LessonFiveDebtBurdenAltersOutlookforUSGraduatesWordsupplementdailyn．日报datelinen．新闻电头deadlinen．截稿时间digvt．深入采访；追踪(新闻线索)；“挖”(新闻)digestn．文摘editorialn．社论editorialoffice编辑部editor'snotes编者按exclusiven．独家新闻exposen．揭丑新闻；新闻曝光extran．号外eye-accountn．目击记;记者见闻edgen.TheAuthorShannonBondisareporterandFT.comeditorinNewYork.ShejoinedtheFTin2008afterreceivingherMSfromNorthwesternUniversity'sMedillSchoolofJournalism.ShehasalsowrittenforMarketWatch,PoliticoandUPI.com.JasonAbbruzzeseisawebeditoratFT.AftergraduatingfromBostonUniversitywithadegreeinjournalism,heworkedfortheSentinel&EnterpriseincentralMassachusettsbeforereceivingamaster'sdegreeininernationalaffairsfromtheAustralianNationalUniversity.HethenwrotefortheShanghaiBusinessReview(《上海商评》）asafeaturewriterbeforemovingtoNewYorkCityandworkingforGRITtvwithLauraFlandersasadevelopmentdirector.RobinHardingisUSEconomicsEditorfortheFinancialTimes,andcoverstheUSFederalReserveandtheUSTreasury(美国财政部）.BasedinWashington,hisbeatincludesUSeconomics,financialmarketsandbusiness.HestudiedeconomicsatCambridgeandalsoholdsamaster'sdegreeineconomicsfromHitotsubashiUniversity(一桥大学）inTokyo.BackgroundInformation1.Thefinancialcrisis2008年金融危机The2008financialcrisisisconsideredtobetheworstfinancialcrisissincetheGreatDepressionofthe1930s.Itwastriggeredbyacomplexinterplayofpolicies,whichwereadoptedbyAmericangovernmenttostimulatetheeconomyandencouragedpeopletobuyhouses.Banksprovidedeasieraccesstoloansforsubprimeborrowers(次级贷款人）,andover-evaluatedthebundledsub-primemortgages(次级抵押贷款）basedonthetheorythathousingpriceswouldcontinuetoescalate.Unfortuatelyhomepricespeakedinthewinterof2005-06andstartedtogodown,andthehouseofcardsstaredtocromble(崩溃）.Peoplecouldnolongerincreasetheirmortgagedebttopaypreviousdebts.In2008,approximately6%ofallmortgageloansintheUnitedStateswereindefault,andahugeportionoftheincreasedmortgageloandefaultswerewhatarereferredtoas“sub-prime”loans(次级贷款）.TheburstingoftheU.S.housingbubble,whichpeakedin2006,causedthevaluesofsecuritiestiedtoU.S.realestatepricingtoplummet(骤然下降）,andresultedinthethreatoftotalcollapseoflargefinancialinstitutions,thebailout(紧急援助）ofbanksbynationalgovernments,anddownturns(衰退）instockmarketsaroundtheworld.Thecrisisalsoplayedasignificantroleinthefailureofkeybusinesses,declinesinconsumerwealthestimatedintrillionsofUSdollars,andadownturnineconomicactivityleadingtothe2008-2012globalrecessionandcontributingtotheEuropeansovereign-debtcrisis(欧洲主权债务危机）.2.ScholarshipsofferedbyAmericancollegesanduniversities美国大学生的奖学金ThescholarshipsprovidedbycollegesanduniversitiesintheU.S.maybeclassifiedintothreecategoriessuchasNon-ServiceScholarships(非服务性奖学金）,ServiceAssistantships(服务性奖学金）andLoans.Non-ServiceScholarshipsdonotrequireanindividualtoperformapast,presentorfutureserviceinordertoreceivepayment,andincludeFellowship(助学金）,Scholarship(奖学金）,Tuition&FeeWaiver(全免学杂费）andotherawardsofferedbyspecificinstitutions,whileserviceAssistantshipsrequireanindividualtoperformsomeserviceinordertoreceivepayment,andincludeTeachingAssistantship(助教金）andResearchAssistantship(助研金）。Generally,ascholarshiporfellowshipgrantisanyamountpaidorallowedto,orforthebenefitof,anindividualtoaidinthepursuitofstudyorresearch.Atuitionwaiverisaprograminitiatedbystatesthatallowsstudentstoattendpubliclyfundedhighereducationinstitutionsby"waiving"tuitionandfeesundercertaincriteria.TeachingAssistantshipsareasourceofaidprovidedtograduatestudentswhoassistfacultymembersinteachingundergraduateclasses.Aresearchassistantshipisaformoffundinginwhichastudentworksasan"assistant"inexchangeforpartialorfulltuitionand/orastipend.(奖学金）Astudentloanisdesignedtohelpstudentspayforuniversitytuition,books,andlivingexpenses.Itmaydifferfromothertypesofloansinthattheinterestratemaybesubstantiallylowerandtherepaymentschedulemaybedeferredwhilethestudentisstillineducation.IntheUnitedStates,therearetwotypesofstudentloans:federalloanssponsoredbythefederalgovernmentandprivatestudentloans,whichbroadlyincludesstate-affiliatednonprofitsandinstitutionalloansprovidedbyschools.3.TheUSSenate'swrangleoverstudentloans参议院关于学生贷款的争斗Withstudentloansrocketinginrecentyears,bothDemocrats(民主党）andRepublicans（共和党）agreedtofreezestudentloanratesandkeepthemformdoublingfrom3.4%to6.8%whichwouldbeeffectiveonJuly1,20112.Theirchiefremainingdisputeishowtopayforthe$5.9billioncostofkeepingthoserateslow.Whenitcomestothat,eachsidehasineffecttakenapoliticalhostage:HouseRepublicanswouldcutspendingfromObama'sprizedhealthcareoverhaullaw(被认为非常重要的奥巴马的医疗保险改革法案）,SenateDemocoratswouldboostpayrolltaxes(工资税）onownersofsomeprivatecorporationsandHouseDemocratswoulderasefederalsubsidies(联邦补贴）tooilandgascompanies.ThatishowtheUSSenatewaswranglingoverhowtoextendamodest(适当的补贴）forstudentloans.4.politicalsensitivityoverstudentdebt关于学生债务的竞选敏感性2008financialcrisishascastedagreatimpactonAmericaneconomyandtheworldasawhole.Withtheeconomicrecession,theeducationbudgethasbeencutgreatlyandthetuitionsandfeeshavebeenincreasedsteadily,somuchsothatmanystudentshavetotakeoutloanstopayfortheireducation.AccordingtotheNewYorkFed's(纽约联邦储备银行）quarterlyreportonhousehoulddebt,studentloandebthit$904billioninthefirstquarterof2012,upfrom$241billionadecadeage.TheConsumerFinancialProtectionBureau(消费者金融保护局）putstotalstudentloandebtabove$1trillion.AccordingtoaNYTimesreport,morethan37millionAmericanshavesomestudentloans,withanaverage$23,300ofdebtin2011.So,insteadofyoungadultsgraduatingwithhopesanddreamsofabetterfuture,theyaregraduatingwithagreatburdenofloans.Withapoliticalsensitivityofgettingsupportsfromyoungvoters,theissueofstudentloanshasbecomeatopicfocusedonbyboththeRepublicandtheDemocratic,especiallyintheAmericangeneralelectionyearof2012.Summary2008年爆发的金融危机被很多经济学家认为是继20世纪30年代经济大萧条以来最为严重的金融危机。这次危机由美国政府的一系列盲目鼓励购房而发生的次贷危机所触发。在9/11事件和安然、安达信等美国大公司爆出财政丑闻，最后纷纷倒下后，国际资金大规模撤离，美国经济神话破灭。2003年，美国发动的伊拉克战争，更是耗费了8000多亿美元。这使美国财政和贸易都出现了巨额赤字。美国希望借房地产拉动经济，于是采取宽松的货币政策，鼓励人们购房。这样，即使信用级别低的人也可以轻松拿到购房贷款，次级贷款由此大增。然而从2007年9月开始，出现大量购房者违约现象，导致房贷公司资金链断裂，进而影响金融行业的资金流动性，爆发了金融危机。金融危机爆发以来，已经有100多家规模较大的美国金融机构宣布破产或被兼并，实体经济也遭受重创，导致用人需求下降，社会的整体失业率升高，税收大幅减少。税收的减少使得美国不得不修改预算，包括教育预算也遭到大幅消减，从而使得给大学生提供的奖学金和补贴减少，来自美国中低收入家庭的学生们需要借贷以完成自己的学业。本文描述的就是在这样的经济背景下，在2012年完成学业，步入社会的美国大学毕业生们的前景问
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快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题
。他们在2008年金融危机爆发的时候刚刚走人大学校园。四年过去了，他们拿到了自己的学位，可经济依然不见起色，美国整体的失业率高达8%，大学毕业生的失业率也保持在6.8%。更糟糕的是，在经济萧条时期步入职场，使得他们的赚钱能力大打折扣，起薪很低，甚至还影响到自己今后的职业生涯。而在求学时期借下的债务，因就业困难，薪酬不高而难以偿清，而即使是找到了工作的毕业生也发现，薪酬和职位与自己预期的相去甚远。面对大学生债务过重的情况，美国参议院也在争执如何延长给学生贷款提供补贴。美国总统奥巴马和竞选对手罗姆尼也呼吁采取行动。文章末尾还引用了美国总统奥巴马给纽约巴纳德学院的毕业生发表演讲的部分内容，提到这些毕业生们面临的困难和他自己当年毕业时经历经济危机的情况多么一样。以此结尾，不仅突出了文章的主题：学生债务负担让他们的前途未卜，同时又给读者带来一些宽慰和希望，即这样的经济和就业环境并非此时独有，再大的困难最终也能安然度过，大学毕业生们最终还是能获得成功。本文是一篇评述性新闻报道，介绍了学生债务增加给2012年毕业的美国大学生带来的影响。作者对大学生债务的情况、债务增加的原因及影响做了介绍，并将一些研究
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作为引证，文中多次以具体数字来说明问题，凸显报道的客观性，更在文章末尾处引用了奥巴马总统的演讲内容，让读者能够提升到历史角度来看待这一问题，给结尾增添了一抹亮色。文章的立场客观，语言平实，主题突出。但是作者只是提到参议院仍旧在为缓解形势的手段争论不休，而把如何从根本上解决问题留给读者自己去思考。不难看出，在某种程度上，这一问题解决与否实为政治家和党争的筹码。LanguagePoints1.NewWords(p.42-43)2.Notespara.1...thefinancialcrisisthatunfolded...castingalongshadowovertheirfutures.=thefinancialcrisisthatbecamespreadoutwhentheywerefreshmenin2008isstillmakingtheirfuturesuncertain.castashadowover/onsth.=makesth.dark给......笼罩上阴影para.2that=theoverallunemploymentrate做从句的主语，指代主句的主语，以免重复isstuckat=isfixedat经济危机爆发五年以来，美国整体的失业率高达8%，大学毕业生的失业率也保持在6.8%。para.3...thepromiseofadegree...stillburdenedbystudentdebt=theexpectationofgettingagoodjobaftergraduatingandgettingdegreeshasturnedtodisappointment,becausetheyfinditdifficulttogettheirfirstjob,andcan'tearnenoughmoneytopaybackthemoneytheyhadloanedandtheyarestillunderthepressureofdebts.对许多年轻人而言，大学毕业拿到学位再找一份好工作已经成为了一种失望，因为工作难找，债务难偿。para.5the1980srecession（p44,note5)...aone-percentage-pointincreaseintheunemploymentrateforcolleegraduatesledtoa6-7percentdropininitialwages.=thegraduates'wagesfromtheirfirstjobdecreasedby6-7%oncetheunemploymentrateincreasedbyonepercentage.大学生的失业率每增加一个百分点，他们的起薪就会减少6-7%。theUniversityofMaryland马里兰大学大学园全称马里兰大学大学园UniversityofMaryland--CollegePark也有人叫马里兰大学帕克分校,马里兰大学-大学城,UniversityofMaryland,CollegePark(CollegePark),UMCP,成立于1856，是一所规模巨大（30,000人以上）的公立研究型综合大学马里兰大学大学园，不但地理位置好，环境优良，在学术声望上也有全美前50的排名，是马里兰大学系统的旗舰〈Flagship〉—创始学校，成立于1862年。马里兰大学大学园也是全美大学联盟〈TheAssociationofAmericanUniversity〉—AAU的61个盟校之一.由于马里兰大学大学园是一所州立大学，而且又有充足的研究经费与良好的学校声誉，它与民间的公私立机构建立了不错的互信关系。马里兰大学大学园总是不吝于提供马里兰州政府、地方性实验室、或各级学校机构它们的最新学术成果;而这些地方机构也都乐于提供马里兰大学大学园的学生可供研究的数据或任何工读机会。 马里兰大学大学园位于华盛顿特区附近，生活费想必也就不像其它学校那样便宜了。不过，由于UM是公立学校，学费相对的也较学术声望同等级的私校来得便宜。para.7...definitelyamajorfactorinthatisthemorepromisingoutlookforabusinessmajorcomingoutofcollege=undoubtedly,themainreaonformetochoosetostudybusinessisthatabusinessgraduatemayhaveabrighterfuture.毫无疑问，我选择读工商专业的主要原因，是工商专业毕业生走出校门后可能会有更好的前途。Questions1.Doesthe2008financialcrisisinfluencetheuniversitygraduates?The2008financialcrisisincreasedtheunemploymentrate,makinguniversitygraduateshardtofindtheirfirstjoborevenlosepartofearningpowerfortherestoftheircareer.Studentswithdebtmaytakeonanevenheavierburdenastheyhavelessabilitytorepaytheloans.2.WhatcanbelearnedfromtheresultofRutgersUniversity'sstudy?Itcanbelearnedthatthegraduateswhofinishedcollegebetween2006and2011sufferedalotfromthe2008financialcrisiswiththehighunemploymentandreducedwages,andtheyfeltregretfulfortheirpreviouschoices.Theythoughtiftheyhadknownthattheyhadtobearsuchagreatburdenofthestudentloans,theywouldhavemadedifferentchoicesastothemajors,universitiesandjobs.3.WhydoesChelseaKatzwanttostudybusiness?Becauseshethinksthatabusinessmajorgraduatemighthaveabrighterfuture,findingagoodjobandearningmoremoney.4.WhatconditionsaresqueezingAmericanyoungpeople'sabilitytorepaythestudentloans?a.Somegraduatestookthepositionbelowtheirlevelofeducation.b.Somegraduatesearnedlessthanwhattheyexpected.c.Somegraduateshadtoacceptjoboutsidetheirfieldinordertofindwork.d.Theaveragestartingsalarydroppedcomparedwithyearsago.e.Therapidlyrisingtuitionfeessurpasstheincomegrowth.5.WhydoAmericanstudentshavetoborrowmoremoneytofinishtheirhighereducation?Becausethepublicuniversitieshavebeenhitseriouslybydeepcutstothestatebudget,andhadtotransfermoreofthecostburdenontostudentsandtheirfamiliesbyincreasingtuitionandfeesandreducinggrants.6.WhydoyouthinktheauthorsciteMr.Obama'sspeechinthelastparagraph?PresidentObamashowedhissympathyforthegraduateswhoaretrappedindebtsanddifficultiesinhisspeech,andsharedthesameexperienceandfeelingwiththem.SotheauthorsofthearticleciteMr.Obama'sspeechtoreinforcethethemeofthearticle,andatthesametimetogivearayofhopetoencouragetheyoungpeopleoutofplighteventually.WordstoKnowblight,castalongshadowover,debtburden,disinvest,earningpower,expire,financialcrisis,graduatedegree,harshreality,initialwages,internship,labourmarket,medianstartingsalary,mire,outlook,outpace,postsecondaryeducation,professionaldegree,publicinstitutions,recession,skip,squeeze,statebudget,strikeanote,subsidy,tuitionfee,unemploymentrate,unfold,wrangle
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