式来判断。 I would have come to see you, but I was too busy. But for his help, we would be working now. Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress. (4) 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。 ①省略从句 He would have finished it.          You could have passed this exam.。 ②省略主句 If I were at home now. If only I had got it. （ 二） 目的状语从句中的虚拟语气 (1) 在for fear that, in case, lest引导的目的状语从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为： should + 动词原形。并且 should不能省略 She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. He started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出发了以防迟到。 (2) 在so that, in order that所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为： can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 动词原形。 He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. （三）. 让步状语从句中的虚拟语气 (1) 在even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。： Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. (2) 在whatever， whichever，whenever，whoever, wherever，however, no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为： ① may +动词原形(指现在或将来)。 We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. I will wait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。 ② may +完成式(指过去) 。 You mustn’t be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made.。 We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. (3) 在though, although等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为 should +动词原形。 Although / Though he should often be late, he is a good student. Although / Though he should be secretary, he must obey the rules. 思考：目的状语从句和让步状语从句中从句中的时态与条件状语从句中的时态有共同点么？ 名词性从句中的虚拟语气： （一）、宾语从句中的虚拟语气 1．英语中，如：advise, ask, demand, desire, decide, insist(坚决要求) , order, propose, request, suggest(建议) 表示请求、要求、命令或建议等意义的动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：(should) + 原形动词。 The teacher advised that we should make good use of every minute here. The Party asked that we should serve the people with our heart and soul. 但是，当insist的意思为：坚决认为，坚持说；suggest的意思为：表明，暗含，暗示等时，宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气。如： Tom insisted that he hadn’t stolen the watch. His smile suggested that he had succeeded in this exam. 2. believe, expect, suspect, think, imagine等动词的否定句或疑问句中的宾语从句常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为： should + 原形动词。 Can you believe that he should kill a tiger? Can you imagine that he should take the first place in the long jump contest?  3. 英语中，wish之后的宾语从句，表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为(from www.yygrammar.com)： 表示所发生的时间 虚拟语气结构 发生在主句动作之前 (1)had + 过去分词； (2)would / could / might / should + have + 过去分词 与主句动作同时发生 过去时(be 用were ) 发生在主句动作之后 would / could / might / should + 原形动词     I wish I learnt English well. I wish I had been there with them last week. He wishes we could go and play games with him. 4. 英语中，would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为： 表示所发生的时间 虚拟语气结构 过去 had + 过去分词； 现在 过去时(be 用were ) 将来 过去时(be 用were )     I’d rather you had seen the film yesterday. I’d rather you were here now.      We’d rather you went here tomorrow. （二）、主语从句中的虚拟语气 在表达惊异、惋惜、遗憾、理应如此等意义的主语从句中常使用虚拟语气，其虚拟语其的结构为： should + 动词原形，主句中的谓语动词形式不限。 句型： (1) It is admirable / dreadful / extraordinary / odd / remarkable / sad / advisable / annoying / disappointing / surprising / upsetting / frightening / better / best / curious / desirable / important / strange / peculiar / proper / necessary / natural …that… (2) It is a pity / a shame / no wonder…. that… (3) It is suggested / requested / desired / proposed /…. that … (4) It worries me that… It is important that we should do well in our lessons first. It is strange that he should not come. It is a pity that we should not meet last night. It worries me that we should be blamed for that. （三）、表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气 英语中，表示请求、要求、命令、建议等名词advice, desire, decision, idea, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish充当句子的主语而后面接表语从句或它们后面接同位语时，表语从表面上看几屗及同位语从句都须用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：(should)  + 动词原形。如： We followed his advice that we should ask our teacher for help. He told us his idea that he should go to university. His suggestion is that we should do our work more carefully. Their plan is that they should build a new factory in their hometown. 定语从句中的虚拟语气 英语中，表示：“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + 动词原形。如： It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. It is high time you should go to work. 简单句中的虚拟语气 1. 说话时，为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌，言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为：would / could / might / should + 原形动词。如： Would you mind my shutting the door?  You should always learn this lesson by heart. I should agree with you. 2. 表示“祝愿”时，常用“may + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他”。 May you have a good journey! 祝你一路顺风。 May your youth last for ever! 祝你青春永驻。 3. 表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时，常用动词原形。 Long live the Communist Party of China.    God bless us. 4. 习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。 (1) 提出请求或邀请。如： Would you like to have a talk with us this evening? Could I use your bike now? (2)表示对过去情况的责备时，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：“情态动词 + have + 过去分词”。You should have got here earlier. 你应该早就到这里了。 You should have returned it to him. 你应该把他还给他了。