谢孟媛中级英文文法讲义 关系词54—60

谢孟媛中级英文文法讲义 关系词54—60 本章码字工断章取义了,只码了我不懂的地方,我高一刚结束,如需完整请参阅完整版 第54集 关系词 关系词: 关系代名词,连接词+代名词 We met a man. The man directed us to the factory. We met a man directed us to the factory. We met a man directed us to the factory. 一、关系代名词的种类和格(关代填法:左顾右盼) 主格+动词 I have a friend likes music very much. 所有格+名词 The student mother died yesterday is absent today. 受格+句子(+主词+动词+介词) This is the man I spoken of. 先行词 格 主格(不可省) 所有格 受格(关代可省略) 人 who whose whom 事、物、动物 which whose\of which which 人、事物、动物 that that 含先行词 what what 如何查找形容词子句: 1.关代前面画括号;2.从句尾向前找到第一个动词前面画括号;3.看看括号外面是不是一个完整的句子。 The student [whose mother died yesterday] is absent today. 二、关系代名词的用法 先行词 格 主格 + V 所有格 + N 受格 + S + V + (介) 人 Who Whose Whom 1.I don’t like people. They lose their tempers easily. ,I don’t like people lose their tempers easily. 2.I have a classmate. Her mother is a famous singer. ,I have a classmate mother is a famous singer. 3.I met some friend. I hadn’t seen them for ages. , 4.不吃肉的人称为素食主义者。 5.所有你所照顾的孩子都会喜爱游泳。 先行词 格 主格 + V 所有格 + N 受格 + S + V + (介) 事物、动物 Which Whose或Of which Which 1.English is a language.(没有生命，归属于事物) It is spoken all over the world. , 被动 2. 1.He looked for a car. Its engine was in good condition. => He looked for a car whose engine was in good condition. 2.He looked for a car. The engine of the car was in good condition. => He looked for a car the engine of which was in good condition. => He looked for a car of which the engine was in good condition. 注意:老外都是喜欢所有的关代不管是否有生命他们都是用whose 。 先行词 主格 + V 所有格 + N 受格 + S + V + (介) 人、事物、动物 That Whose That 使用以上关系词的时候可以不用考虑先行词是什么性质，不管是人、事物、动物 都可以通用。 重点:下列情况只能以that 作为关系代名词 A. 先行词前面有最高级、序数。 1.今天是我们经历过最寒冷的一天。 Today is the coldest day (that) we have (ever) experienced. 最高级要加个定冠词the 表示最高只有一个，金字塔的顶端。 形容词子句中的“一天”是受格，关代受格是可以省略的。 2.头一件[你需要做的]事就是研读数学。 The first thing [(that) you have to do] is (to) study mathematics. 老外在讲话时习惯将be 动词后面的to 省略掉，称为“原形不定词”，并不是be 动词后面直接加动词哦。 B. 先行词同时有人和事物 The dirver and the car [that had fallen into the sea] were quickly recovered. 人、事物、动物都可用that C. 先行词中有疑问词who、which , 避免重复 关系代码词的who 、which 是没有中文解释的。 1. Who [that has common sense] could believe such a thing? 有常识的(人)谁会相信这件事。 2. Which is the picture that Mary painted? D. 先行词为the only ，the very (正是„)，the same等 1. He is the only man that I love. 2. This is the very novel that I’ve look for. E. 先行词为数量不定的代名词all, no, every, any, ~thing, ~one 1. All that he said was not true. 2. My brother fixed almost anything that needed repairing. *need + doing:表示被动(见动名词) F. 口诀 最高级,序数,人+物,免重复 all, no ,every, any, the~ 重点:关系代名词和介系词 受格关代 + S + V + (介) (介) +受格关代 + S + V 不及物动词是会带有介系词的，而且这个介系词是很活泼的，位置可以改变的。 1. Is that the man? You lent the money to him. =>Is that the man (whom/that) you lent the money to? you lent the money? =>Is that the man to whom 注意，将介系词放在受格关代之后就不能用that 了(to that)，同时也不能省略了。 2. 那班[我正在等的]火车现在已晚了半小时。 The train [which I am waiting for] is now half an hour late. The train for which I am waiting is now half an hour late. 老外比较prefer 第二种写法哦。 若为动词/形容词 + 介系词组成的片语时，介系词只能放后面。 work with sb. 非片语 deal with 片语(有独立意思,处理) 1. This is the man [whom I worked with]. This is the man with whom I worked. 不构成片语，可以拿到关代前面。 2. This is the habit which you must to do with. 戒掉习惯:do with the habit ，do with 是个片语，戒掉的意思。 翻译:这是个你必须戒掉的习惯。 重点:关系代名词的省略 A. 受格关代可以省略 1. The lady (whom/that) we met at the street is our teacher. The lady we met at the street is our teacher. B. 当补语的主格关代可以省略 S+V+O She was a cheerful girl. 过去 She is not the cheerful girl. 现在 She is not the cheerful girl [(that) she was]. that是当补语的主格关代 beV, 连系动词 后是补语 一般动词 后是受词 C. There / Here + be 的句型中，关代可以省略 1. There is someone [(who) wants to see you]. D. 关代后有There / Here + be 时，关代可以省略 1.这是这家店里唯一的一个蝴蝶领结。 拆分:1、这是唯一的蝴蝶领结。2、这家店里唯一的蝴蝶领结。 This is the only bow tie [that is in this store]. There is [the bow tie] in this store >This is the only bow tie [(that) there is in this store]. >This is the only bow tie there is in this store. >This is the only bow tie / there is / in this store. 停顿 拆分 This is the only bow tie. 主要子句 There is a bow tie in this store. 次要子句 There is a bow tie in the store = In the store is a bow tie. 母语:mother tongue 如果你不确定关系代名词能不能省略就不要省略。 关代和先行词合并在一起 先行词 主格 + V 所有格 + N 受格 + S + V + (介) 含先行词 What ------ What the thing(s) which, ,all thatWhat = , ,anything that, 1.[我所要的]是心灵的平静。 What I want is peace of mind. The thing [which I want] is peace of mind. 简洁的话语更加有力。 2.她告诉侦探们[他们想要知道的]所以事情。 She told the detectives all [(that) they wanted to know]. She told the detectives [what they wanted to know]. I don’t know what they were talking about. a. 我不知道那件他们正在谈论的事情。(what 是关代) b. 我不知道他们在谈论什么。(what 是疑问词) 尽管词性不一样，但是句子的意思还是差不多的。 I don’t know what he is. 间接问句就是将疑问词拿到句子的中间。 翻译:我不知道他是做什么的。 What is he? 翻译:他是做什么的,问职业的。 重点:含有what 的惯用表现 What is called / What we (=> you , they) call => 所谓的/所说的 两个句型都是可以互换的。 1.他是所谓的活字典。 He is what is called walking dictionary. He is what we call walking dictionary. 2.她是所谓的音乐天才。 She is what we call a musical genius. She is what is called a musical genius. She is what you call a musical genius. 他就是你所说的音乐天才 A is to ~ what B is to ~ , A 对于„的关系正如B对于„的关系 1.空气之于人犹如水之于鱼。 Air is to us what water is to fish. 强调的是空气对于人很重要。 Fish 是指种类的时候才能用复数，fishes 。 2.文化之于心犹如食物之于身体。 Culture is to mind what food is to body. 这里的名词均用单数,无冠词,指一种抽象的概念 注: What A is (was / used to be) , 今日的A / 昔日的A 通过be 动词不同的时态就可以表示今日的时态或者昔日的时态。 1.她不再是十年前的她。 She is not what she was ten years ago. 对比She is not the cheerful girl [(that) she was]. 前者并过了 2.什么使得中国变成今天这种样子, What has made china what she is? 问的人不知道什么原因，有多少个原因，状况不明视为单数。 用has China>she The moon>she The sun>he What is more (更好的是~;而且~) 表示更加积极正面的表现 He is a bright boy, (and) what is more, he is kindhearted. Bright 灵光的，聪明伶俐。 翻译:他不仅聪明而且心地善良。 一句话不仅只有一种表达方式，以下说法用and 连接更加简洁: He is a bright and kindhearted boy. What is worse => to make matters worse 使得事情更加糟糕，负面的表现。 They lost their way, and what was worse, night was coming on. 翻译:他们迷路了，而且更糟糕的是夜晚即将要来临。 这里用be + Ving 现在进行式有时候也可以表示未来式。 What with ~ and (what with) ~一则~原因;~一则~原因 表示不好的原因，因为两个不好的原因产生负面的结果，经常会将what 省略掉，只用with 。 What with overwork and (what with) poor meals, she fell ill. 翻译:一则因为超时工作，一则因为营养不良，以致她生病了。 fall 作为名词是秋天，作为动词是“陷入某种状态”。 Fall-fell-fallen 注意不是feel-felt-felt 语感就是对语言的感觉，复习的时候大声地念出来。 三、限定用法和非限定(补述)用法 We have two daughters [who/that became nurses]. 但是我们有几个女儿你是不知道的，仅仅对这两个当了护士的做了限定。 We have two daughters, and they became nurses. We have two daughters, who/that became nurses. 我们就有两个女儿,如果你还愿意听,她们后来成为护士 非限定用法=>补充叙述前句话或者去一句的某个部分。 注意两个句子有逗号隔开，补述逗号后面的who 不能用that 代换，限定的时候可以换成that 。 读法区别 第一句daughters声调扬,表还未讲完 第二句daughters声调降,表已讲完 重点:非限定用法 作为非限定性补述它可以修饰前一整个句子或者前一句子的某个部分，具体修饰哪个部分根据情况而定。 1. I called Brian, who had had called me while I was out. =I called Brian, because he had had called me while I was out. 第一句的who 可以替换成because he ，连接词是because，代名词是he 加在一起等于关代who 。 翻译:我为什么用打电话给Brian 呢，因为他打给我的时候我不在。 2. I bought a hat, which was too big for me. Which 作为非限定性补述它可以修饰前一整个句子或者前一句子的某个部分， 先行词不一定在关代前面，由于which 是指没有生命的东西，所以它不能修饰I只可能修饰hat 。 I bought a hat, but it was too big for me. Which 等于but it 连接词+代名词的形式。 3. He bought some apples, two of which he gave her. 翻译:他买的苹果当中有两个他送给了她。 He bought some apples, and he gave her two of them. He bought some apples, he gave her two of which. Which 代替的是逗号前的apples ，Of which 替换成了and „ them ，也是关代还原成连接词+代名词。 为了让关代靠近它修饰的名词，同时又希望介系词保持在其前面，所以受格的 two of which 摆到句首去了。 4. This poem, which everybody knows, is by Shelley. 翻译:每个人都知道的这首诗是Shelley 写的。 This poem is by Shelley. 翻译:这首诗是Shelley 写的。 5. My mother expects me to become a doctor, which is not easy. My mother expects me to become a doctor, however it is not easy. 翻译:我妈妈希望我成为一名医生，这可不太容易。 Which 代替的名词是to become a doctor ，不定词有名词的特性，不定词已经不再是动词了。 6. He tore up my photo, which upset me. which 指整句 tear up 撕碎 tear n.眼泪[ti?] v.撕[tε?] tear-tore-torn/tare-tearing 四、关系副词 关系副词 => 连接词 + 副词 先行词 场所 时间 理由 无先行词 关系副词 Where When Why How A. 重点:where >This is the place [where I first met my wife]. s a map of the town where Aunt Sally lives. >Here’ 翻译:这里有张Sally 阿姨所在的城镇地图。 先行词为case 、point 、situation 等，也可用where(情形,状况)。 这些表示情形和状况的词，我们常说“在这一点上，我和你的意见是一只的。” 在„上，这个也有类似地方的意思。 There are the cases where this rule does not apply. Where 引导的字句是用来修饰cases 的，表示“在这样子的状况下”。 翻译:在这种情况下这些规则是没用的。 B. 重点:when => Sunday is the day when I have no school. =>That was the time [when Dinosaurs lived]. I have no school 不上学 3. The day [when we can live in outer space] will come. The day will come when we can live in outer space. 当一个形容词子句太长时，我们可以先写出主要子句，老外习惯将主要的意思先讲出来， 同时因为when 只代替时间，所以第二句的写法也不会有歧义，when 代替一定是the day 。 翻译:我们可以在外太空生活的那一天会来临。 C. 重点:why 1.[他缺席的]原因不明。 主轴:原因不明。 The reason [why he was absent] wasn’t clear. 2.我真的很喜欢甜食。那就是[我牙齿不好的]原因。 I really like eat sweets. That is the reason [why my teeth are bad]. I have a sweet tooth. 我喜欢甜食。 一颗甜牙齿，就是因为吃糖嘛。 I have a green thumb. 经常种花种草手指就变成绿色了。 My fingers are all thumbs. 我的手指都不灵活了。 笨手笨脚，大拇指最不灵活了。 这些映射的俚语、俗语和日常生活很贴近。 D. 重点:how how 通常没有很明显的、明确的先行词。 1. This is how the riot happened. 翻译:这个就是暴动的原委。 How do you like it? 翻译:你有多喜欢它。 how 一般表示程度。 How do you fix it? 翻译:你是用什么方法来解决它的, 这里的how 指方法。 2. This is the way that he solved the problem. => This is how he solved the problem. how没有先行词 Way 可以解释成:方向，方法，样子，道路 注意how 没有明确的先行词，这里有the way 作为先行词，只能用that ， 当将the way 省略掉之后就可以使用how 这个关系代名词了， 注意:关系副词的先行词通常都可以省略。 因为，when 前面的一定是时间，where 前面一定是一个地点， 这些可以肯定的，大家都知道的东西就可以省略掉，不然就太多余了。 1.星期二是[垃圾车来的]日子。 Tuesday is (the day) when the garbage truck comes. 因为是限定星期二那一天，所以用定冠词the 在名词的前面。 Tuesday is when the garbage truck comes. When 前面一定是指时间，所以就可以省略掉the day 。 2.晚春是[这里雨季开始的]时期。 Late spring is (the time) [when the rainy season begins here]. 何不同? 拓展:Q. rainy season与raining season有 A. rainy season是正确的，raining season 是错误的。 英法语法中的分词(participle) 跟动名词(gerund)都是在原形动词后加 ”ing”。 只有在它们后面加一个名词时，方能确定何者为分词何者为动名词。 例如:sleeping baby(睡觉中的婴儿)中的sleeping是分词。 = a baby that is sleeping. 分词的主要功能是形容词。 sleeping car(卧车)中的 sleeping是动名词。=a car for sleeping. 动名词的主要功能是名词。 但在 sleeping car 中作形容词用。 raining season 是错误的，它不等于 a season for raining, 因为人力不能将一个季节指定为雨季。 但是fasting month(斋戒月) = a month for fasting 是对的，因为人力可以将一个月份指定为斋戒月。 其他如 sleeping bag = bag for sleeping,drinking water = water for drinking, walking stick = stick for walking, spendingmoney = money for spending, running shoes = shoes for running, hunting accident=accident in hunting, 都是动名词作形容词用。 3.这是[我出发的]理由。 =This is (the reason) [why I left early]. =This is why I left early. =This is the reason I was getting up early. 这句话有reason 和why 的时候可以一次省略一个，因为reason = why 。 E. 重点:that 有时候可做关系副词，来代替where，when，why 等。 通常代替when 的情形的比例比较高，此时that 可以省略。 1.我几乎不记得[跟她头一次见面的]日子。 I remember the date little. 翻译:我几乎不记得那日子。 little 在这里是副词，几乎不的意思，little 是一个否定词， 为了让后面的关代紧跟连接词可以将否定词放在句首， 当一个否定词拿到句首之后后面要用倒装句，问句句型就是一种倒装句。 如果是be 动词，be 动词拿到主词前，一般动词位置不动变成原形，句子前面用助动词Do 等。 Little do I remember the day (that) I first met her. 使用这样的倒装就是为了能让关系代名词紧跟先行词，同时the day 为先行词可以用that 关代，并可以省略。 2.我不喜欢[他说话的]样子。 I don’t like the way (that) he talks. the way 后面必须用关代that ，并且可以省略。 F. 重点:关系副词where 及when 可用于非限定用法(补述) 炖个补给你吃吧。吃了补就会更加强壮，但是不吃会不会危及生命, 当然不会了，所以补充叙述也是不一定要有的东西。 1. She moved to New York, where she opened a boutique. 这里有个逗号，说明只是用来补充说明用的，不是最主要的东西。 翻译:她去纽约，在那里开了一家精品店。 2. I was taking a shower, when the lights went out. 翻译:我那个时候正在洗澡，就在我洗澡的时候灯就熄灭了。 When 修饰I was taking a shower shower n. 淋浴;阵雨 take a bath 盆浴 take a shower 淋浴 五、复合关系词 复合关系词都是表示不论、任何的意思，口语中可以只用这一个词表示“不关心，没关系”。 关系词+ever 按照你家的环境定做的组合式的家具就是复合，例如你家的墙壁是斜的，家具得依照墙的形状。 Whoever = anyone who / who(m)ever = anyone who(m) 无论是谁 Whichever = any one that / whatever = anything that 无论哪一个东西 anyone 指的是人，any one 中one代替一个单数名词，一件事情或一个物品。 没有限定地问你要什么, What do you want? 如果桌上摆了五样东西，妈妈问你。 Which do you want? 表示限定在这五样东西里你想要哪一样。 所以，what 是没有限定的问事物，which 是有限定的。 关系副词+ever Whenever = at any time when Wherever = at any place where 1.他设法帮助需要帮助的任何人。 He tried to help anyone who/that was in need of help. be in need of 表示“在„状况需要的状态当中”，如果表示一般的常态，他都是这样的习惯可以用一般现在式。 He tried to help whoever was in need of help. be in need of 需要 2.自行取用任何[你想要的]东西。 Help youself to any one that you want. Help youself to whichever you want. 3.今天我请客。你可以点[任何你喜欢的]菜。 I’ll treat (you) today. You can order anything [that you like]. I’ll treat (you) today. You can order whatever you like. 这里表示没有限定的任何东西，不限定对象种类和数目用关代whatever ，如果是有限定的选择则用whichever 。 May I take your order now? 翻译:可以点菜了吗,(服务员问) I would like to order now. 翻译:我要点菜了。 重点:复合关系词可表示“让步” => 无论„ 不管、无论就是语法中“让步”的意思。 Whoever = no matter who Whichever = no matter which Whatever = no matter what Whenever = no matter when Wherever = no matter where However = no matter how 1.无论是谁打电话来，我都不想接。 Whoever is calling, I don’t want to answer the phone. No matter who is calling, I don’t want to answer the phone. 这里的is calling 有两层意思， 一是正在进行式，比如接到一个电话，妈妈问你“你的电话，要不要接,”，这个电话正在打来; 二是一般未来式，等会不管是谁打电话来我都不想接，用现在进行式表示未来。 Whoever 没有anyone who 的含义，这个是no matter who 的意思，不管是谁，不是任何一个人。 这句话的意思不是:“任何一个人打电话过来，我都不想接。”这两句还是有一定的差别的。 2.无论发生什么事，我将永远爱你。 Whatever happens, I’ll always love you. No matter what happens, I’ll always love you. 3.无论我在哪里，我都会想起你。 可以将主要子句放在前面。 I’ll be thinking of you wherever I am. 未来进行式Will be doing 4.无论你们走得多快，天黑前还是无法到达. He runs very fast. 主词:He，动词:run，副词1:fast，副词2:very ，副词2是修饰副词1 的。 表程度也是副词的特性，注意修饰副词后面要紧跟被修饰的副词very 后紧跟fast 。 However fast you may walk, you will not be able to arrive before dark. 关系副词修饰后面的副词，所以这里的fast 我们让其紧跟关系副词however 。 No matter how fast you may walk, you will not be able to arrive before dark. 这个时态是未来需要用will，而will 之后表示不能就不可再用助动词can’t 了， 因为两个助动词不能相连，所以换一种写法用be able to 也是一样的效果，主要是避免两个助动词相连。 六、 关系形容词(具有形容词作用的关系词) 关系形容词 = 连接词 + 形容词 + (N) ，形容词是修饰名词的。 A. all the + N + that = what + N 1. I gave the child all the little money. I had all the little money then. >I gave the child all the little money (that) I had then. >I gave the child what little money I had then. (数量)不定形容词，all the little money 中money 是名词，前面修饰名词就是形容词。 little money 前面的形容词all the 和代名词that 又可以组合成关系形容词what 。 all the + N + that = what + N 。 这里的what 不再是“什么”的意思，而是“所有的”。 说明what 一个关系形容词，修饰了名词，连接了后面的句子。 2. Nancy waited with all the patience. She could command all the patience. Nancy waited with all the patience that she could command. Nancy waited with what patience she could command. B. 介系词+which+名词 3.有十天之久，在这段时间他一直待在家，没人来走访。 For ten days, in/during which time he kept indoor, nobody visited him. 表示在某个期间用in 或during 都是可以的，which 修饰名词time 表其有形容词的特性。 4.我们可能会错过火车，如此一来我们的约会就会迟到。 We may miss the train, in which case we’ll be late for the appointment. “如此一来”表示在这样子的状况下，用in which case ，which 代替是状况的具体描述。 重点:as，but，than 也可扮演关代的角色。 as 像什么一样，but 有对比的意思，than 有比较的概念。 as 表示前后情况一样 1. Oil and water do not mix, and we all know that. Oil and water do not mix, as we all know. 关系代名词=连接词+代名词，同时在这个句子里有“如同„一般”的意思，表两个情况相同可以用as 。 2. I wear earnings. She wears the same earnings. She wears the same earnings that I wear/do. She wears the same earnings as I do. 更强调一样 3. He came late for class today, and that is often the case with him He came late for class today, as is often the case with him. As is often the case, he came late for class today. 翻译:一如往常，他今天上课又迟到了。 as is often the case (with~) 就如~所示 4. Read such books as your teacher has recommended. 翻译:读你们老师推荐的书。 such ~as~ 就如同~ recommend, 一般当动词，表示推荐。[,rek?'mend] commend, 一般情况下，当表扬讲。 command 控制 but 用于否定句，形成双重否定 所有的规则都是有例外的/凡事都有例外 There is no rule that doesn’t have any exceptions. There is no rule but has some exceptions. Every rule has some exceptions. than 用于比较句 1. You did work [that I had expected]. 你做了我期望的工作 You did more work than I had expected. 你所做的比我期望得多 2. You have clothing that is necessary. 你的衣服都是必需的 You have more clothing than is necessary. 你的衣服比需要的多