欧洲文化入门复习题

《欧洲文化入门》复习题（一）DivisionOne:GreekCultureandRomanCultureGreekCultureI.填空1.Europeancultureismadeupofmanyelements,twooftheseelementsareconsideredtobemoreenduringandtheyaretheGreco-RomanelementandtheJudeo-Christianelement.2.Greekculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5thcentury.3.Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C.,allGreecewasbroughtundertheruleofAlexander,kingofMacedon.4.In146B.C.theRomansconqueredGreece.5.Greekculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5thcentury.6.Revivedin1896,theOlympicGameshavebecometheworld’sforemostamateursportscompetition.7.AncientGreeksconsideredHomertobetheauthoroftheirepics.8.TheIliaddealswiththeallianceofthestatesofthesouthernmainlandofGreece,ledbyAgamemnonintheirwaragainstthecityofTroy.9.TheOdysseydealswiththereturnofOdysseusaftertheTrojanwartohishome,islandofIthaca.10.OfthemanylyricpoetsofancientGreece,twoarestilladmiredbyreaderstoday:SapphoandPindar.11.SapphowasconsideredthemostimportantlyricpoetofancientGreece.12.Pindarisbestknownforhisodescelebratingthevictoriesattheathleticgames,suchasthe14Olympicodes.13.ThethreegreattragicdramatistsofancientGreeceareAeschylus,Sophocles,andEuripides.14.AeschyluswrotesuchplaysasPrometheusBound,PersiansandAgamemnon.15.SophocleswrotesuchtragicplaysasOedipustheKing,Electra,andAntigone.16.EuripideswrotemainlyaboutwomeninsuchplaysasAndromache,Medea,andTrojanWomen.17.Comedyalsoflourishedinthe5thcenturyB.C..ItsbestwriterwasAristophanes,whohasleftelevenplays,includingFrogs,Clouds,WaspsandBirds.18.Herodotusisoftencalled“FatherofHistory”.HewroteaboutthewarsbetweenGreeksandPersians.19.ThucydidesdescribedthewarbetweenAthensandSpartaandbetweenAthensandSyracuse,aGreekstateontheIslandofSicily.20.Pythagoraswasaboldthinkerwhohadtheideathatallthingswerenumbers.21.Pythagoraswasthefounderofscientificmathematics.22.Heracleituebelievedfiretotheprimaryelementoftheuniverse,outofwhicheverythingelsehadarisen.23.ThegreatestnamesinEuropeanphilosophyareSocrates,PlatoandAristotle.24.Democrituswasoneoftheearliestphilosophicalmaterialistsandspeculatedabouttheatomicstructureofmatter.25.Inthe4thcenturyB.C.,fourschoolsofphilosophersoftenarguedwitheachother,theyaretheCynics,theSceptics,theEpicureans,andtheStoics.26.Euclidiswell-knownforhisElements,atextbookofgeometry.27.Toillustratetheprincipleofthelevel,Archimedesissaidtohavetoldtheking:“Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld.”28.Greekarchitecturecanbegroupedintothreestyles:theDoricstylewhichisalsocalledthemasculinestyle;theIonicstylewhichisalsocalledthefemininestyle;andalaterstylethatiscalledtheCorinthianstyle.29.TheAcropolisatAthensandtheParthenonarethefinestmonumentofGreekarchitectureandsculptureinmorethan2000years.30.Inthe20thcentury,thereareHomericparallelsintheIrishmanJamesJoyce’smodernistmasterpieceUlysses.II.选择1.Whichculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5thcenturyB.C.?A.GreekCultureB.RomanCultureC.EgyptianCultureD.ChineseCulture2.In___________theRomanconqueredGreece.A.1200B.C.B.700B.C.C.146B.C.D.The5thcentury3.WhichofthefollowingworksdescribedthewarledbyAgamemnonagainstthecityofTroy?A.OedipustheKingB.IliadC.OdysseyD.Antigone4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtheplayswrittenbyAeschylus?A.AntigoneB.AgamemnonC.PersiansD.PrometheusBound5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtheplayswrittenbySophocles?A.ElectraB.AntigoneC.TrojanWomanD.OedipustheKing6.WhichofthefollowingistheplaywrittenbyEuripides?A.AntigoneB.PersiansC.ElectraD.Medea7.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthegreatesttragicdramatistofancientGreece?A.AristophanesB.EuripidesC.SophoclesD.Aeschylus8.Whoeversaidthat“Youcannotsteptwiceintothesameriver”?A.PythagorasB.HeracleitusC.Aristotle9.Whowasthefounderofscientificmathematics?A.HeracleitusB.AristotleC.SocratesD.Pythagoras10.Whoischieflynotedforhisdoctrinethat“manisthemeasureofallthings”?A.ProtagorasB.PythagorasC.PyrrhonD.EpicurusIII.名词解释1.Aeschylus2.Plato3.TheCynicsIV.简答与问答1.WhatarethemajorelementsinEuropeanculture?2.WhatwerethemainfeaturesofancientGreeksociety?3.WhoweretheoutstandingdramatistsofancientGreece?Whatimportantplaysdideachofthemwrite?4.TellsomeofPlato’sideas.Whydopeoplecallhimanidealist?5.GivesomeexamplestoshowtheenormousinfluenceofGreekcultureonEnglishliterature.RomanCultureI.填空1.TheburningofCorinthin146B.C.markedRomanconquestofGreece,whichwasthenreducedtoaprovinceoftheRomanEmpire.2.TheRomanwriterHoracesaid:“CaptiveGreecetookherrudeconquerorcaptive”.3.In27B.C.OctaviustooksupremepowerasemperorwiththetitleofAugustus.4.TheRomansenjoyedalongperiodofpeacelastingtwohundredyears,aremarkablephenomenoninhistoryknownasthePaxRomana.5.Inthe4thcentury,theemperorConstantinemovedthecapitalfromRometoByzantium,renameditConstantinople(modernIstanbul).6.In476thelastemperorofthewestwasdeposedbytheCothsandmarkedtheendoftheWestRomanEmpire.7.TheEastRomanEmpirecollapsedwhenConstantinoplefelltotheTurksin1453.8.JuliusCaesarrecordedwhathedidandsawinthevariousmilitarycampaignshetookpartinandthesewritings,collectedinhisCommentaries,aremodelsofsuccinctLatin.9.VirgilwasthegreatestofLatinpoetsandwrotethegreatepic,theAeneid.10.ThePantheonisthegreatestandthebestpreservedRomantemple,whichwasbuiltin27B.C.Andreconstructedinthe2thcenturyA.D..11.She-wolfisthestatuewhichillustratesthelegendofcreationofRoman.II.选择1.Whowrote,“Icame,Isaw,Iconquered”?A.HoraceB.JuliusCaesarC.VirgilD.MarcusTulliusCicero2.TheauthorofthephilosophicalpoemOntheNatureofthingsis___________.A.VirgilB.JuliusCaesarC.HoraceD.Lucretius3.WhichofthefollowingisnotRomanarchitecture?A.TheColosseumB.ThePanthenonC.TheParthenonD.PontduGard4.Whowrote,“CaptiveGreecetookherrudeconquerorcaptive”?A.SapphoB.PlatoC.VirgilD.HoraceIII.名词解释1.JuliusCaesar2.ThePaxRomanaIV.简答与问答1.WhatdidtheRomanshaveincommonwiththeGreeks?Andwhatwasthechiefdifferencebetweenthem?2.WhatisthebookforwhichVirgilhasbeenfamousthroughoutthecenturies?InwhatwayisthebooklinkedwiththeGreekpast?3.WhydowesayAeneasisatrulytragichero?DivisionTwo:TheBibleandChristianityTheOldTestamentⅠ填空题1.Amongallthereligionsbywhichpeopleseektoworship,ChristianityisbyfarthemostinfluentialintheWest.2.BothJudaismandChristianityoriginatedinPalestinethehubofmigrationandtraderoutes,whichledtoexchangeofideasoverwideareas.3.Some3800yearsagotheancestorsoftheJews–theHebrews–wanderedthroughthedesertsoftheMiddleEast.4.About1300B.C.,theHebrewscametosettleinPalestine,knownasCanaanatthattime,andformedsmallkingdoms.5.ThekingoftheHebrewswashandeddownorallyfromonegenerationtoanotherintheformoffolktalesandstories,whichwererecordedlaterintheOldTestament.6.TheBibleisacollectionofreligiouswritingscomprisingtwoparts:theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.7.TheoldTestamentconsistsof39books,theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharefirstfivebooks,calledPentateuch.8.WhentheHebrewsleftthedesertandenteredthemountainousSinai,MosesclimbedtothetopofthemountaintoreceivefromGodmessage,whichcametobeknownastheTenCommandments.9.ChronologicallyAmosistheearliestprophetintheOldTestament.10.InBabyloninthe6thcenturyB.C.,theHebrews,nowknownasJews,formedsynagoguestopractisetheirreligion.II选择题1.WhichofthefollowingisbyfarthemostinfluentialintheWest?_______A.BuddismB.IslamismC.ChristianityD.Judaism2.TheOldTestamentconsistsof39books,theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharethefirstfivebooks,called__________.A.ExodusB.CommandmentsC.AmosD.Pentaeuch3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthecontentoftheTenCommandments?_______A.HonouryourfatherandyourmotherB.DonotcommitsuicideC.Donotdesireyourneighbour’swifeD.DonottakethenameofGodinvain4.WheninBabylontheHebrewsformedsynagoguestopractisetheirreligion?______A.in169B.C.B.inthe4thcenturyC.in76B.C.D.inthe6thcenturyⅢ名词解释1.theBible2.thePentateuch3.TenCommandmentsⅣ简答与问答1.WhatwastheHebrewsmajorcontributiontoworldcivilization?2.WhydowesayJudaismandChristianityarecloselyrelated?3.WhataretheTenCommandmentsabout?RiseofChristianityⅠ填空题1.Attheageof30,JesusreceivedthebaptismatthehandsofJohnBaptist.2.JesusspentmostofhislifeinGalilee,whereheapparentlymadeasensation.3.JesusofNazarethlivedinPalestineduringthereignofthefirstRomanEmperorAugustus.4.JesuswentwithhisdisciplestoJerusalemforthePassover,butwasbetrayedbyJuda.5.In313theEdictofMilanwasissuedbyConstantineIandgrantedreligiousfreedomtoallandmadeChristianitylegal.6.In392A.D,EmperorTheodosiusmadeChristianitytheofficialreligionsoftheempireandoutlawedallotherreligions.7.AfterJesusdied,St.PeterandSt.PaulledthedisciplesofJesustospreadgospelintheMediterraneanregions.Ⅱ选择题1.Afterthe_______centuryNestorianismreachedChina.A.sixthB.fifthC.secondD.third2.WhichofthefollowingemperorsmadeChristianitytheofficialreligionoftheempireandoutlawedallotherreligions?__________A.TheodosiusB.AugustusC.ConstantineID.NeroCaesar3.WhichofthefollowingemperorsissuedtheEdictofMilanandmadeChristianitylegalin313?__________A.AugustusB.ThedosiusC.NeroD.ConstantineI4.Attheageof30,JesusChristreceivedthebaptismatthehandsof_________.A.St.PeterB.St.PaulC.JohnBaptistD.JohnWycliffⅢ名词解释1.TheEdictofMilanⅣ简答与问答1.HowdidtherelationsbetweenChristiansandtheRomangovernmentchange?TheNewTestamentⅠ填空题1.By300A.D.eachlocalchurchwascalledaparishandhadafulltimeleaderknownaspriest.2.TowardstheendofhefourthcenturyfouraccountswereacceptedaspartoftheNewTestament,whichtellsthebeginningofChristianity.3.WhenasJesus’motherMarywasespousedtoJoseph,beforetheycametogether,shewasfoundwithchildoftheHolyGhost4.JesuswentwithhisdisciplestoJerusalemforthePassover,butwasbetrayedbyJudaandcaughtattheLastSupper.TranslationsoftheBibleⅠ填空题1.ExceptafewpassagesintherelatedArmaicdialecttheOldTestamentwasoriginallywritteninHebrew.AndtheNewTestamentwasoriginallywritteninapopularformofGreek.2.TheoldestextantGreektranslationoftheOldTestamentisknownastheSeptuagint,asaccordingthefictionalletterofAristeas,itwastranslatedby72translatorsin72days.3.ThemostancientextantLatinversionofthewholeBibleistheVulgateedition,whichwasdonein384–405A.D.bySt.Jeromeincommonpeople’slanguage.4.ThefirstEnglishversionofwholeBiblewastranslatedfromtheLatinVulgatein1382andwascopiedoutbyhandbytheearlygroupofreformersledbyJohnWycliff.5.ThemostimportantandinfluentialofEnglishBibleisthe“Authorized”orKingJames’version,firstpublishedin1611.Ⅱ选择题1.By1693,thewholeoftheBiblehadbeentranslatedin_________languages.A.228B.974C.1202D.1542.TheoldestextantGreektranslationoftheOldTestamentisknownas________.A.theLatinVulgateB.theAristeasC.the“Authorized”D.theSeptuagint3.Whenprintingwasinventedinthe1500’s,the_______Biblewasthefirstcompleteworkprinted.A.EnglishB.LatinC.AramaicD.Hebrew4.WhendidthestandardAmericaneditionoftheRevisedVersionappear?_______A.1885B.1611C.1901D.1979DivisionThree:TheMiddleAgesManorandChurchⅠ填空题1.InEuropeanhistory,thethousandyearperiodfollowingthefalloftheWestRomanEmpireinthefifthcenturyiscalledtheMiddleAges.2.Betweenthefifthandeleventhcenturies,WestEuropewasthesceneoffrequentwarsandinvasions.3.TheMiddleAgeisaperiodinwhichclassical,HebrewandGothicheritagemerged.4.FeudalisminEuropewasmainlyasystemoflandholding–asystemofholdinglandinexchangeformilitaryservice.5.In732CharlesMartel,aFrankishrulergavehissoldiersestatesknownasfiefsasarewardfortheirservice.6.Thecenterofmedievallifeunderfeudalismwasthemanor.7.Bythe12thcenturymanorhousescametobecalledcastle,whichweremadeofstoneanddesignedasfortress.8.Asaknight,hewaspledgedtoprotecttheweak,tofightforthechurch,tobeloyaltohislordandtorespectwomenofnoblebirth.Theseruleswereknownascodeofchivalry,fromwhichthewesternideaofgoodmannersdeveloped.9.Inthemedievaldaysaknightwastrainedforwarbyfightingeachotherinmockbatterscalledtournaments.10.After1054,theChurchwasdividedintotheRomanCatholicChurchandtheEasternOrthodoxChurch.11.ThemostimportantofalltheleadersofChristianthoughtwasAugustineofHippowholivedinNorthAfricainthefifthcentury.12.Underfeudalism,peopleofwesternEuropeweremainlydividedintothreeclasses:clergy,lordsandpeasants.13.ThePopenotonlyruledRomanandpartsofItalyasaking,hewasalsotheheadofallChristianchurchesinwesternEurope.14.IntheMedievaltimestheChurchsetupachurchcourt–theInquisitiontostampoutso-calledheresy.15.OneofthemostimportantsacramentswasHolyCommunion,whichwastoremindpeoplethatChristhaddiedtoredeemman.16.Toexpresstheirreligiousfeelings,manypeopleintheMiddleAgeswentonjourneystosacredplaceswhereearlyChristianleadershadlived.ThemostimportantofallwasJerusalem.17.WithareturnattackagainsttheMoslems,theWesternChristianslaunchedaseriesofholywarscalledtheCrusades.Ⅱ选择题1.Inthelaterpartofthe4thcentury,whichofthefollowingtribessweptintoEuropefromcentralAsia,robbingandkillingalargenumbersofthehalfcivilizedGermanictribes?________A.theMongoliansB.theHunsC.theTurkishD.theSyrians2.TheMiddleAgesisalsocalledthe_________.A.“AgeofChristianity”B.“AgeofLiterature”C.“AgeofHolySpirit”D.“AgeofFaith”3.Accordingtothecodeofchivalry,whichofthefollowingisnotpledgedtodoforaknight?_______A.TobeloyaltohislordB.TofightforthechurchC.ToobeywithoutquestiontheordersoftheabbotD.Torespectwomenofnoblebirth4.In732,whogavehissoldiersestatesknownasfiefsasarewardfortheirservice?_________A.CharlesMartel,aFrankishrulerB.CharlesI,aTurkishrulerC.ConstantineI,aFrankishrulerD.St.Benedict,aItalianruler5.WhenwastheChurchdividedintotheRomanCatholicChurchandEasternOrthodoxChurch?_________A.after1066B.after1296C.after1054D.after4766.WhichofthefollowingabouttheknightornobleintheMiddleAgesinWesternEuropeisNOTtrue?____________A.AlmostallnobleswereknightsintheMedievaldays.B.Anoblebeganhiseducationasapageattheageofseven.C.Asaknight,hewaspledgedtofightforthechurch.D.Ataboutfourteen,thepagebecameaknight.7.WhenwasanoblecrownedasaknightintheMiddleAgesinWesternEurope?_______A.Attheageof14.B.Whenhewastaughttosayhisprayers,learnedgoodmannersandranerrandsfortheladies.C.Ataspecialceremonyknownasdubbing.D.Whenhewaspledgedtofightforthechurch.8.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutwhatthemonksmustdobeforeenteringthemonasteryaccordingtotheBenedictineRule?A.Theyhadtoattendservice6timesduringthedayandonceatmidnight.B.Theycouldpromisetogiveupalltheirpossessionbeforeenteringthemonastery.C.Theywereexpectedtowork5hoursadayinthefieldssurroundingthemonastery.D.Theyhadtoobeywithoutquestiontheordersoftheabbot.9.Underfeudalism,whatwerethethreeclassesofpeopleofwesternEurope?________A.clergy,knightsandserfsB.Pope,bishopandpeasantsC.clergy,lordsandpeasantsD.knights,noblesandserfs10.BywhichyeartheMoslemshadtakenoverthelastChristianstrongholdandwonthecrusadesandruledalltheterritoryinPalestinethatthecrusadershadfoughttocontrol?________A.1270B.1254C.1096D.1291Ⅲ名词解释1.theMiddleAges2.Manor3.CodeofChivalry4.BenedictineRule5.theCrusadesⅣ简答与问答1.WhowasCharlesMartel?2.Whatwasthedifferencebetweenaserfandafreeman?3.Intowhatthreegroupswerepeopledividedunderfeudalism?4.WhathappenedinWesternEuropeafterthedeclineoftheRomanEmpire?LearningandScience,Literature,ArtandArchitectureⅠ填空题1.Charlemagne,whotemporarilyrestoredorderinwesternandcentralEurope,wasperhapsthemostimportantfigureofthemedievalperiod.2.Charlemagnewascrowed“EmperoroftheRomans”bythePopein800.3.TheSummaTheologicabySt.ThomasAquinasformsanenormoussystemandsumsupalltheknowledgeofmedievaltheology.4.RogerBaconwasoneoftheearliestadvocatesofScientificresearchandcalledforcarefulobservationandexperimentation.5.“Nationalepic”referstotheepicwritteninvernacularlanguages–thatis,thelanguagesofvariousnationalstatesthatcameintobeingintheMiddleAges.6.BeowulfisanAnglo-Sexonepic,inalliterativeverse,originatingfromthecollectiveeffortsoforalliterature.7.DanteAlighieriwasthegreatestpoetofItaly,hismasterpiece,TheDivineComedy,isoneofthelandmarksofworldliterature.8.ChaucerwasagreatEnglishpoet,TheCanterburyTaleswerehismostpopularworkfortheirpowerofobservation,piercingirony,senseofhumorandwarmhumanity.9.ChaucerwritersindialectusedbyLondoners,andbythesheerweightandpopularityofhiswritingshesetsitfirmlyonthewaytowardsModernEnglish.10.ThestyleofarchitectureunderRomanesqueartischaracterizedbymassiveness,solidityandmonumentalitywithalloverallblockyappearance.11.TheGothicstylestartedinFranceandquicklyspreadthroughallpartsofwesternEurope.Ⅱ选择题1.Whichofthefollowingwascrowned“EmperoroftheRomans”bythePopein800?______A.St.ThomasAquinasB.CharlemagneC.ConstantineD.KingJames2.WhowastheruleroftheAnglo-SaxonkingdomofWessexandcontributedgreatlytothemedievalEuropeanculture?_________A.CharlesIB.ConstantineIC.AlfredtheGreatD.CharlestheGreat3.DoesSongofRolandbelongtowhichcountry’sepic?_________A.EnglishB.GermanicC.HebrewD.French4.WhoistheauthoroftheOpusMaius?________A.RogerBaconB.DanteAlighieriC.ChaucerD.St.ThomasAquinasⅢ名词解释1.CarolingianRenaissance2.Beowulf3.SongofRoland4.TheCanterburytales5.Romanesque6.GothicⅣ简答与问答1.WhatwasthemeritwhichCharlemagneandAlfredtheGreatshare?DivisionIV:RenaissanceandReformationRenaissanceinItalyⅠ填空题1.Generallyspeaking,Renaissancereferstotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid17thcentury.2.HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.3.Inessence,RenaissancewasahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptstogetridofconservatisminfeudalistEuropeandintroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsofbourgeoisie,tolifttherestrictionsinallareasplacedbytheRomanChurchauthorities.4.RenaissancestartedinFlorenceandVenicewiththefloweringofpaintings,sculptureandarchitecture.5.Beginningfromthe11thcentury,citiesbegantoriseincentralandnorthItaly.6.Decameronisacollectionof100talestoldby7youngladiesand3youngergentlemenontheirwaytoescapetheBlackDeathof1348.7.PetrachwasbestknownforCanzoniers,abookoflyricalsongswritteninhisItaliandialect.8.TheRenaissanceartistsintroducedintheirworksscientifictheoriesofanatomyandperspective.9.ThefourrepresentativeartistsofHighRenaissanceinItalyareLeonardodaVinci,michelangelo,RaphaelandTitian.10.LoenardodaVinci’smajorworks:LastSupperisthemostfamousofreligiouspictures;MonaLisaprobablyistheworld’smostfamousportrait.11.Michelangelocreatedastyleofartinwhichhefreedhimselffromtheoldtraditionofdecorationontheonehandanddocumentaryrealismontheother.12.Titian’spaintingisacknowledgedtohaveestablishedoilcolouroncanvasasthetypicalmediumofthepictorialtraditioninwesternart.13.Inworldtrade,ItalyhadlostitssupremacybecauseofthediscoveryofAmericain1492andtheroundingoftheCapeofGoodHopein1488,theopeningofanall-waterroutetoIndiawhichprovidedacheapermeansoftransport.14.Petrachislookedupasthefatherofmodernpoetry.15.ItalyisregardedasthebirthplaceoftheRenaissance.Ⅱ选择题1.WheredidtheRenaissancestartwiththefloweringofpaintings,sculptureandarchitecture?_______A.inGreeceandRomeB.inFlorenceandVeniceC.inMilanandFlorenceD.inItalyandGermany2.WhendidtheRenaissancereachitsheightwithitscentermovingtoMilan,thentoRome,andcreatedHighRenaissance?___________A.inthe11thcenturyB.inthe15thcenturyC.inthe16thcenturyD.inthe17thcentury3.WhichofthefollowingworksiswrittenbyBoccaccio?_______A.DecameronB.CanzoniersC.DavidD.Moses4.Whoistheauthorofthepainting,BetrayalofJudas?________A.GiottoB.BrunelleschiC.DonatelloD.Giorgione5.WhichofthefollowingHighRenaissanceartistsisthefatherofthemodernmodeofpainting?_______A.RaphaelB.TitianC.daVinciD.Michelangelo6.WhichofthefollowingHighRenaissanceartistswasbestknownforhisMadona(VirginMary)?A.TitianB.daVinciC.MichelangeloD.Raphael7.WhichofthefollowingpaintingswasbasedonthestoryintheBiblewithMariaridingonadonkeyreadytofacethehardshipahead?________A.TempestaB.SacredandProfaneLoveC.FlightintoEgyptD.TheReturnoftheHuntersⅢ名词解释1.Renaissance2.DecameronⅣ简答与问答1.WhatmadeItalythebirthplaceoftheRenaissance?2.Whatarethemainelementsofhumanism?HowaretheseelementsreflectedinartandliteratureduringtheItalianRenaissance?3.HowdidItalianRenaissanceartandarchitecturebreakawayfrommedievaltradition?4.InwhatwaywasLeonardodaVinciimportantduringtheRenaissance?ReformationandCounter-ReformationⅠ填空题1.TheReformationledbyMartinLutherwhichsweptoverthewholeofEuropewasaimedatopposingtheabsoluteauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandreplacingitwiththeabsoluteauthorityoftheBible.2.MartinLutherwastheGermanleaderoftheProtestantReformation.HisdoctrinemarkedthefirstbreakintheunityoftheCatholicChurch.3.WhenthePoperefusedtorecognizedHenry’smarriagewithAnneBoleyn,BritishParliament,in1534,passedtheActofSupremacywhichmarkedtheformalbreakoftheBritishwiththePapalauthorities.4.IgnatiusandhisfollowerscalledthemselvestheJesuits,membersoftheSocietyofJesus.5.JohnCalvinputhistheologicalthoughtsinhisInstitutesoftheChristianReligion,whichwasconsideredoneofthemostinfluentialtheolog