C语言图形函数大全

C语言图形函数大全 一、字符屏幕函数 1、文本窗口的定义 TC默认定义的文本窗口为整个屏幕，共有80列(或40列)25行的文本单元，每个单元包括一个字符和一个属性，字符即ASCII码，属性 规定 关于下班后关闭电源的规定党章中关于入党时间的规定公务员考核规定下载规定办法文件下载宁波关于闷顶的规定 该字符的颜色和强度。在TC中可以使用window()函数定义屏幕上的一个矩形域作为窗口。窗口定义之后有关窗口的输入输出函数就可以只在此窗口内进行操作而不超出窗口的边界。 其调用格式:void window(int left,int top,int right,int bottom); 该函数的原型在conio.h中。函数中形式参数(int left,int top)是窗口左上角的坐标，(int right,int bottom)则是窗口右下角的坐标。TC规定整个屏幕的左上角坐标为(1,1)，右下角坐标为(80,25)，如: window(20,5,50,20)表示定义一个窗口左上角在屏幕(20,5)处，大小为30列15行的窗口。 2、文本窗口颜色的设置 文本窗口颜色的设置包括背景颜色的设置和字符颜色的设置，使用的函数及其调用格式为: 设置背景颜色:void textbackground(int color); 设置字符颜色:void textcolor(int color); 其颜色的定义见表: 符号常数 数值 含义 字符或背景 黑 两者均可 BLACK 0 蓝 两者均可 BLUE 1 绿 两者均可 GREEN 2 青 两者均可 CYAN 3 红 两者均可 RED 4 洋红 两者均可 MAGENTA 5 棕 两者均可 BROWN 6 淡灰 两者均可 LIGHTGRAY 7 深灰 只用于字符 DARKGRAY 8 淡蓝 只用于字符 LIGHTBLUE 9 淡绿 只用于字符 LIGHTGREEN 10 淡青 只用于字符 LIGHTCYAN 11 淡红 只用于字符 LIGHTRED 12 淡洋红 只用于字符 LIGHTMAGENTA 13 黄 只用于字符 YELLOW 14 白 只用于字符 WHITE 15 闪烁 只用于字符 BLINK 128 3、窗口内文本的输入、输出函数 (1)窗口内文本的输出函数 int cprintf(“<格式化字符串>”，<变量列表>); int cputs(char *string); int putch(int ch); cprintf( )函数输出一个格式化的字符串或数值到窗口中。它与printf( )函数的用法完全一样，区别就在于cprintf( )函数的输出受窗口限制，而printf( )函数的输出为整个屏幕。 cputs( )函数输出一个字符串到屏幕上，它与puts( )函数用法完全一样，只是受窗口大小的限制。 putch( )函数输出一个字符到窗口内。 注意:使用以上几种函数时，当输出超出窗口的右边界时会自动转到下一行的开始处继续输出。当 窗口内填满内容仍没有结束输出时，窗口屏幕将会自动逐行上卷，直到输出结束为止。 (2)窗口内文本的输入函数 int getche(void);该函数无须按回车键就可以从键盘上获得一个字符，在屏幕上显示的时候，如果字符超过了窗口右边界，则会被自动转移到下一行的开始位置。 4、有关屏幕操作的函数 void clrscr(void);清除当前窗口中的文本内容，并把光标定位在窗口的左上角(1，1)处。 void clreol(void):清除当前窗口中从光标位置到行尾的所有字符，光标位置不变。 void gotoxy(x,y);该函数用来定位光标在当前窗口中的位置。这里x，y是指光标要定位处的坐标(相对于窗口而言)，当x，y超出了窗口的大小时，该函数就不起作用了。 int gettext(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2,void *buffer); int puttext(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2,void *buffer); gettext( )函数是将屏幕上指定矩形区域内的文本内容存入buffer指针指向的一个内存空间。内存的大小用下式计算:所用字节大小=行数*列数*2。其中，行数=y2-y1+1，列数=x2-x1+1;puttext( )函数是将用gettext( )函数存入内存buffer中的文字内容拷贝到屏幕上指定的位置。 int movetext(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2,int x3,int y3); movetext( )函数将屏幕上左上角为(x1,y1)，右下角为(x2,y2)的一矩形窗口内的文本内容拷贝到左上角为(x3,y3)的新位置。该函数的坐标也是相对于整个屏幕而言的。 注意:gettext( )函数和puttext( )函数中的坐标是相对整个屏幕而言的，即是屏幕的绝对坐标，而不是相对窗口的坐标。movetext( )函数是拷贝而不是移动窗口区域内容，即使用该函数后，原位置区域的文本内容仍然存在。 void highvideo(void);设置显示器高亮度显示字符。 void lowvideo(void);设置显示器低亮度显示字符。 void normvideo(void);使显示器返回到程序运行前的显示方式。 int wherex(void);int wherey(void);这两个函数返回当前窗口下光标的x，y坐标值。 二、图形函数 TC提供了非常丰富的图形函数，所有的图形函数原型均在graphics.h中。 1、图形模式的初始化 不同的显示器适配器有不同的图形分辨率。即使是同一显示器适配器，在不同模式下也有不同的分辨率。因此，在屏幕作图之前，必须根据显示器的适配器种类将显示器设置为某种图形模式，在未设置图形模式之前，微机系统默认屏幕为文本模式(80列25行字符模式)，此时所有图形函数均不能工作。设置屏幕为图形模式，可用下列图形初始化函数: void far initgraph(int far *gdriver, int far *gmode, char *path); 其中gdriver和gmode分别表示图形驱动器和显示模式，path是指图形驱动程序所在的目录路径(有关图形驱动器、图形模式的符号常数及对应的分辨率请参考其它书籍)。 图形驱动程序由TC出版商提供，文件扩展名为.BGI。不同的图形适配器有着不同的图形驱动程序。例如对于EGA、VGA图形适配器就需要调用驱动程序EGAVGA.BGI。 [例2.4]使用图形初始化函数设置VGA高分辨率图形模式。详见实例。 有时编程者并不知道自己所用的图形显示器适配器种类，或者需要将编写的程序用于不同的图形驱动器，为此TC提供了一个可以自动检测显示器硬件的函数，其调用格式为: void far detectgraph(int *gdriver,*gmode); 其中gdriver和gmode的意义与上面相同。 [例2.5]自动进行硬件测试并时行图形初始化。 该例程序中先对图形显示器自动检测，然后用图形初始化函数进行初始化设置，但TC还提供了一种更为简单的方法，即在gdriver=DETECT语句后跟initgraph( )函数。采用这种方法后，该例就可以改为[2.6]。 另外，TC还提供了退出图形状态的函数closegraph( )，其调用格式为: void far closegraph(void); 调用该函数后就可以退出图形状态而进入文本方式，并释放用于保存图形驱动程序和字体的系统内存。 2、独立图形运行程序的建立 TC对于用initgraph( )函数直接进行的图形初始化程序，在编译和连接时并没有将相应的驱动程序装入到执行程序，而是当程序进行到initgraph( )函数时，从该函数第三个形式参数char *path所规定的路径中去找相应的驱动程序。若没有驱动程序，则在TC中去找，若TC中没有，将会出现错误: BGI Error:Graphics not initialized(use „initgraph?) 因此，为了使用方便，应该建立一个不需要驱动程序就能独立运行的可执行图形程序，TC中规定可用下述步骤实现此目的。 (1)在C:\TC子目录下输入命令:BGIOBJ EGAVGA 此命令将驱动程序EGAVGA.BGI转换成EGAVGA.OBJ的目标文件。 (2)在C:\TC子目录下输入命令:TLIB LIB\GRAPHICS.LIB+EGAVGA 此命令的意思是将EGAVGA.OBJ的目标模块装到GRAPHICS.LIB库文件中。 (3)在程序中initgraph( )函数调用之前加上一句:registerbgidriver(EGAVGA_driver); 该函数告诉连接程序在连接时把EGAVGA的驱动程序装入到用户的执行程序中。经过上面处理过程，编译连接后的执行程序可在任何目录或其他兼容机运行。 假设已作了前两个步骤，若再向例2.6中加入regiserbgidriver( )函数，程序则变成[例2.7]。编译链接后产生的执行程序可以独立运行。 如不初始化成EGA或VGA分辨率，而想初始化为CGA分辨率，则只需要将上述步骤中有EGAVGA的地方用CGA代替即可。 、屏幕颜色的设置和清屏函数 3 对于图形模式下的屏幕颜色设置，同样分为背景色设置和前景色设置。在TC中分别采用下面两个函数。 设置背景色:void far setbackcolor(int color); 设置作图色:void far setcolor(int color); 其中color为图形方式下颜色的规定数值，对EGA、VGA显示器适配器，有关颜色的符号常数及数值与前述表相同。[例2.8]如下。 另外，TC中还提供了几个获得现行颜色设置情况的函数。 int far getbkcolor(void);返回现行背景颜色值。 int far getcolor(void);返回现行作图颜色值。 int far getmaxcolor(void);返回最高可用的颜色值。 Void far clear device(void);清除图形屏幕内容。 4、基本图形函数 基本图形函数包括画点、画线以及其他一些基本图形的函数。 (1)画点函数 void far putpixel(int x,int y,int color); 该函数表示在指定的像素上画一个按color所确定颜色的点。颜色color的值可从颜色表中获得，而(x,y)就是点在图形像素的坐标。 在图形模式下，我们是按像素来定义坐标的。对VGA适配器，它的最高分辨率为640×480，其中640为整个屏幕从左到右所有像素的个数，480为整个屏幕从上到下所有像素的个数。屏幕的左上角坐标为(0，0)，右下角坐标为(639，479)，水平方向从左到右为x轴方向，垂直方向从上到下为y轴方向。TC的图形函数都是相对于图形屏幕坐标，即像素来说的。 关于点的另外一个函数是int far getpixel(int x,int y);它获得当前点(x,y)的颜色值。 有关坐标位置的函数有: int far getmaxx(void);返回x轴的最大值。 int far getmaxy(void);返回y轴的最大值。 int far getx(void);返回游标在x轴的位置。 int far gety(void);返回游标在y轴的位置。 void far moveto(int x,int y);移动游标到(x,y)点，而不是画点。 void far getx(int dx,int dy);移动游标从现行位置(x,y)到(x+dx,y+dy)的位置，移动过程中不画点。 (2)画线 void far line(int x0,int y0,int x1,int y1);画一条从点(x0,y0)到(x1,y1)的直线。 void far lineto(int x,int y);画一条从现行游标到点(x,y)的直线。 void far linerel(int dx,int dy);画一条从现行游标(x,y)到按相对增量确定的点(x+dx,y+dy)的直线。 (3)画圆、弧、椭圆 void far circle(int x,int y,int radius);以(x,y)为圆心，radius为半径，画一个圆。 void far arc(int x,int y,int stangle,int endangle,int radius);以(x,y)为圆心，radius为半径，从角stangle开始到角endangle结束(用度表示)画一段圆弧线。在TC中规定x轴正向为0度，逆时针方向旋转一周，依次90、180、270和360度。 void ellipse(int x,int y,int stangle,int endangle,int xradius,int yradius);以(x,y)为圆心，以xradius、yradius为x轴和y轴半径，从角stangle开始到角endangle结束画一段椭圆线，当stangle=0，endangle=360时，画出一个完整的椭圆。 (4)画矩形、多边形 void far rectangle(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2);以(x1,y1)为左上角，(x2,y2)为右下角画一个矩形框。 void far drawpoly(int numpoints,int far *polypoints);画一个顶点数为numpoints，各顶点坐标由polypoints ，y，并给出的多边形。Polypoints整型数组必须至少有2倍顶点数个元素。每一个顶点的坐标都定义为x且x在前。值得注意的是，当画一个封闭的多边形时，numpoints的值取实际多边形的顶点数加一，并且数组polypoints中第一个点和最后一个点的坐标相同。 下面举一个用drawpoly( )函数画箭头的例子。[例2.9] 5、设定线型函数 在没有对线的特性进行设定之前，TC采用默认值，即一点宽的实线，但TC也提供了可以改变线型的函数。线型包括宽度和形状。其中宽度只有两种选择:一点宽和三点宽。而线的形状则有五种。下面介绍有关线型的设置函数。 void far setlinestyle(int linestyle,unsigned upattern,int thickness);该函数用来设置线的有关信息，其中linestyle是线形状的规定，见表a。thickness是线的宽度，见表b。 表a 有关线的形状(linestyle) 符号常数 数值 含义 实线 SOLID_LINE 0 点线 DOTTED_LINE 1 中心线 CENTER_LINE 2 点画线 DASHED_LINE 3 用户定义线 USERBIT_LINE 4 表b 有关线宽(thickness) 符号常数 数值 含义 一点宽 NORM_WIDTH 1 三点宽 THIC_WIDTH 3 对于upattern，只有linestyle选择USERBIT_LINE时才有意义，选择其他线型时upattern取0即可。 void far getlinesettings(struct linesettingstype far * lineinfo);函数将有关线的信息存放到由lineinfo指向 的结构体变量中，表中linesettingstype的结构如下: struct linesettingstype { int linestyle; unsigned upattern; int thickness;} 例如下面两句程序可以读出当前线的特性: struct linesettingstype *info; getlinesettings(info); void far setwritemode(int mode);该函数规定画线的方式。如果mode=0，则表示画线时将所画位置的原来信息覆盖了。如果mode=1，则表示画线时用现在的线与所画之处原有的线进行异或(XOR)操作，实际上画出的线是原有线与现在规定的线进行异或后的结果。因此，当线的特性不变时，进行两次画线操作相当于没有画线。 有关线型设定和画线函数的例了如例2.10所示。 6、封闭图形的填充 填充就是用规定的颜色和图模填满一个封闭图形。 (1)先画轮廓现填充 TC提供了一些先画出基本图形轮廓，再按规定图模和颜色填充整个封闭图形的函数。在没有改变填充方式时，TC以默认方式填充。 void far bar(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2);确定一个以(x1,y1)为左上角，(x2,y2)为右下角的矩形窗口，再按规定图模和颜色填充。说明:此函数不画出边框，所以填充色为边框。 void far bar3d(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2,int depth,int topflag);当topflag为非0时，画出一个三维的长方体。当topflag为0时，三维图形不封顶，实际上很少这样使用。 void far pieslice(int x,int y,int stangle,int endangle,int radius);画一个以(x,y)为圆心，radius为半径，stangle为起始角度，endangle为终止角度的扇形，再按规定方式填充。当stangle=0，endangle,360时变成一个实心圆，并在圆内从圆点沿X轴正向画一条半径。 void far sector(int x,int y ,int stangle,int endangle,int xradius,int yradius);画一个以(x,y)为圆心，分别以xradius，yradius为X轴半径和Y轴半径，stangle为起始角，endangle为终止角的椭圆扇形，再按规定方式进行填充。 (2)设定填充方式 TC有四个与填充方式有关的函数。 void far setfillstyle(int pattern,int color);color的值是当前屏幕图形模式时颜色的有效值。Pattern的值及与其等价的符号常数如表所示。 关于填充式样pattern的规定 符号常数 数值 含义 以背景颜色填充 EMPTY_FILL 0 以指定颜色填充 SOLID_FILL 1 以直线填充 LINE_FILL 2 以斜线填充(阴影线) LTSLASH_FILL 3 以粗斜线填充(粗阴影线) SLASH_FILL 4 以粗反斜线填充(粗阴影线) BKSLASH_FILL 5 以反斜线填充(阴影线) LTBKSLASH_FILL 6 以直方网格填充 HATCH_FILL 7 以斜网格填充 XHATCH_FILL 8 以间隔点填充 INTTERLEAVE_FILL 9 以稀疏点填充 WIDE_DOT_FILL 10 以密集点填充 CLOSEDOT_FILL 11 用户定义填充式样 USER_FILL 12 除USER_FILL(用户定义填充式样)以外，其他填充式样均可由setfillstyle( )函数设置。当选用USER_FILL时，该函数对填充图模和颜色不作任何改变。之所以定义USER_FILL主要是因为在获得有关填充信息时会用到此项。 void far setfillpattern(char *upattern,int color);设置用户定义的填充图模的颜色以供对封闭图形填充。其中upattern是一个指向8个字节的指针。这8个字节定义了8×8点阵的图形。每个字节的8位二进制数表示水平8点，8个字节表示8行，然后以此为模型向整个封闭区域填充。 void far getfillpattern(char *upattern);该函数将用户定义的填充图模式存入upattern指针指向的内存区域。 void far getfillsettings(struct fillsettingstype far *fillinfo);获得现行图模的颜色并将其存入结构指针变量fillinfo中。其中fillsettingstype结构定义如下: struct fillsettingstype { int pattern; /*现行填充模式*/ int color; /*现行填充颜色*/ }; 有关图形填充模式的颜色的选择，请看例题[2.11]。 7、任意封闭图形的填充 到目前为止，我们只能对一些特定形状的封闭图形进行填充，还不能对任意封闭图形进行填充。为此，TC提供了一个可对任意封闭图形进行填充的函数，其调用格式如下: void far floodfill(int x,int y,int border); 其中(x,y)为封闭图形内的任意一点。Border为边界的颜色，也就是封闭图形轮廓的颜色。调用了该函数后，将用规定的颜色和样式填满整个封闭图形。 注意: (1)如果x或y取在边界上，则不进行填充。 (2)如果不是封闭图形，则填充会从没有封闭的地方溢出去产，填满其它地方。 (3)如果x或y在图形外面，则填充发生在封闭图形外的屏幕区域。 (4)由border指定的颜色值必须与图形轮廓的颜色值相同，但填充色可选任意颜色。 详见例[2.12]。 8、有关图形窗口和图形屏幕操作函数 像文本方式下可以设定屏幕窗口一样，图形方式下也可以在屏幕上某一区域设定窗口，只是设定的为图形窗口而已，其后的有关图形操作都将以这个窗口的左上角(0,0)为坐标原点，而且可以通过设置，使窗口之外的区域为不可接触区域。这样所有的图形操作就被限定在窗口内进行。 void far setviewport(int x1,int x2,int y1,int y2,int clipflag); 该函数设定一个以(x1,y1)像素点为左上角，(x2,y2)像素点为右下角的图形窗口，其中x1，x2，y1，y2是相对于整个屏幕的坐标。若clipflag为非0，则设定的图形以外部分不可接触，若非0，则图形窗口以外可以接触。 void far clearviewport(void);清除现行图形窗口的内容。 void far getviewsettings(struct viewporttype far *viewport);获得关于现行窗口的信息，并将其存于viewporttype定义的结构变量viewport中，其中viewporttype的结构说明如下: struct viewporttype{int left;int top;int right;int botton;int clipflag;} 说明: (1)窗口颜色的设置与前面讲过的屏幕颜色设置相同，但屏幕背景色和窗口背景色只能是一种颜色，如果窗口背景色改变，整个屏幕的背景色也将改变，这与文本窗口不同。 (2)可以在同一个屏幕上设置多个窗口，但只能有一个现行窗口工作，要对其他窗口操作，通过将 定义那个窗口的setviewport( )函数再调用一次即可。 (3)前面所讲的图形屏幕操作的函数均适合于对窗口的操作。 三、图形模式下的文本输出 在图形模式下，只能用 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 输出函数，如printf( )、puts( )、putchar( )函数输出文本到屏幕。除此之外，其他输出函数(如窗口输出函数)都不能使用，即使是可以输出的标准函数，也只能以前景色为白色，按80列、25行的文本方式输出。 为此TC另外提供了一些专门用于图形显示模式下的文本输出函数。 1、文本输出函数 void far outtext(char far *textstring);该函数在现行位置输出字符串指针textstring所指的文本。 void far outtextxy(int x,int y,char far *textstring);该函数在规定的(x,y)位置输出字符串指针textstring所指的文本。其中x和y为像素坐标。 说明:这两个函数都是输出字符串，但经常会遇到输出数值或其他类型的数据，此时就必须使用格式化输出函数sprintf( )。其格式为: int sprintf(char *str,char *format,variable_list); 它与printf( )函数不同之处是将按格式化规定的内容写入str指向的字符串中，返回值等于写入的字符个数。例如:sprintf(s,”your TOEFL score is %d”,mark);这里s应是字符串指针或数组，mark为整型变量。 2、有关文本字体、字型和输出方式的设置 有关图形方式下的文本输出，可以通过setcolor( )函数设置输出文本的颜色。另外，也可以改变字体大小，以及选择是水平方向输出还是垂直方向输出。 void far settextjustify(int horiz,int vert);该函数用于定位输出字符串。对使用outtextxy函数输出的字符串，其中哪个点对应于定位坐标(x,y)在TC中是有规定的。如果把一个字符串一个长方形的图形，在水平方向显示时，字符串长方形按垂直方向可分为顶部、中部和底部三个位置，水平方向可分为左、中、右三个位置，两者结合就有9个位置。 settextjustity( )函数的第一个参数horiz指出水平方向三个位置中的一个，第二个参数vert指出垂直方向三个位置中的一个，二者就确定了其中一个位置。不规定了这个位置后，用outtextxy( )函数输出字符串时，字符串长方形的这个规定位置就对准函数中的(x,y)位置。而用outtext( )函数输出字符串时，这个规定的位置就位于现行游标的位置。有关参数horiz和vert的取值参见下表: 符号常数 数值 含义 用于 左对齐 水平 LEFT_TEXT 0 右对齐 水平 RIGHT_TEXT 2 底端对齐 垂直 BOTTOM_TEXT 0 顶端对齐 垂直 TOP_TEXT 2 居中对齐 水平或垂直 CENTER_TEXT 1 void far settextstyle(int font,int direction,int charsize);该函数用来设置输出字符的字形(由font确定)、输出方向(由direction确定)和字符大小(由charsize确定)等特性。TC中对函数各参数如下: 符号常数 数值 含义 8×8点阵字(默认值) DEFAULT_FONT 0 font三倍笔划字体 TRIPLEX_FONT 1 的取小号笔划字体 SMALL_FONT 2 值 无衬线笔划字体 SANSSERIF_FONT 3 黑体笔划字体 GOTHIC_FONT 4 符号常数 数值 含义 direction从左到右 HORIZ_DIR 0 的取值 从底到顶 VERT_DIR 1 符号常数或数值 含义 8×8点阵 1 16×16点阵 2 24×24点阵 3 32×32点阵 4 40×40点阵 5 charsize 的取值 48×48点阵 6 56×56点阵 7 64×64点阵 8 72×72点阵 9 80×80点阵 10 用户定义的字符大小 USER_CHAR_SIZE=0 有关图形屏幕下文本输出和字体字型设置函数的用法请看例[2.13] 3、用户对文本字符大小的设置 前面介绍的settextstyle( )函数，可以设定图形方式下输出文本字符的字体和大小，但对于笔划型字体(除8×8点阵字以外的字体)，只能在水平和垂直方向以相同的放大倍数放大。为此TC又提供了另外一个setusercharsize( )函数，对笔划字体可以分别设置字体和垂直方向的放大倍数。该函数的调用格式为: void far setusercharsize(int mulx,int divx,int muly,int divy); 该函数用来设置笔划型字和放大系数，它只有在settextstyle( )函数中的charsize为0(或USER_CHAR_SIZE)时才起作用，并且字体为函数settextstyle( )所规定的字体。调用函数setusercharsize( ) 后，每个显示在屏幕上的字符都以其默认大小乘以mulx/divx为输出字符宽，乘以muly/divy为输出字符高。该函数的用法如例[2.14]。 四、动画制件 1、制作动画的几种方法 (1)覆盖法 所谓“覆盖法”就是首先用前景色绘制一个你所希望动起来的静止图像，同时用delay( )函数暂停当前所执行的程序若干毫秒，然后把前景色改为背景色，再把刚才的静止图像原样重新绘制一下。由于当前的前景色与当前的背景色一致，所以刚才所绘画的静止图像就看不见了，通过循环语句在新位置上重复上述过程就可以产生动画效果。 (2)擦除法 所谓“擦除法”就是首先用前景色绘制一个你希望动起来的静止图像，同时采用delay( )函数暂停当前所执行的程序若干毫秒。然后采用cleardevice( )函数进行全屏幕清除，然后通过循环语句在新位置上重复上述过程就产生了动画效果。这样的方法适合制作简单动画。 (3)存取屏幕法 所谓“存取屏幕法”就是首先采用imagesize( )函数计算存储某特定的屏幕区域所需的内存空间，然后使用getimage( )函数将需要运动的静止图形存储到该内存空间中，最后再通过循环语句以及putimage( )函 数将上述图形在新位置上显示出来，使用时注意所选区域的大小，不要产生出尾巴现象。 (4)分页技术法 所谓“分页技术法”就是对同一幅图像同时进行显示与编辑修正。正在屏幕上显示的页叫显示页，保存在内存区域正在被编辑的页叫编辑页。我们在编辑页上画好图形后，立即将该页变为显示页在屏幕上显示，然后在原来的显示页(现在为编辑页)上进行编辑修改。画好后再次交换，如此反复循环变换，在我们看来就好像同一幅画在不断变化，也就出现了动画效果。 2、制作动画所需函数 1)delay( ):暂停函数 ――头文件(dos.h) ( 原型:void delay(unsigned millseconds); 功能:暂停当前所执行的程序millseconds毫秒。 (2)getimage( ):将指定区域的图像存入内存的函数――头文件(graphics.h) 原型:void getimage(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2,void far *buf); 功能:将图像(矩形区域)从屏幕拷贝到内存中，*buf指向内存中存放图像的区域，该区域的前两个字节用于存放矩形的高和宽。 (3)putimage( ):重新写屏函数(输出一个图像到图形屏幕上的函数)――头文件(graphics.h) 原型:void putimage(int x,int y,void far *buf,int op); 功能:将getimage( )函数储存在buf所指向的内存区域的图像输出到屏幕上。其中op的值决定了图形以何种方式写到屏幕上。 COPY_PUT或0 原样复制 XOR_PUT或1 与屏幕图形取“异或”后写入 OR_PUT或2 与屏幕图形取“或”后写入 AND_PUT或3 与屏幕图形取“与”后写入 NOT_PUT或4 复制图形的“逆” 使用不同的方式将图形写到屏幕上，可以实现图形变换。例如采用异或方式在原始位置重写，那么原图将消失。如果再使用复制方式在一个新地方重现该图形，就产生了图形的移动。 (4)imagesize( ):返回保存图像缓冲区大小的函数 原型:unsigned far imagesize(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2);――头文件(graphics.h) 功能:确定保存图像所需的存储区大小。 返回值:返回存储区的大小(字节)，若所需内存大于等于64K字节，则返回0xffff(-1). 上面三个函数用于将屏幕上的图像复制到内存，然后再将内存中的图像送回到屏幕上。首先通过函数imagesize( )测试要保存的左上角为(x1,y1)，右上角为(x2,y2)的图形屏幕区域内的全部内容需多少个字节，然后再给*buf分配一人个所测数字节内存空间的指针。通过调用getimage( )函数就可将该区域内的图像保存在内存中，需要时可用putimage( )函数将该图像输出到左上角为点(x,y)的位置上。其中getimage( )函数的参数op规定如何释放内存中的图像。 (5)激活页函数 原型:void far setactivepage(int pagenum) ; void far setvisualpage(int pagenum); 这两个函数只用于EGA，VGA以及HERCULES图形适配器。setactivepage( )函数是为图形输出选择激活页。所谓“激活页”是指后续图形的输出被写到函数所定的pagenum页面，该页面并不一定可见。Setvisualpage( )函数才使pagenum所指定的页面变成可见页。页面从0开始(TC默认页)。如果先用setactivepage( )函数在不同页面上画出一幅幅图像，再用setvisualpage( )函数交替显示，就可以实现一些动画的效果。详细参见例[2.15]:模拟两个小球动态碰撞过程;例[2.16]使用激活页方法动态变换显示大小变化的“HELLO”字符串。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.