学术英语conclusion结论的写作ppt课件

ConclusionInyourconclusions,addressthefollowing:reachconclusionsabouttheinitialobjectivesshowadvantagesofyourmethodoverpreviouslypublishedmethodsstateopenproblemsidentifyneedednextstepsinresearchontheproblem.commonprobleminwritingaconcludingparagragh1.Toolong.Theconclusionsectionshouldbeshort.Oftentheconclusionsectionisaslittleas2.5%ofanentirepieceofpublishedresearch.2.Toomuchdetail.Conclusionsthataretoolongoftenhaveunnecessarydetail.Theconclusionsectionisnottheplacefordetailsaboutyourmethodologyorresults.Althoughyoushouldgiveasummaryofwhatwaslearntfromyourresearch,thissummaryshouldbeshort,sincetheemphasisintheconclusionssectionisontheimplications,evaluations,etc.thatyoumake..3.Failuretocommentonlarger,moresignificantissues.Whereasintheintroductionyourtaskwastomovefromgeneral(yourfield)tospecific(yourresearch),intheconcludingsectionyourtaskistomovefromspecific(yourresearch)backtogeneral(yourfield,howyourresearchwillaffecttheworld).Inother word word文档格式规范word作业纸小票打印word模板word简历模板免费word简历 s,intheconclusionyoushouldputyourresearchincontext.4.Failuretorevealthecomplexitiesofaconclusionorsituation.Negativeaspectsofyourresearchshouldnotbeignored.Problems,drawbacksetc.canbeincludedinsummaryinyourconclusionsectionasawayofqualifyingyourconclusions(i.e.pointingoutthenegativeaspects,eveniftheyareoutweighedbythepositiveaspects).commonprobleminwritingaconcludingparagragh.commonprobleminwritingaconcludingparagragh5.Lackofaconcisesummaryofwhatwaslearned.Inordertobeabletodiscusshowyourresearchfitsbackintoyourfieldofstudy(andtheworldatlarge)youneedtosummarizeitverybriefly.Oftenthesummaryisonlyafewsentences.6.Failuretomatchtheobjectivesoftheresearch.Oftenresearchobjectiveschangewhiletheresearchisbeingcarriedout.Thisisnotaproblemunlessyouforgettogobackandrewriteyouroriginalobjectivesinyourintroductionsothattheyaccuratelyreflectwhatyouweretryingtoaccomplishinyourresearch(notwhatyouthoughtyoumightaccomplishwhenyoubegan)..exerciseHereisanexampleofanobjectiveandconclusionthatdonotmatch:Objective:Themainobjectiveofthisstudywastoassesstheimpactofroadbuildingonvillagesonruralcommunities.Conclusion:Themodelproducedinthisstudycanaccuratelypredictthesocialandeconomicimpactofroad-buildingonvillagesinsouthwestChina.Ifwerewritetheobjectivetomatchwhatweactuallydid(wedevelopedamodel),itwillfittheconclusion:Rewrittenobjective:Themainobjectiveofthisstudywastodevelopamodeltopredictthesocialandeconomicimpactofroad-buildingonruralcommunities..warning1.Don'tdependonyourconclusiontosumupthebodyparagraphs.Yourparagraphsshouldflownaturallyintooneanotherandconnectionsshouldbemadeamongthem.Summarycanbeanimportantfunctionofconclusionsbutkeepthispartbrief;avoidrepeating,word-for-word,astatementyouhavemadeearlierinthepaper.2.Don'tsimplyrepeatyourintroduction.Trytotalkaboutyourtopicinanewway.Thetoneofyourconclusionisdifferentbecausethereaderhasfinishedyourpaper.3.Don'tendyourconclusionwithaquotationorwithastatementthatcouldverywellbethesubjectofanotherpaper.Theformerdeflectsattentionawayfromyouaswriterandthinker;thelatterdeflectsattentionfromwhatyou'resayinginyourpaper.Itisoktoquote,butitisbettertoaddacommentofyourowntoendon.Thisshowsthatyouareincontroltotheveryend..warning4.Don’tuseclichésoranoverlysentimentalorobviousstatement.Theformersoundgoodbutmeannothing;thelatterwillweakenratherthanstrengthenyouressay.5.Don’tintroducenewarguments,evidence,ordetailsinyourconcludingparagraph.Itisnotplacetointroduceideasyouforgottomentioninthebodyofthepaper.Nevermakeaclaiminyourconclusionthatisunsubstantiatedorevenunmentionedanywhereelse.Newmaterialmayenteraconclusionoccasionally,butitmustbecloselyrelatedtoeverythingelseyouhavesaid.6.Don’tapologizefordoingapoorjobofresentingthematerial.Thiswillruinyoureffort.Strategiesforwritingaconclusion.Suggestions1.Answerquestions.Striveforanswerstothequestionsreaderslogicallyraise--"Whyareyoutellingmethis?WhydoyouthinkIneedtounderstandyourmainpoint?"Showyourreaderswhythispaperwasimportant.Showthemthatyourpaperwasmeaningfulanduseful.Pointouttheimportanceortheimplicationsofwhatyou'vejustsaidonanareaofsocietalconcernisperhapsabitmoredramatic.2.Synthesize,don'tsummarize.Don'tsimplyrepeatthingsthatwereinyourpaper.Theyhavereadit.Showthemhowthepointsyourmadeandthesupportandexamplesyouusedwerenotrandom,butfittogether..Suggestions3.Redirectyourreaders.Giveyourreadersomethingtothinkabout,perhapsawaytouseyourpaperinthe"real"world.Placethepaperinalargercontext.Ifyourintroductionwentfromgeneraltospecific,makeyourconclusiongofromspecifictogeneral.Thinkglobally.Foranalyticalpapersinparticular,youcouldmentionthelackofconclusioninthefield.Thisdemonstratesthatyouunderstandthecomplexityofthesubjectmatter.4.Createanewmeaning.Youdon'thavetogivenewinformationtocreateanewmeaning.Bydemonstratinghowyourideasworktogether,youcancreateanewpicture.Oftenthesumofthepaperisworthmorethanitsparts..Strategies1.Echoingtheintroduction:Echoingyourintroductioncanbeagoodstrategyifitismeanttobringthereaderfull-circle.Ifyoubeginbydescribingascenario,youcanendwiththesamescenarioasproofthatyouressaywashelpfulincreatinganewunderstanding.ExampleIntroductionFromtheparkinglot,IcouldseethetowersofthecastleoftheMagicKingdomstandingstatelyagainstthebluesky.Totheright,thetallpeakofTheMatterhornroseevenhigher.Fromtheleft,IcouldhearthejunglesoundsofAdventureland.AsIenteredthegate,MainStreetstretchedbeforemewithitsquaintshopsevokinganold-fashionedsmalltownsocharmingitcouldneverhaveexisted.Iwasentranced.Disneylandmayhavebeenbuiltforchildren,butitbringsoutthechildinadults.ConclusionIthoughtIwouldspendafewhoursatDisneyland,buthereIwasat1:00A.M.,closingtime,leavingthefrontgateswiththenowdarktowersoftheMagicKingdombehindme.Icouldseetiredchildren,toddlingalongandstrugglingtokeeptheireyesopenasbesttheycould.Otherssleptintheirparents'armsaswewaitedfortheparkinglottramthatwouldtakeustoourcars.Myforty-year-oldfeetached,andIfeltabitsadtothinkthatinacoupleofdaysIwouldbeleavingCalifornia,myvacationover,togobacktomydesk.ButthenIsmiledtothinkthatforatleastadayIfelttenyearsoldagain..Strategies2.Challengingthereaderandcallforaction:Byissuingachallengetoyourreaders,youarehelpingthemtoredirecttheinformationinthepaper,andtheymayapplyittotheirownlives.ExampleThoughservingonajuryisnotonlyacivicresponsibilitybutalsoaninterestingexperience,manypeoplestillviewjurydutyasachorethatinterruptstheirjobsandtheroutineoftheirdailylives.However,juriesarepartofAmerica'sattempttobeafreeandjustsociety.Thus,jurydutychallengesustobeinterestedandresponsiblecitizens..Strategies3.LookingtothefutureortoawidercontextLookingtothefuturecanemphasizetheimportanceofyourpaperorredirectthereaders'thoughtprocess.Itmayhelpthemapplythenewinformationtotheirlivesorseethingsmoreglobally.ExampleWithoutwell-qualifiedteachers,schoolsarelittlemorethanbuildingsandequipment.Ifhigher-payingcareerscontinuetoattractthebestandthebrighteststudents,therewillnotonlybeashortageofteachers,buttheteachersavailablemaynothavethebestqualifications.Ouryouthwillsuffer.Andwhenyouthsuffers,thefuturesuffers..Strategies4.Posingquestions:Posingquestions,eithertoyourreadersoringeneral,mayhelpyourreadersgainanewperspectiveonthetopic,whichtheymaynothaveheldbeforereadingyourconclusion.Itmayalsobringyourmainideastogethertocreateanewmeaning.Example:Campaignadvertisementsshouldhelpusunderstandthecandidate'squalificationsandpositionsontheissues.Instead,mosttelluswhatabooborknavetheopposingcandidateis,ortheypresentgeneralimagesofthecandidateasafamilypersonorGod-fearingAmerican.Dosuchadvertisementscontributetocreatinganinformedelectorateorapeoplewhochoosepoliticalleadersthesamewaytheychoosesoftdrinksandsoap?.ConclusionInyourconclusions,addressthefollowing:reachconclusionsabouttheinitialobjectivesshowadvantagesofyourmethodoverpreviouslypublishedmethodsstateopenproblemsidentifyneedednextstepsinresearchontheproblem. 论文 政研论文下载论文大学下载论文大学下载关于长拳的论文浙大论文封面下载 的结论部分1结论的内容2写作要点3写作要求4写作时态.结论又称结束语、结语。是最终的总体的概括，也可写建议、对策、设想，或提出研究中发现的尚待解决的问题。它是在理论分析和实验验证的基础上，通过严密的逻辑推理而得出的富有创造性、指导性、经验性的结果描述。它又以自身的条理性、明确性、客观性反映了论文或研究成果的价值。结论与引言相呼应，同摘要一样，其作用是便于读者阅读和为二次文献作者提供依据。.一般来说可以归纳为以下几点：1、归纳性说明研究结果或发现2、结论性说明结果的可能原因、机理或意义3、前瞻性说明未解决的问题.有总结和小结之分。小结文稿篇幅短，内容少、简单，多用于原著论文或短文的正文之后，它只用较少的文字将全文 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 的主要内容写出来。内容包括主要的结果、结论、数据，目的在于阐明本文的成果和理论。总结的内容和篇幅较小结为多，多用于综述或讨论类文稿之后，起着概括主题的作用。从内容上说需将全文已论述的问题再扼要概括一遍，作者还可以发表自己的见解和观点。..通常情况下，有关结论的内容都包括在“结果与讨论”或“讨论”中，但有时也可将“结论”单独列为一节。在“结论”中作者应清楚、简洁地叙述自己研究的主要认识或论点，其中包括最重要的结果、结果的重要蕴含、对结果的说明或认识等。.应注意的是，撰写结论时不应涉及前文不曾指出的新事实，也不能在结论中重复论文中其他章节中的句子，或者叙述其他不重要或与自己研究没有密切联系的内容，以故意把结论拉长。.结论不是研究结果的简单重复，而是对研究结果更深入一步的认识，是从正文部分的全部内容出发，并涉及引言的部分内容，经过判断、归纳、推理等过程，将研究结果升华成新的总观点。其内容要点如下：1）本研究结果说明了什么问题，得出了什么规律性的东西，解决了什么理论或实际问题；   2）对前人有关本问题的看法作了哪些检验，哪些与本研究结果一致，哪些不一致，作者做了哪些修正、补充、发展或否定；   1结论的内容.3）本研究的不足之处或遗留问题。  对于某一篇论文的“结论”，上述要点1）是必需的，而2）和3）视论文的具体内容可以有，也可以没有；如果不可能导出结论，也可以没有结论而进行必要的讨论。   结论段的格式安排可作如下考虑：  如果结论段的内容较多，可以分条来写，并给以编号，如1），2），3）等，每条成一段，包括几句话或1句话；如果结论段内容较少，可以不分条写，整个为一段，几句话。 结论里应包括必要的数据，但主要是用文字表达，一般不再用插图和表格。.16.ConclusionThispaperpresentedtheresultsofinitialresearchintothedevelopmentofmoreeffectiveminesafetyrulesandregulations.Responsesfromalmost500mineworkerswereanalyzedandsomesimpleguidelinesestablished,inparticular,regardingrulecontent.Theycanbesummarizedas:.(a)Managementandregulatorsshouldnotcontinuetoproducemoreandmorerulesandregulationstocovereveryaspectofmining.Minerswillnotreadnorcomprehendtothislevelofdetail..(b)Detailedprescriptiveregulations,detailedsafeworkprocedures,andvoluminoussafetymanagementplanswillnotconnectwithaminer.Theaimshouldbetooperatewithaframeworkoffewerrulesbutofthehighestquality.(c)Ofcourse,achievingmoreeffectiverulesandregulationsisnottheonlyanswertoasaferworkplace.Possiblylessemphasisshouldbeoncontentandmoreabouttheprocess..(d)Inparticular,ensuringthatapositivesafetycultureexistsandthatcommunicationchannelsareopenandworkingwell.Thiswasconfirmedinthesurveywhentheexpressionssimplybadrulesorpoorruleswererarelyblamedforaccidentsandincidents,risktakingorerror-making.(e)Itwasmoretheproblemsofimplementation,communication,andlearningthatwerethemaincausalfactors..2写作要点写作的要点：内容精炼，观点严谨；正面阐述观点，说明与他人不同之处，不反驳、不指责（指正）、更不攻击。（1）对结果的解释要重点突出，简洁、清楚。为有效地回答研究问题，可适当简要地回顾研究目的并概括主要结果，但不能简单地罗列结果，因为这种结果的概括是为讨论服务的。.（2）推论要符合逻辑，避免实验数据不足以支持的观点和结论。根据结果进行推理时要适度，论证时一定要注意结论和推论的逻辑性。在探讨实验结果或观察事实的相互关系和科学意义时，无需得出试图去解释一切的巨大结论。如果把数据外推到一个更大的、不恰当的结论，不仅无益于提高作者的科学贡献，甚至现有数据所支持的结论也受到怀疑。.（3）观点或结论的表述要清楚、明确。尽可能清楚地指出作者的观点或结论，并解释其支持还是反对早先的工作。结束讨论时，避免使用诸如“Futurestudiesareneeded.”之类苍白无力的句子。.（4）对结果科学意义和实际应用效果的表达要实事求是，适当留有余地。避免使用“Forthefirsttime”等类似的优先权声明。在讨论中应选择适当的词汇来区分推测与事实。例如，可选用“prove”，“demonstrate”等表示作者坚信观点的真实性；选用“show”，“indicate”，“found”等表示作者对问题的 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 有某些不确定性；选用“imply”，“suggest”等表示推测；或者选用情态动词“can”，“will”，“should”，“probably”，“may”，“could”，“possibly”等来表示论点的确定性程度。.3写作的要求撰写的结论应达到如下要求：   1）概括准确：措词严谨。结论是论文最终的、总体的总结，对论文创新内容的概括应当准确、完整，不要轻易放弃，更不要漏掉一条有价值的结论，但也不能凭空杜撰。措词要严谨，语句要像法律条文那样，不能模棱两可，含糊其词。肯定和否定要明确，一般不用“大概”、“也许”、“可能是”这类词语。.2）明确具体，简短精练。结论段有相对的独立性，专业读者和情报人员可以只看摘要和（或）结论而能大致了解论文反映的成果和成果的价值，所以结论段应提供明确、具体的定性和定量的信息。对要点要具体表述，不能用抽象和笼统的语言。可读性要强，如一般不单用量符号，而宜用量名称，比如，说“T与ρ呈正比关系”不如说“××温度与××压力呈正比关系”易读。语言要锤炼，删去可有可无的词语。.3）不作自我 评价 LEC评价法下载LEC评价法下载评价量规免费下载学院评价表文档下载学院评价表文档下载 。论文的真正价值是通过具体“结论”来体现的，不宜用如“本研究具有国际先进水平”、“本研究结果属国内首创”、“本研究结果填补了国内空白”一类语句来作自我评价。.4写作时态根据具体内容而定。论述所做的研究工作通常用一般过去时；论述普遍现象通常用一般现在时有时也用一般过去时Conclusions简述研究内容强调实验结果，跟Abstract可能有部分重复。与Abstract的区别是Abstract也要强调研究内容以叙事为主的风格.1．过去时（1）涉及本研究的内容（2）涉及他人研究过程的内容（3）作者认为只适用于本研究环境和条件的结论.2．现在时（1）指示性说明（2）普遍接受的思想、理论或结论（3）作者认为本研究结论具有普遍意义（4）前瞻性说明.结论部分常用句型1．结果提示…：Theseresultssuggestthat…举例：ThesedataconfirmthepresenceofatleasttwomajorHCVgenotypesinNigeria..2．结果支持或反对某种观点：Theseresultssupporttheideathat…；Theseresultsfailtosupporttheideathat…举例：Theseresultsdonotsupporttheideathattreatmenttolowercholesterolconcentrationcausemooddisturbance..3．表示观点的确定或不确定性：Thereisnoevidencethat…；Itislikely/unlikelythat…举例：ThereisnoevidencethatNIDDMproduceanychangeinbonemetabolismormass..4．具有…意义：Beofgreat(some/little/no)clinicalsignificancein…to…举例：Thedetectionofp53geneisofgreatclinicalsignificanceintumordiagnosis..5．前瞻性说明：…remaintobefurtherstudied；Itisremainstobeprovedthat…举例：However,therelationofinsulinresistancetohypertensionremainstobefurtherstudied..6．插入语：Thisisthefirstcaseofpancreasdivisum.举例：Thisisthefirstcase,toourknowledge,ofpancreasdivisum..Thisworkrepresentsoneofthefewavailablestudiesonsmolderignition.Theresultsshowastrictrequirementforignitingaself-sustainingforwardsmolderingreactionofaporouscombustiblesuchasopen-cell,unrewardedpolyurethane.Theignitionbehaviorisprimarilydeterminedbytheigniterpower,timeofpowerinput,andfuel-igniterinterfacetemperature.Themagnitudeoftheseparameterscanbemodeledbythesolutionoftheenergyequationdescribingthesmolderprocess..Theexperimentalresultsshowaminimumenergyandtemperaturerequirementforagiveninputheatfluxtoinitiateaself-sustainingsmolderfront.Asmolderignitiondiagramwithawelldefinedboundarybetweentheignitionandno-ignitionregimeshasbeendevelopedwiththeresultsoftheseexperiments.Withinputpowersrangingfrom30to100W,self-sustainingsmolderreactionswereignitedontheorderof1000s..Thesmoldercharacteristicsoftemperature,velocity,andmasslossarestronglycorrelatedwiththeforcedoxidizervelocityusedduringtheself-propagatingportionoftheexperiment;however,theresultsshowthattheself-sustainedsmoldercharacteristicsarenotdependentontheamountoftime,power,orignitionoxidizervelocityusedtoinitiatethesmolder..Itshouldalsobenotedthattheignitionboundaryfoundinthisworkisnotindependentofgeometry,asnocorrectionforheatlossesismade.Futureworkshouldexaminetheeffectofoxygenconcentrationaswellashigheroxidizervelocitiesontheignitionprocess..例2：ThispaperhaspresentedanintegratedDSSforroutinghazardousmaterialsandlocatingfirst-responsemobileunitswithinaspecifiedcoveragetimefromthehazardousmaterialsroutes.Theimplementationoftheproposedsystemrequirestheconsentoftheshippers/carriersandtheemergencyresponseactorsforsharingprivateinformation..Underthisperspective,theproposedsystemhasbeenimplementedandevaluatedforcoveringthehazardousmaterialsdistributionwithintheareaofThriasionPedion,Attica,Greece..Thestakeholdersinvolvedinthisstudyidentifiedtheneedformoreinnovativemathematicalmodelsinordertocoverthefollowingtypesofdecisions:(i)determinationofoptimumroutesfordivertingthetrafficflowheadingtothelocationofthehazardousmaterialsaccidentand.(ii)evacuationpathfindingandtherespectivetrafficmanagementimplicationstakingintoaccountthedynamicfeaturesoftheevacuationprocess,and(iii)routingandschedulinghazardousmaterialstakingintoaccounttime-dependenttraveltimesandriskvalues..